Introduction of Cell Biology All living things on this planet are made up of cells that are considered to be a living thing's building blocks. Several cells come together to form a living organism. During their entire lifespan, each living being performs various functions such as respiration, excretion, reproduction, etcetera. Our body has different organs to perform these functions. Such organs are made up of different tissue types, and tissue is nothing more than a group of cells. As we...
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According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, a stem cell is, “an unspecialized cell that gives rise to differentiated cells” (Merriam-Webster, 2020). Stem cells are one of the leading points in discussion in science regarding the body’s recovery ability and speed. For example, it was said by the authors of the article Stem Cell Research and Health Education David J. Eve, Philip J. Marty, Robert J. McDermott, Stephen K. Klasko, and Paul R. Sanberg even go as far as to say that...
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INTRODUCTION The cell is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known organisms. A cell is the smallest unit of life. Human are not able to see small things with their naked eyes. So, in this particular lab, we are looking at the smallest part in the animal and plant. The smallest part of human body is, the cell and it is same goes to the plant. Animal cells and plant cells contain cell structures knows as organelles,...
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Have you ever wondered how a kitten could turn into a full adult cat? If so, you are more than likely familiar with the impression of a life cycle. Cats go through some similar life cycle transition as we do. We watch something that looks like an ordinary baby kitten turn into a magnificent creature that runs free in the wind. A life cycle is a series of steps that one goes through from the time they born until the...
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Introduction Stem cells are formatively crude, undifferentiated cells that have the ability to make new duplicates of themselves (self-reestablish) and to practice (separate) into different other cell types, for example, blood, muscle, and nerve cells. Customarily foundational microorganisms have been classified into two primary gatherings: embryonic immature microorganisms and grown-up undifferentiated cells. HESCs (Human embryonic stem cell) are separated from three-to five-day-old ripeness center incipient organisms amid the blastocyst phase of early advancement, before implantation in the belly. These crude...
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Abstract This review article to determine the activation of telomerase enzyme on neuron cells and how it is used as therapeutic target to treat aging of neurons on disease condition, animal models experimental and case studies such as activate telomerase enzyme to preserve telomere gene length, preventing telomere shortening on age related disease especially in aging of neurons which impacting on age related neurodegenerative disorders. Mice brain astrocytes models were used with inducing telomerase enzyme (TERT) expression with hypoxia and...
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Introduction Hello members of the editorial board, today I present to you a journal article called the ‘Mathematical Model for Cell Division’ by D. McKenney and J. A. Nickel. This article has caught my eye because it is easy to read and understand with some background knowledge. The journal article is constructed in a way that guides the reader step by step on their topic of cell division and its mathematical model. I am presenting this article in the hopes...
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Since the discovery of cell culture in 1907 it has rapidly become one of the most frequent and important techniques used by cell biologists and as more modern technology has became available, a greater understanding of the method was gained to further enhance the results of cell culture. With the developments of two-dimensional cell culture to three-dimensional cell culture a plethora of breakthrough discoveries have occurred within disease, stem cells and drug activity. Introduction Cell culture refers to the transfer...
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Every single living thing on Earth that absorbs oxygen in any way is capable of being rapidly exposed to weak magnetic fields that are made by multiple things such as man-made machines and Earth itself. There are a plethora of studies that have been made by scientists, seeking how magnetic fields would possibly affect biological aspects of living things on the planet Earth. However, there were little evidence or results that were pursued by most scientists who were just making...
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Abstract Some real threats such as global warming, air pollution have made the necessity of thinking about a renewable power resource, among the different methods Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) as a method to produce electricity from the oxidation of organic molecules by biocatalysts, has been proposed. In MFC reactors, electrons generated by biological oxidation reactions are harvested by the anode. Pure culture microbes and mixed communities have been used in the past as biocatalysts. Electron transfer rates as well as...
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A eukaryotic cell is a cell that incorporates DNA which is surrounded by a nucleus. Prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells have a few things in common that cells have. The endosymbiotic idea clarifies how eukaryotic cells have evolved from prokaryotic cells that lived collectively. Prokaryotic cells do not have any nucleus and are not membrane bound organelles in which as a eukaryotic cell does. It consists of a cellular membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes and genetic fabric. Figure 1 show’s a diagram...
