Abstract DNA cloning and expression vectors are the modern-day mainstays for molecular biology studies. In Spite Of advances in synthetic biology and modern techniques, researchers around the world still uses the standard way of DNA cloning, using plasmids and reporter proteins for selecting possible recombinant DNA. The coloured properties of blue coral chromoproteins (AmilCP) and red fluorescent protein (Rfp), from Acropora millepora and Discosoma striata respectively, makes them a suitable reporter protein. These genetically encoded reporter proteins turned out to...
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Gene editing in agriculture Gene editing involves making distinct changes in the DNA sequence of a plant/animal cell creating a desired genetic make-up. Gene editing is a powerful tool for genome editing which requires high specificity and uses enzymes known as nucleases which cut the DNA at the desired site while another sequence is inserted to replace the cut sequence (Fridovich-Keil, 2019). The development of gene editing techniques was challenging; however, the breakthrough of gene editing was made successful by...
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The clinical symptomatology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is considered to be the result of an extensive destruction or disorganization of the cerebral cortex, as the patient’s cognitive functions become impaired. Late onset Alzheimer’s disease affects 5-10% of people over the age of 65 years old and while the case for this disease has not yet been fully understood, it is believed that a combination of genetic, environmental and lifestyle factors affects the risk for developing the disease. Researchers have not...
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Introduction The Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni, is a serious pest that has cost Australian farmers hundreds of millions of dollars due to its destructive nature of Australian horticulture and fruit production. They are widely distributed across the eastern and northern territory of Australia and are known to be Australia’s most difficult and costly biosecurity challenge (Taylor, 2016). Learning more about these flies will help tell us more about their behaviours and adaptations that will help us produce controlled measures...
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Genes are the building blocks of DNA, which makes us who we are. Gene Editing is the process of breaking the double strand of DNA and then deleting the gene disruption. It then replaces the disruption with a new and healthy strand of DNA. Gene editing affects life on earth. Our genome affects us and our behaviour towards others. Gene editing changes an organism’s genes to alter its traits. If you alter the genes, you change the being carrying them....
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Background Introduction Do you believe that scientists will change genes in the future? The late physicist Stephen Hawking predicted that the wealthy would use gene-editing to improve the DNA of their offspring, potentially leading to the creation of superhuman species that would rapidly self-renew and self-evolve, from pure humans to genetically modified humans (Stephen Hawking. (2018). Brief Answers to the Big Questions). But now Hawking's prediction is coming true. In November 2018. A Chinese scientist He Jiankui published his report...
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Introduction A molecular marker is a DNA polymorphism within a single nucleotide sequence that can distinct from other individuals within the identical population. In these makers, a visible marker causes a change in phenotype. However, these markers do not create an observable difference in phenotype, but both markers have similar characteristics. Moreover, both visible and noticeable markers can be utilized and generate a linkage map with far more intention than a map make use of phenotypic markers alone (Griffiths et...
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Gene therapy is a technique used by doctors to prevent and treat illnesses and diseases by inserting a gene into a patients cell, (Mayo Clinic, 2019). It is a more advanced form of biotechnology, which involves modifying and developing genetically living organisms to improve the overall quality of life for humans, (Khan Academy, 2019). Modern biotechnology advances technologies and products to provide for the food for the hungry, help fight the war on the rare and unbearable diseases, cut down...
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Gene editing can be defined as a process whereby biotechnological techniques are used to alter certain parts of a genome to obtain favorable characteristics that can be passed down to successive generations (Webster, 2020). There are many ethical issues around the modification of the genome which raises a question on whether we should edit the human genes or not. Considering the safety that is compromised, religion, issues of future conflicts, loss of diversity and the social imbalances it brings about,...
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Genes, the very fabric which makes us who we are. What is Gene editing? This technology enables scientists to change or modify the DNA sequences in living organisms. Scientist may have gone to another but questionable level. Should we play as a Supreme Being by choosing our desirable characteristics and even so does this make it right? In this essay we will be discussing the ethical issue revolving around gene editing. Gene editing has been around for quite some time...
