Broken domestic windows concept, academic principle that turned into made by James Q. Wilson and George Kelling in 1982. It used broken windows as a metaphor for crimes internal neighborhoods. Their concept hyperlinks to disease interior a community to the next time there may be a crime. Broken windows idea had an impact on police policy at some point of the Nineteen Nineties and within the twenty first century. This concept had a significant impact on the policies of Police...
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Offender profiling is a tool that is used primarily by law enforcement in terms of investigating. This method helps to identify the personality, behavioural and demographic characteristics of offenders based on the findings from analysing a crime scene. This investigative tool is used to generate possible findings as well as narrowing down the list of possible suspects; this is successful due to the established links between the crime committed as well as characteristics of the offenders who commit the said...
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It is the primary concern of the police to safeguard the protection of the community this also includes the apprehension of offenders. Law enforcement agencies are seeking the help of psychologists that specialize in human behaviour when conducting a criminal investigation in the search of a suspect. Criminal profiling often known as offender profiling which was coined by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). Criminal Profiling has been recognised as one of the most useful techniques in offender profiling, which...
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I want to start off by saying that I liked the book, Just Mercy by Bryan Stevenson. This book really talks about and highlights the issues that are still occuring in our justice system today. The reason why I like this book is because me as a person of color it sheds light to what people of color face when it comes to the justice system. This book focuses on a black man named Walter McMillian who is accused of...
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Most people are wrongly convicted of a crime. If there was an error, then you would want to file an appeal to a higher court as quick as possible. Any legal errors can affect the outcome of the case and can put the defendant in a tough spot. If they are convicted as guilty then the process to reverse might not be as simple. In this essay, I will talk about how a criminal appeal is very important to the...
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In order to explain what this project consists of, it was divided into five sections which are introduction, methodology, literature review, findings and discussion and conclusion. Theories were also used to correlate with the data that was collected. Broken Windows theory, Opportunity theory and Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design were in fact the theories used. Besides the writing of this report a crime map was designed using Geographic Information System. Geographic Information system or for short GIS is one of...
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You are a sibling, cousin, child, grandchild, partner, niece or nephew, aunt or uncle, friend. Your life means something in this world. Imagine that you decided to go out, have a good time, one thing led to another and… Now you’re dead. Your ‘friend’ was driving, it was in the middle of nowhere and now the car is totalled. He had time before the ambulance came. Time to pull your dead body into the driver’s seat because he survived and...
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Literature suggests that 311 data alone may not be sufficient to measure collective efficacy and similar social constructs, rather big data combined with individual surveys and qualitative data are a more effective measure of behavioral constructs. Daniel O'Brien (2015) examines the use of 311 data as a measure of custodianship in Boston. Custodianship is a concept similar to collective efficacy that refers to the practice of an individual taking ownership of repairing physical disorder in public space. O'Brien pulled data...
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I am a sophomore at Grand Rapids Community College. I would like to address and discuss the topic of criminal justice reform in Michigan, specifically, raising the age for the automatic adult prosecution. I believe the age should be raised from seventeen to eighteen because the difference between an adult and a minor is not a thin line by any means. How can you compare a minor to an adult criminal if they can’t consume alcohol until they're twenty-one or...
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It is a criminal offense to drive while under the influence of alcohol or drugs. In case you find yourself drunk, it is advisable not to be in control of a car. Whenever you find yourself pulled over by the police you take a sobriety test. The test is done to establish whether or not the alcohol level in your system has exceeded the legal limit. An exceeded limit has legal consequences. You face jail time, paying a fine or...
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Introduction Racial inequality in the New York City Criminal Courts, only exacerbates and help metastasize the mass incarceration epidemic in the United States. Instead of protecting the rights of the accused, New York City Criminal Court is an institution of injustice, marked by assembly justice, a lack of due process and racial bias. One of the topics discussed is how “Stop and Frisk” has also played a key role; It have made a negative impact in our society based on...
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Every year loads of teens across America receive their license to drive and join the thousands of other people already traveling the roads. For teens, it is necessary that they understand the importance of driving safely as it is a huge responsibility that they are being trusted with. In order to ensure that teens are properly trained on how to handle themselves on the road, all teens have to go through some type of program, be it online classes, or...
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When a person who lives in a community, whether it being safe or dangerous they would know at the end of the day if they needed a Police officer, one would show up. In life or death situations since 1838 our police have constantly been there. Police have become a big part of communities and have built trust with community members and created a close bond. Using different styles of policing procedures, mainly community based policing, has proved to be...
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In the book, 'Invisible No More: Police Violence Against Black Women and Women of Color' by author Andrea Ritchie takes a look at the issues of police violence against women of color. As police brutality against black men and women of color has come into the national spotlight, we only sometimes hear how ladies of color are influenced by police viciousness and sexual maltreatment. In the main section of Invisible No More Ritchie investigates history and the controlling dynamic of...
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Drunk driving has been proved to be one of the major causes of road accidents consuming thousands of lives. Driving under the influence of alcohol makes many people fail to obey the traffic rules accordingly or even fail to see the road signs at all. The large numbers of deaths resulting from drunk driving indicate the seriousness of the problem to society. However, despite the seriousness of the problem, there exists viable marketing solutions for Roads and Traffic Authority of...
