Essay on Importance of Vaccines Invention

Vaccines are considered one of the most distinguished inventions in history. From a health standpoint, some of the revolutionary achievements of vaccines are the eradication of smallpox and polio. Millions of people die of smallpox during 1980-90, however, the 1979 vaccination program started by the WHO completely wiped it out. Another, striking accomplishment of vaccination is eradicating polio. After the introduction of a worldwide end polio campaign, the number of polio cases has reduced to 407 in 2013 from 350,000 in 1988, the CDC.

Vaccines– Convergence of Science and Strategy

After the inception of the first vaccine in 1796, human life has been revolutionized tremendously. In the last two decades, innovations have led to unprecedented growth of vaccines. Many lives have been saved from life-threatening diseases including rotavirus, pneumococcus, varicella, and human papillomavirus (HPV). Around 122 million children have been saved since 1990, as per the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Vaccines are the prominent reason for the decline in child deaths. In the past few years, the number of substances registration related to vaccines has increased steadily, with an increase in the volume of patents and journals related to vaccines, in 2017, around 150,000 journal articles and 148,000 patent applications were published, by the American Chemical Society.

Increasing Investment in R&D and manufacturing of Vaccines

Emerging trends are contributing progressively to innovation and increase in investment requirements for R&D and manufacturing. These shifts in the broader infrastructure are increasing innovation in the vaccine industry. For instance, recently, in January 2019, The UK government announced funding of £10 million to the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI). This funding will help in the development of vaccines against emerging infectious diseases. CEPI was formed in response to the Ebola epidemic in West Africa. The UKVN funds 78 research projects that are developing vaccines against diseases that can cause epidemics. Additionally, the UK has invested around £120 million in the UK Vaccine Network (UKVN). The UKVN is engaged in the vaccine development for 12 pathogens, the GOV.UK. Manufacturers are also restricting their vaccine business for higher market share. In May 2019, Dynavax Technologies Corporation restructured its business to focus on the vaccine business with its first commercial product HEPLISAV-B, which is a hepatitis B vaccine (Recombinant). Emerging Threats are Driving Growth of Vaccines

Vaccines can be used as treatment methods for existing diseases. They can help in targeting emerging epidemiology threats, for instance, the Ebola virus. These. Currently, many drugs are in the development phase for the treatment of the Ebola virus disease. For instance, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases is supporting various vaccines, including Merck’s rVSV-ZEBOV vaccine. Moreover, vaccines can target high-burden diseases (such as HIV and respiratory), which carry high commercial potential. For example, pregnant women, make up a potential population for immunization.

Increase in the Number of Small Biotech Players

Historically, the “Big Four” GlaxoSmithKline, Merck, Pfizer, and Sanofi have driven the vaccine market in terms of innovation. However, in the last few years, the pipeline has been driven by emerging-market players. In addition, ongoing R&D of new antigens and novel synthetic (messenger-RNA-based products) are showing potential breakthroughs. Recently, in February 2019, the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) awarded, USD 34 million to CureVac for the development of an RNA Printer prototype. This platform will close the gap in the supply of lipid-nanoparticle (LNP)-formulated mRNA vaccine candidates for Lassa Fever, Yellow Fever, and Rabies.

Rising Focus on Immunization Programs

Vaccines are one of the greatest health achievements in the history of mankind. Immunizing children against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, and measles saves 2-3 million lives every year worldwide, the WHO. In the U.S. alone, these vaccines have prevented over 21 million hospitalizations and 732,000 deaths among children in the last 20 years, the CDC. In the last 10 years, immunization programs have added new and underused vaccines. Immunization averts the deaths of millions of children, especially in developing countries. Many children do not get proper immunization in low-income countries, however, increasing immunization programs are closing this gap with every passing year. For instance, the Reaching Every District (RED) strategy, was launched in 2002, and its objective was to strengthen immunization delivery at the district level. The pilot project of the first malaria vaccine, RTS, S, has started being administered in Ghana, Kenya, and Malawi since 2018. These three countries are hosting pilots for the evaluation and feasibility of the required four doses of RTS, S its potential role in reducing childhood deaths. A number of organizations have come together for this project, including Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, and United. They are providing funding of USD 49.2 million for the first phase of the pilot program. Ministries of Health in Ghana, Kenya, and Malawi will implement the pilots, in coordination with WHO. This vaccine will be made available through routine immunization programs to young children living in the selected areas. The first phase of the pilots is expected to be completed by 2020, following which a second phase is expected to be completed by 2022. Conjugate Vaccine to Account for a Large Share of the Pie

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Conjugate vaccines, inactivated and subunit vaccines, live attenuated vaccines, toxoid vaccines and recombinant vaccines are the types of vaccines studied in the report. Among these vaccines, conjugate vaccine captures a larger share of the market. Conjugate vaccines offer various advantages in the case of effective immunization. For instance, their immunological memory provides longer immunity. The PCV is a conjugative vaccine used against 13 types of pneumococcal bacteria causing pneumococcal disease.

