Circulating around the planet is a variety of viruses that are constantly evolving and infecting individuals everyday. The most well known virus that is adamant about coming each and every winter is influenza, or also called flu for short. It is advised every year, by every physician, that individuals receive their flu shot between the months of August and September to help prevent infection from the flu in the colder months. It is important to receive the vaccination again every...
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Introduction Longevity is determined by an effective cross-talk between deleterious processes that act on an organism over its lifetime and the physiological responses that promote effective homeostasis (Ponnappan and Ponnappan, 2011). Age‐related changes of the immune system play a role in the increased susceptibility of elderly individuals to infectious diseases, vaccination failures, including the potential onset and/or progression of autoimmunity and neoplasia (Weiskopf et al., 2009). Immune senescence affects various cell types in the bone marrow and the thymus, mature...
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A basic property of the resistant framework is its capacity to intercede self-protection with a negligible measure of inadvertent blow-back to the host. The framework utilizes a few distinct instruments to accomplish this objective, which is, on the whole, alluded to as the 'procedure of immunological resistance.' This article gives an early on verifiable review to these different systems, which are examined in more prominent detail all through this accumulation, and afterward quickly portrays what happens when this procedure comes...
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The immune system is our body defence system, they guard our body against infectious pathogenic viruses, bacteria and fungi as well as parasitic animals and protists. the immune system works to keep these harmful agents out of the body and attacks those that manage to enter. The immune system keeps a record of every microbe it has ever defeated, in types of white blood cells (B- and T-lymphocytes) known as memory cells The main part of the immune system are:...
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Influenza (flu) can be a serious illness, especially for older adults. People aged over 65 years get the greatest burden of severe flu disease. It is transmittable disease which attacks epithelial cells lining the respiratory tract and lead to local inflammation. It is transferred through droplet infection during coughing, talking or sneezing by infected person [1, 2]. 70-90 % of seasonal related flu deaths were resulted in people over 65 years and it leads to 50-70 percent of seasonal flu...
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The system is very important to people. It is the main method in the human body for fighting and avoiding infections. Additionally, it prevents the development of certain kinds of cancer. We shall help You Realize the importance of this system Consider two examples of circumstances Not work. When we know issues with the system result in such conditions, we will get a greater Appreciation of an effective system is important to our well-being. Innate Immunity and overall Kinds of...
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Covid 19 is still raging more than ever with 700,000 cases worldwide as at time of writing. The single most important way to fight this scourge is to build up your immune system. We will explore how the virus attacks cells immune system that produce antibodies. We will discover the ways a virus attacks the cells blinding the immunity system. Discovery on how to strengthen and boost your system will also be explored. What are the immune responses to viruses...
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The immune system within a pregnancy is very complex. Being susceptible to certain infectious diseases puts a pregnant woman within a special population group with an ‘immunological’ condition that is caused by pregnancy. Although, it may bring up some challenges in making decisions in regard to treating and preventing these infectious diseases and how to approach them. For years the complexity of pregnancy and its immunology has been the center focus of complication in developing new standards with clinical implications...
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Immunity is vital in defending the body against infections. This role is taken by the immune system comprising of a complex cell, tissues, organs, and protein networks. According to Stephenson, (2017), the immune system keeps a record of each and every microbe it has ever encountered and defeated as a way of controlling a future encounter. Important the body keeps a healthy immune system which can ideally create barriers to stop infections from entering the body above fighting them once...
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The present situation in the world where the human immune system became fragile and microbes became invincible. The main reason for this is the lack of immunity due to lifestyle and eating habits. Due to which body is not getting the required nutrients to fight against the virus and bacteria. This is the main reason for the increase in diseases. It is never late to take action, Lets us understand the severity of the condition. By changing our lifestyle and...
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Through prayers of Namaz, Muslims surrender to Allah five times in a day. Ask forgiveness for their own sinful deeds, seek forgiveness for all the sins committed in the creation of the world. Seek the help of Allah in every rakhat in every prostration, to be guided to the easy and straight path. Concentrated prayers purify the mind as well as the body, making it holy, pure, active. A Muslim prayer namaz five time, in a day. it is mainly...
