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The Roman Kingdom was built on seven hills split between Tiber River in Italy. The Tiber River allowed Rome to have easy access to the Mediterranean, where people could come together and trade over water. The Roman Kingdom also built roads and Roman Forum, a public place were all citizens could meet, network, and pray together. Over time Rome begin to create social structure as humans begun to develop city-states. The Patricians were wealthy landowners of Rome, who were born with rights and controlled most decisions made. The Plebeians were poor famers who had little say so in government. The Freemen were slaves who were freed from their owners. The bottom of Rome's social classes was slave. Slave were enslaved for debt or prisoner of war. Gender role in Roman Kingdom also begun to establish. Women were not legally equal to men, which mean they had no input especially in politic. Women were only seen as a mother or wife. As for Rome religion many believe in gods or goddess who intervene in humans’ affairs. Rome also built the Aqueduct which allowing water to flow into the city. To protest Rome wealth Patricians built a powerful military and begun to participate in political affairs. Over time the kingdom was replaced with a Republic and then an empire before the fall of Rome.
Byzantine Empire became an Continues of the Roman Empire. Byzantine Empire built similar structure of Roman Empire but add their own twist to each structure. Constantine, who was the Roman emperor, committed a new Rome to Byzantium, a colony of Greek. Constantinople city became Rome new capital. The empire was characterized by its developed economic and monetary system, unique government organization, enormous wealth, and excellently equipped army with a remarkable war technique. During those times Byzantine had a prominent position among the first states.
Besides, the Byzantine Empire survived for many years producing a magnificent custom or literature, art, learning, and serving as a military shield between Asia and Europe. It was very civilized and powerful. Although Constantine reigned over a unified Empire, after his death this unity was attested to be unreal. Therefore, the Empire Valencian I divided the empire into eastern and western whereby he ruled in the west and his brother Valens on the east. The fortunes of the two sections later deviated with constant attacks in the direction from the Germans who broke it down until Italy was left under Roman control as the only territory (Angold, 1997).
Moreover, the eastern section with Constantinople located on a strait had a shorter common frontier, and therefore it was difficult to breach its defences. It was able to effectively master enough human resources to prevent invasion and thus was able to survive for many years after the fall of Rome. During the reign of Justinian, the empire was left in a lot of financial debts, and therefore his successors were enforced to tax its people hugely to maintain it (Hussey, 1970). The army was reduced as a result and would not prevent its conquerors from attacking. Later in the centuries, serious threats arose in the form of Islam formed by Mohammad, and thus Byzantines lost Syria, Egypt, and North Africa by the end of the century. Later in 1453, an Ottoman army attacked Byzantine Empire causing it to fall.
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