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Just Mercy is an extraordinary book. Its a powerful truthful and story by Bryan Stevenson, Stevenson who is an attorney guides us through his life in Alabama and how he helps defend innocent, poor men and women on death row who were wrongly convicted. Throughout each of the cases, Stevenson shows us how messed up are system can be. In this essay, we will talk about how the system has failed some prisoners and see how racial profiling, poverty, and...
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Introduction The following theories listed below are believed to play an appearance in crimes committed in the United States. All of these theories can be useful and help us better understand and explain the world around us. However, this can be used for good or bad purposes. Strain Theory Strain theory is a theory in which an individual is very much to commit a crime for acquiring acceptance and have credentials. For example credit card skimming is used for financial...
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Broken Windows Theory: St., J. P. K. B. (2007). Pockets of crime: Broken windows, collective efficacy, and the criminal point of view. ProQuest E-book Central. Essentially this chapter states the key ideas of the broken windows theory and collective efficacy. The broken windows theory predicates that high levels of a disorderly neighbourhood can unknowingly influence crime which can lead to effects such as fear and a lack of social control which then serves a foundation for more pressing crimes, as...
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Introduction The purpose of this study is to understand the perspective that young people have on the causes of crime. Living in a world where we now just accept that crime exists and anyone who commits a crime is simply sentenced, we tend to ignore the main factors of a committed crime. I have used a multi-method technique to examine the causes of crime and its importance on criminal activity as I believe that the government forces often avoid the...
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Whilst the country is grappling with the effects of COVID, the federal government, although not short of any criticism regarding the states’ individual responses to the corona virus, is seeking to hand off the jurisdiction of approving major infrastructure projects to them, right under our noses. Changes to the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act of 1999 (EPBC Act) have been rammed through the House of Representatives to the dismay of the Labor Party, the Greens and the cross bench....
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There are various explanations offered by criminologists when it comes to gender and crime. One of the most influential explanations comes from Lombroso and Ferrero. Over the years, different theorists have criticised theories created by classics of criminology for being too simplistic and have offered alternative explanations. Feminists critique the theories on the basis that crime is seen as something that men do- men studying men, and as a result women are treated as a specialty. There have been further...
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There is much that can be said eyewitness testimonies and their place in the use of solving crimes, and the psychology behind them. While they are often used to solve crimes, the truth is that the human memory is a very malleable, unreliable thing and that many psychological factors should be considered when considering the reliability of eyewitness testimonies. To examine this, first I will look at a case study where an unreliable eyewitness testimony led to the wrongful conviction...
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Definition Decker and Curry (n.d) define graffiti as a method of visual communication done by individuals or groups. Graffiti may be taken as an expressive art form, however, this act is often considered illegal as it involves writing or imprinting symbols or phrases on public spaces. The authors also construe that it is a type of rebellious behavior that seeks to gain attention or thrill. History The origins of graffiti can be traced back to prehistoric times in the form...
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Elizabeth Short, who would eventually become known across the globe as The Black Dahlia, was a 22-year-old American woman who was raped, murdered, dismembered, and thrown on a vacant lot in a Los Angeles suburb in Los Angeles County on January 15, 1947. No one knows exactly what happened leading up to Elizabeth Short’s last moments when she fought for her life. There was no murder confession, and there was a lack of evidence to lead investigators further (CITATION THE...
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Discretion still today stands as our liberty to choose by what means a situation ought to be handled inside our criminal justice system. Discretion as we know it should give some sort of check and balance within the criminal justice system. The law has been pinned out precise and plainly as to what crime is and its penalties. When one look at the discretionary nature of the matter even though the move on control is one of their rewards, you...
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Censorship has been around throughout the ages of history. It can be seen in the earliest time from the ancient Romans and Greeks. Censorship is the suppression or prohibition of speech or deletion of communicative material. That includes books, films, and news. Individuals censor things because they feel that it is obscene, politically unacceptable, objectionable, harmful, or a threat to security. There are four main types of censorship. Political, Ethical and Social, Religious, and Military. These are used in different...
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The debate on what the causes of criminal behaviour has been a long going one. Many have tried to explain and give reason for the actions of offenders. But at the end of every debate, people are left with the question: Is There a Connection Between Childhood Trauma and Criminal behaviour? And if there is there is a connection at all how much does their upbringing contribute to antisocial behaviour. The Natural Institution of mental health defines childhood trauma as...
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Anyone living in a big city knows that graffiti is becoming more and more popular. When it comes to graffiti themes, most of us will readily agree that this is an emerging art. However, the argument usually ends with graffiti art. Some people think it is vandalism, others think it is a crime. Most people agree that graffiti is a way for artists to express emotions that can attract the attention of contemporary people and be used by the public....
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The effectiveness of the Criminal Investigation process as a means of reflecting the moral and ethical standards of society is debatable as it can be seen that although the law incorporates some standards, there is still room for improvement. The Criminal Investigation Process is a stage where investigation and detection are carried out, and evidence is gathered so offenders can be brought before a court. It also includes the elements of police powers, bail and remand, and reporting crime. These...
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Crime is an omission that is punishable by the law and is a behaviour that can be learnt. In 1939, the theory of differential association by Edwin H. Sutherland suggested that criminal behaviour is learned by one associating with others who have criminal attitudes and norms (Jefferey, 1965). Modern learning theory revolves around the notion of conditioning, and the fact that behaviour is related to the environment in which it occurs (Jefferey, 1965). This essay aims to discuss the way...
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