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In relation to Michael Sandel’s Justice, Jeremy Bentham’s theory draws a fine line between the decision on whether to vaccinate or not to vaccinate. According to Bentham, utilitarianism is defined as “maximizing the happiness of the community as a whole” (Sandel 34). In relation to Biss’ argument, although being vaccinated results in this “euphoria” that consists of happiness, pleasure, and the idea of being pain free, what is the real cause for this jolt of skepticism? There is some understanding...
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Vaccination is a form of artificially acquired active immunity, meaning it is acquired through medical intervention and is a response produced by the immune system. Vaccines are “a preparation containing antigenic material used to protect people against serious and potentially deadly diseases” (Class Notes, 2019); unlike most other forms of treatment which are used to cure or treat diseases, vaccinations are used to prevent them ('What are vaccines?', 2019). There are many cultural, social, religious, ethical, legal, political, and economic...
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Introduction Sexually transmitted illnesses (STDs) are infections that spread person to person through intimate contact, STDs have an effect on everyone even babies, teenagers, healthy people, prosperous or the poor. According to WebMD (2019), it produces bacteria, parasites and viruses that have an effect on everyone, it causes many health problems but it can be more extreme for women. Human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV), in particular that is a kind of STD, alters the immune system, increasing the risk of other...
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Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP), is an HIV prevention policy mostly for gay and bisexual people living in the UK. It involves using ARVs on those that are HIV negative and other comprehensive packages to prevent HIV transmission (Steward Kate, 2016), The importance of the policy is to create awareness and initiate people on the effective of ANT by health professionals to suppress HIV activity in the bodily fluid to prevent the risk of HIV transmission and other STI to one another...
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Introduction Diseases that are known to be communicable are infectious diseases that results from growth of pathogenic agents Communicable diseases are those diseases that can be spread from one person to another such as spread through contact, airborne or can be spread through, mosquito bites, droplet, body fluids or blood products. There are several examples of communicable diseases, some require reporting to the appropriate health departments or local agencies. Examples of communicable diseases include HIV, Hepatitis A, B and C,...
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Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was first reported in 1981 among gay men in Los Angeles. HIV caused a severe infection that weakened their immune system. It was the beginning of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) pandemic (MHAF, 2019), which later in 2010 became the fifth leading cause of disability in all ages (Zulfiqar, 2017). Although these were the first incidents to be reported, many people have fallen victims of HIV and many have died before 1981. Although effective diagnosis, treatment...
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Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that attacks and destroys the immune system’s helper T cells, placing a person at risk for further infection and disease. Spread by bodily fluids through sexual contact, coming in contact with infected blood, and with the use of infected drug needles or equipment, HIV is becoming more and more prevalent throughout the United States (US). According to the CDC, 1.1 million people in the US are living with HIV (Cotler, Yingling, & Broholm,...
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Human Immunodeficiency Virus, or otherwise known as HIV, is an autoimmune disease, causing harm to those infected by attacking the immune system (NHS, 2020). This attack on the immune system leads to symptoms including tiredness and reduced ability to fight off other illnesses (NHS, 2020). Once an individual has suffered from HIV for around 8 to 10 years, whilst receiving no treatment, the virus turns into Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, which is also referred to as AIDS (Mayo Clinic, 2020)....
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The Philippines belong to most countries who experiencing the continually epidemic HIV, human immune deficiency virus that can destroy your immunity particularly the white blood cells that helping your body to keep away from foreign substances and killed them. AIDS or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is different from HIV, it is a syndrome that can be acquired to a person which is infected with the virus and there is no cure for it, but it can be controllable by the antiretroviral...