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Abstract This paper presents the design of Gigahertz Transverse Electromagnetic (GTEM) cell with a dimension of 2.1m x 1.2m x 0.81m over a frequency range from DC up to 1 GHz using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method in computer simulation technology (CST) microwave studio. Different design parameters such as tapering length of central conductor (septum), transition in the apex, septum height etc. were taken into consideration before finalizing the dimensions of the cell. The field uniformity inside the cell and volume...
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Introduction Articular cartilage is the highly specialized connective tissue of diartrodial joints. It’s principal function is to provide a smooth, lubricated surface for articulation and to facilitate the transmission of loads with a low frictional coefficient. Articular cartilage is hyaline cartilage and is 2- 4 mm thick. Unlike most tissues articular cartilage doesn’t have blood vessels, nerve or lymphatics. It is composed of a dense extracellular matrix ( ECM) with a sparse distribution of highly specialized cells called chondrocytes The...
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The development in the field of stem cell technology is quickly accelerating. It’s a field that incorporates the work of geneticists, cell biologists, and clinicians and provides the possible promise of treatment that actually works for a variety of infectious and non-infectious diseases. Stem cell technologies can benefit many patients and expand scientific knowledge on “untreatable” conditions. The power of stem cells may have the ability to prevent birth defects and cancers thought to occur in the differentiation process for...
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Cell Reproduction Cell reproduction is an important of human physiology. In this case, an expectant woman is presenting with a cut that is slow to heal. In human beings, there are two distinct types of cell reproduction processes responsible for cell division, meiosis and mitosis. Mitosis is a continuous process that goes in in somatic cells responsible for tissue growth, healing and repair. In comparison, meiosis is responsible for the formation of sexual gametes in human which later fuse during...
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The cells in the cell cycle need to be assessed in order to ensure the prognosis of the disease. It serves as an important hallmark to differentiate between healthy state and disease condition. The cell cycle, or cell-division cycle, is the series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication of its DNA (DNA replication) to produce two daughter cells. The cell cycle is divided into three periods: interphase, the mitotic (M) phase, and...
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Introduction Mantle cell lymphoma, previously known as diffuse small cleaved cell lymphoma and centrocytic lymphoma , is a low-grade non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It is a mature B cell neoplasm, consisting of mature B cells which have exited the bone marrow. Traditionally, MCL is known to be a very aggressive NHL despite its low-grade nature, and is considered to be incurable with current therapies. It typically afflicts the older population, with the median age of presentation of patients ranging from 60-68 ....
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In his brilliant and award-winning, yet slightly disturbing and controversial novel “Stuck in Neutral”, Terry Trueman narrates the fictional story of Shawn McDaniel, a fourteen-year-old boy with Cerebral Palsy. Shawn, self-portrayed as happy and more intelligent than most, is robbed of his ability to control his muscles, suffers from frequent seizures, and is viewed by others as retarded. This leaves him feeling trapped in his own body, and completely dependent on caregivers, mostly his mother, for his activities of daily...
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Popeye domain-containing (POPDC) proteins are effector proteins that bind to cAMP to create a second messenger response that can influence the behaviour of cancer cells (Amunjela & Tucker, 2016). There are three different genes POPDC1, POPDC2 and POPDC3 that encode these proteins, however only POPDC1 and POPDC3 have been related to cancer cell behaviour. POPDC1 and POPDC3 are organised in tandem on chromosome 6q21 and POPDC2 can be found on chromosome 3 (Andree et al., 2000). All three of these...
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Summary Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide with myocardial infarction being the frontrunner for morbidity and mortality. Although medical and surgical treatments currently can significantly improve patient outcomes there exists no treatment that can generate new cardiac tissue or reverse the damage caused by cardiovascular disease. With new research being available that challenges the idea that myocytes are incapable of regeneration, a new avenue of treatment presents itself this being cell therapy. Increasing evidence is showing that...