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Gene modification is the process of altering genetic structure of species. That has happened indirectly through controlled or selective plant and animal breeding for thousands of years. Now with modern biotechnology its much more efficient making it easier and faster to target a specific gene by genetic engineering for more precise alteration of the organism. This is usually achieved by the CRISPR-Cas9 method. The CRISPR-Cas9 method consists of two main molecules that trigger a mutation in the DNA. They are...
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According to a Pew Research Center study, conducted in 2018, “About seven-in-ten Americans (72%) say that changing an unborn baby’s genetic characteristics to treat a serious disease or condition that the baby would have at birth is an appropriate use of medical technology”. Advancements in gene editing are being made everyday by scientists, doctors and engineers worldwide, all attempting to better the lives of those with health struggles. Technology has been discovered in recent years that was absolutely unheard of...
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According to Cell Press, a website that publishes scientific journals about life, earth, and health sciences, gene editing is based on the use of engineered nucleases composed of specific DNA by erasing, replacings or inserting another DNA sequence to correct genetic disorders. According to Marylin Strathern, a british anthropologist who deals with issues of reproductive technologies, there has been an uprise of new technology used to help create genetically modified babies around the world. Many diseases such as cystic fibrosis,...
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Gene editing has been a controversial topic in the science department ever since it has been discovered. Science laboratories have used mice as subjects to grow human ears, genetically modified crops have been used to supply the food market, and also used to cure diseases within animals. The question of whether it should be implemented into the human fetus is now a topic that has everybody standing on their toes. Due to the morality and ethical reasons, gene editing should...
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As we are facing a climate change epidemic, alongside population growth and food insecurity, the future of crop production must be carefully considered. Crops may have adapted to certain environmental stresses, however, with weather extremes occurring more frequently, the integration of gene editing technologies may enhance the tolerance, yield, and overall success of crop plants. Failing to increase yields in a sustainable manner will negatively impact our ability to produce large amounts of food in the future. “Sustainable intensification” of...
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With scientific evidence about grammar gene, it is now possible to detect the gene deficiency well in advance to manage it. For a new born child, there could be a screening process that could identify the genetic deficiency earlier. The results could provide with a sense of relief or inform people about their deficiencies (Bates, 1993). This could help them decide if they need to work hard to improve their language skills and grammar and if they are already good...
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Genetic therapy is the use of the delivery of nucleic acid regeneration cells to a patient's somatic cells to prevent or treat the disease. In the last few years, much research has been done worldwide in the field of genetic cancer treatment. In the current situation, there are many types of cancer treatments like viral replication, tumor suppression, tumor immunogenicity, suicidal gene therapy, etc. Cancer is a disease caused by mutations in cells that remain unprotected and lead to cell...
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In this essay, a case study based on Cystic Fibrosis will be looked at and how successful gene therapy is in curing cystic fibrosis and evaluate the advantages and disadvantages. Introduction: What is Cystic Fibrosis? Cystic fibrosis is an inherited disease. It causes some glands in the body not to work properly. This condition causes the buildup of sticky mucus in the lungs, and digestive system, but also the pancreas, liver kidney and intestine. It is caused by the presence...
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Abstract The idea that genes can be patented has been a constant, controversial issue from the very beginning. Today, patents are granted for DNA sequences that have been obtained from genes that have been removed from the human body and purified. This then becomes something that has been man-made and not a product of nature, therefore making it patentable. Biochemical Connections: Law The ongoing issue of gene patents has long been an emotional and controversial one. Gene patenting is an...
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Not too long ago the idea of genetic enhancement of babies was something of science fiction. However, we have come to realize that this medical procedure is no longer fiction and is very close to becoming a reality. As experts begin to acknowledge this as an alternative, whether for medical or superficial reasons, they are considering the safety concerns involved in the process of gene modification. This medical process is still in the nascent experimental stage and it needs time...