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Introduction Nowadays, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is one of the most serious problems faced by many countries. AIDS is caused by Human Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV). It is considered to be an advance stage of HIV infection. HIV attacks the immune system of an individuals and makes them susceptible to other infections and certain types of cancers (WHO,2019). HIV was firstly identified in 1981 (HIV.gov,2019). Countries with high prevalence of HIV infection include Swaziland, Lesotho and Botswana. 27.20% of Swaziland’s population...
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HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency virus, when this virus is at its most progressive stage it is known as Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). HIV belongs to the Retroviridae family. The genome of this virus is constituted of a single strand of RNA encapsulated in an HIV Capsid protein that forms the core shell of the virus. Moreover, the virus possesses a lipid bilayer composed of surface proteins and transmembrane proteins. Intracellularly beneath the lipid bilayer there is a matrix...
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Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a worldwide spread disease. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was first discovered in early 1980s in USA and identified as the causative agent of AIDS. It was found that HIV is a retrovirus and can be divided into 2 types; HIV-1 and HIV-2. Among them HIV-1 is more virulent. In search of the evolution of HIV-1, a very close relationship was found in a sheep infecting virus called Visna. This was considered as a prototypic member...
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HIV in Barbados Human immunodeficiency virus also known as HIV is a virus that attacks the immune system of a patient. It is a virus that can be contracted via contact with certain bodily fluids. These fluids include blood, semen, vaginal fluids, rectal fluids and breast milk. Transmission of HIV can occur through sexual intercourse, sharing of needles in drug abuse, vaginal birth and breast-feeding. HIV is a single stranded encapsulated RNA virus; which inserts a DNA copy of its...
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COVID 19 The Pandemic Severity of pandemics COVID 19 and MERS COV As the world is witnessing the epidemic of COVID 19 a disease caused by the novel coronavirus (SARS-COV 2), as per the genetic and clinical evidence COVID-19 shows similarity to the previous pandemics that SARS-COV (2002) and MERS-COV (2011). The first case of COVID-19 was noticed in Wuhan, Hubei province, China, and MERS COV in Jeddah Saudi Arabia. All these viruses are of zoonotic origin. That means this...
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Introduction People nowadays seem to neglect their sleeping habits. There are various reasons for this, all different for everyone. Whatever the case is for you, the day to finally improve your sleeping habits has come. In this article you are going to find out why sleep is so important and what the magic techniques for getting good quality sleep are! Importance of Sleep Sleeping is equally as important as eating nourishing foods and exercising regularly. Without it, your body can’t...
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The physical barriers of the skin include things such as the skin, tears, mucus, mucus membranes and also stomach acid. You have beneficial bacteria that grows on your skin, your bowel and other places in the body that's main function is to stop bad bacteria from taking over your body. Also, the flow of urine would wash out microorganisms that may enter the urinary tract. These are the first line of defence that helps us fight or prevent infection as...
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In recent decades, the amount of scientific knowledge available related to cancer has grown exponentially. The publication of the Hallmarks of Cancer deserves a special highlight in this history and its revision provided further insight into the main features of cancer cells and reflected the advances in research so far. The hallmarks are still an extremely valuable framework for researchers across the world and an invaluable contribute to our understanding of the pathology of cancer. Each hallmark offers numerous research...
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Introduction Viruses are considered as extremely successful predators as they can replicate and control the host cell synthesizing machinery. Viruses have coevolved with their hosts and thus have limited pathogenicity in any immunocompromised natural host. Viruses can exist in two forms: Extra cellular virion particles Intracellular genomes. Virions are more resistant to physical stress than genomes but are susceptible to humoral immune control. Nevertheless, to exist as a species, virus replication and transfer to a new host are essential. Virus...
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Introduction According to World Health Organization (WHO), Covid-19 which is also known as Coronavirus disease 2019 is an infectious disease which is caused by a novel coronavirus, named “SARS-CoV-2”. This disease was first identified in Wuhan, China in December 2019, and has spread globally resulting in the ongoing coronavirus pandemic. According to the latest date, up to 3 May 2020, there were 3356205 confirmed cases and 238730 confirmed deaths reported and there were 215 countries, areas or territories affected by...
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