Monovalent Vaccines to Grow at a Significant Rate Throughout the Forecast Period

Vaccines can be categorized into monovalent and multivalent. Monovalent, as the name suggests, is designed to combat a single disease like malaria, Ebola, and dengue, however, multivalent are used in immunization against multiple diseases such as DTP, polio, and hepatitis. The growing prevalence of malaria, Ebola, and others is driving the demand for monovalent vaccines. The Ebola outbreak and the vaccination available have prompted healthcare organizations worldwide, in turn, a rise in the research and development activities of monovalent vaccines.

North America Will Remain the Most Prominent Market, Launch of New Therapies are Giving Dominance Over Other Regions

Globally, North America dominates the global vaccines market. The presence of an adequate infrastructure-defined regulatory framework and favorable reimbursement policies contribute to the region’s eminent market position. The emphasis on healthcare across the region remains intense and will only increase in years to come; thus, future growth prospects for North America’s vaccines market are pegged to remain positive during the forecast period. In the U.S., vaccines have prevented more than 21 million hospitalizations and 732,000 deaths among children born in the last 20 years, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Technological advancements are boosting the growth of the vaccine market in the region. Recently, in October 2018, the U.S. FDA agreed to consider an application for Dengvaxia, which is the first licensed vaccine to protect against dengue by Sanofi Pasteur. The burden of dengue is mainly observed in Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, Guam, and some other offshore territories in the United States.

Europe to Rank Second, due to Increasing Infection Rate

North America is projected to be followed by Europe in terms of value share in the global ophthalmic API market. Across Europe, healthcare services vary as per geographical coverage, population density, and government policies. Trending anti-vaccine movement, fuelled by social media in Europe, is putting lives at risk and can be blamed for measles outbreaks. After a large outbreak of measles, which affected over 4,000 Italians, Italy made another six vaccines mandatory in 2017, the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Vaccination coverage in France and Italy has increased due to the expansion of mandatory vaccination laws. France, which has the highest rates of vaccine mistrust in Europe has made eight additional vaccines mandatory for babies born from 2018 onwards, including vaccines against hepatitis B, pneumonia, and meningococcal C diseases.

Increasing manufacturing activities and rising public-private investment are fuelling the growth of the market. In 2106, Takeda invested around 100 Million Euros in the Dengue Vaccine Manufacturing plant in Germany. This investment was taken to meet the unmet needs in dengue prevention. Moreover, The EU, is Bavarian Nordic, a biotech company, with a EUR 30 million loan. Bavarian Nordic will use the funding to accelerate advanced biotechnological manufacturing processes and technologies for the production of vaccines.

Government Initiatives to Drive Rapid Growth in Asia-Pacific

Immunization, to date, is the most cost-effective public health intervention, averting an estimated 2 to 3 million deaths every year, the WHO. Due to immunization, the world is closer to eradicating polio, with the remaining three polio-endemic countries–Afghanistan, Nigeria, and Pakistan. Deaths from measles, a major child killer, declined by 80% worldwide between 2000-2017, preventing around 21.1 million deaths, UNICEF.org. Vaccines help in targeting high-burden diseases (tuberculosis and malaria) in low-income markets. Vaccines are often expensive for the world’s poorest countries, and supply shortages and a lack of trained health workers are challenges as well. Unreliable transportation systems and storage facilities also make it difficult to preserve high-quality vaccines that require refrigeration.

However, many organizations are working towards bridging this gap of supply and demand. For example, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation supported a partnership between PATH, WHO, the Serum Institute of India and African governments for the development of an affordable vaccine to prevent meningitis A. MenAfriVac is the first vaccine designed specifically for Africa, and within a year of its introduction, a dramatic drop in meningitis A infections have witnessed. Apart from this, promising vaccines to prevent malaria and dengue are currently in late-stage development and will have a major impact on reducing the burden of these diseases.