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Normally people use to intake food for being active and to make the bodywork properly. People used to take hygienic and natural types of food for getting a cure for diseases. Some disease is getting a cure by taking of health food items. The food habit creates immunity power to fight against the virus or bacteria which affect the body cells. Every day the body cells need the energy to do their regular work. One of the dangerous and deadly...
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In cancer research, viability tests are immensely significant. These tests are used to observe the characteristics of different kinds of cancer. In drug development, viability of hostile cells are tested against chemical substances to evaluate the potential of those substances in pharmaceutical use. Additionally, the adequate dosage for those drugs are also studied in vitro. Established in 1977 from a patient with acute myeloid lymphoma in the National Cancer Institute in the United States, human Caucasian promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60) cells...
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Cell Division Mitosis Mitosis is a stage within the cell cycle whereby the parent cells divide into two to produce two identical daughter cells. Each daughter cell results with the same identical genetic information like the original mother as well the fertilised egg in which it originated from. Mitosis is the division of non-sexual cells. It is significant because it takes part in the development of embryos and the growth and progression of bodies. The nucleus divides and imitates the...
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Introduction The membranes of cells are made up of a fluid imitating, semi-permeable plasma membrane. This is made up of a phospholipid bilayer. A phospholipid bilayer is comprised of phospholipids (see figure 1) and various membrane proteins. The lipid tails of the phospholipids are hydrophobic (repel water) and the phosphate heads are hydrophilic (attract water). In order to ensure the hydrophobic tails remain dry, these phospholipids form bilayers. An emergent property of this is the solution on the inside of...
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Bacteria is an example of a unicellular prokaryote. Several bacteria move by turning the flagellum (Kojima, 2015). Several movable bacteria move in fluid or on a firm exterior utilising their flagellum. The flagellum has a spiral shape and expands from the cell body. The flagellum’s turning movement causes the bacterial cell to swim. The rotary motor located in the inner membrane and cell wall (cell envelope) operates the turning of the flagellum. The motor gets energy from the electrochemical gradient...
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Abstract Plant tissue culture is a collection of techniques used to grow plant cells, tissue, organs and their components under defined physical and chemical conditions in vitro. Plant tissue culture used to create large number of clones from a single explant and it is easy to select the desirable traits. Plant tissue culture technique is very helpful in genetically modified. In addition, we can do this technique at a very short time and small spaces. Therefore, the plant tissue culture...
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Apoptosis and necrosis Cellular death is a naturally occurring phenomenon. Cells often die due to a harmful environment or through a regulated process of death, with the former termed necrosis and the latter termed apoptosis. While apoptosis is regarded as cell death resulting from normal healthy processes, necrosis results from external factors or disease. (Fink and Cookson, 2005) When cells are exposed to toxins or extreme conditions, damage of the internal cellular environment occurs. Environments such as increased temperatures or...
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The cell theory was developed in 1839 by microbiologists Scheinman and Schwann describes the properties of cells. A cell is defined as the basic smallest unit of life that is responsible for all life’s processes. They are the building blocks of life of any living being. All living beings are made up of cells. They may be made by single cell also called unicellular and made by many cells called multicellular. “Mycoplasmas are the smallest known cells.” They provide shape...
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Abstract We investigate whether a protein found in tardigrades called Damage suppressor, or Dsup, can help cells restart stalled replication forks in human cells. Tardigrades compose a phylum of microscopic animals known for their ability to survive extreme environmental conditions, and experiments have shown that Dsup prevents damage from accumulating in DNA (Hashimoto et al. 2016). Excessive stalled replication forks can result in DNA degradation and cell death (Ceccaldi et al. 2016). Human Fanconi anemia protein FANCD2 is required to...
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Programmed Cell Death Apoptosis is defined as programmed cell death. Apoptosis recently is not considered as the only cell death pathway since various cell death pathways are discovered. More accurately programmed cell death is defined as cell death that is dependent on genetically encoded signals or activities within the dying cell. Therefore, the designation programmed refers to the fixed pathway followed by dying cells, regardless of the mechanism or of whether the characteristic features of apoptosis accompany the process. Acute...
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