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Introduction “There are three signs of old age: loss of memory… I forgot the other two.” – Richard Bernard 'Red' Skelton (July 18, 1913 – September 17, 1997) an American comedy entertainer. One often joke about getting older, and all the other elements that go with old age especially forgetting, but for some this may be a joke or one may joke about it because it’s a scary part of getting older, the fact is Alzheimer Disease (AD), dementia with...
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Abstract An important method used in biology is plasmid purification. What makes this method so important is because a purified plasmid sample is essential for many experiments, including important techniques like DNA sequencing. Purified E.coli plasmid pBR322 using gel electrophoresis and a calibration curve were used in this experiment to quantify the size of the purified plasmid. Examples were examined using gel electrophoresis and were measured to the known size of pBR322, this helped determined if the plasmid was the...
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The reuptake of dopamine within the brain is initiated by proteins referred to as “Dopamine Transporters” (DAT) found in-between neurons. DAT act on the pre-synaptic neurons nerve endings and allows them to absorb the dopamine neurotransmitter, thus terminating the transmission of a message. The reuptake and regulation of dopamine results in a steady and level headed mental state. Dopamine as a molecule is a monoamine neurotransmitter, a term that refers to its chemical structure and the fact that it derives...
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In the last few decades there has been an increasing interest on how genes affect children’s learning processes and development. Nowadays, researchers are trying to find out what exactly is contributing in education, what are the important outcomes any educational professional should know and how education can be improved. Biological factors are actually being measured in different studies to be able to understand how do genes come up in each individual and if there is any relation between them. We...
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Many believe that DNA is the silver bullet in a crime scene investigation, to which I strongly disagree. Quoting Chris Alpen, ‘DNA can never replace a thoughtful, creative detective with the right resources’, and that ‘technology is ultimately a system run by humans where mistakes can and will be made, regardless of how advanced it is.’ DNA is powerful in its ability to identify a person; ¬its discovery can determine the innocence or guilt of a suspect. Trace amounts of...
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Genes have been in control of human traits since humans have been a species. However, what genes control beyond physical traits is not as well known. Therefore this prompts the question to what extent genes affect happiness. This question is becoming more prevalent with the rise in genetic editing and what could be done with genetic engineering to further push the human race. This question ties into the stimulus material “Genes, Economics, and Happiness” which goes into depth about genes...
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The use of DNA evidence in courts have grown in recent years, in fact, DNA testing has over the years helped law enforcement identify as well as solve difficult crimes. DNA evidence has over the years has helped prove that most convicted people are, in fact, innocent. However, although DNA evidence can be accurate, there is often a danger of the evidence being compromised. There is a need for law enforcement to take great measures during the collection process in...
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Our bodies are a complex system of bones, muscles, vital organs, water, and blood that has been built upon since we were embryos. What created how our bodies were built was on Deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA for short. It is a system of an ever-complex combination of 4 different nitrogen bases that expand to over 3.2 billion combinations that are unique to ever living organism in the world. From this discovery of DNA in 1950s we have made a large...
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Introduction You have asked me to research DNA test kits, which are tests that analyze a sample of an individual’s DNA and look for specific characteristics associated with different conditions. These tests can reveal genealogical information, health information, and also establish legal paternity. DNA tests can also be used in forensic science to help solve active cases. Background DNA, which is short for deoxyribonucleic acid, holds the entire story of a person’s past, present, and future. It makes an individual...
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The field of genetic engineering and specifically gene editing has grown significantly in the last decade with the creation of Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats - Cas9, or CRISPR, and the emergence of gene manipulation. This technology can be very risky or valuable based on how it is used. Using Gene therapy, all genetic disorders in humans and animals could be nearly eliminated, the growing need for food in agriculture as the population grows could be solved, and cure...
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