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In this essay, I will discuss how the anatomy and physiology of the forelimbs can affect eagles.
The wing in the eagle is a system to which the skeleton and feathers can act together to allow a high lift-to-weight ratio. The skeleton in the wing is particularly lightweight. Most wings in birds are composed of hollow bones which are similar to the wings in bats, the hollow bones connect to the pulmonary system which allow air to circulate and increases the skeletal buoyancy (Elsevier, 2000).
Vertebrates that fly can move their forelimbs in different patterns to terrestrial vertebrates, but their skeletal structure is the same. The humerus forms the proximal wing of the arm and the distal wing of the arm from the radius and ulna, connects through the wrist to the wing of the arm and then with the help of the digits. The hand and arms bones can support the lift in the wings.
It is known that soaring birds such as vultures, pelicans and albatrosses possess a deep layer to the pectoralis (‘The Royal Society’ 2017).
Muscle activity can help to determine, if the muscle works to extend or flex the wing. Electromyography is used to measure muscle aviation (EMG). EMG can record the electric signals sent from motor neurons and can innervate the target muscle (‘The Royal Society’, 2017).
Developing birds can use their forelimbs to navigate and to find environments this is long before they learn flight adaptions (Heers A.M., Rankin J.W. and Hutchinson J.R.,2018).
The eagle’s wings follow the classic vertebrate plan for the upper limb, there modified joints for folding and locking wings can be used for modifications for flight. Several unique feathers are included within the avian skeleton to enable flight, certain bones often weighing less than the bird’s feathers are used for lightweight, these bones are called pneumatic bones. Pneumatic bones are composed of air sacs and they are supported by cross – struts. This means the bone’s weight is reduced while maintaining the structural rigidity (Bones Clones Inc., 2019).
The bald eagle wing is one example of the passive soaring wing shape. The wings of the bald eagle are usually broad and they are relatively short. There are feathers at the end of the wing which can help the bald eagle create slotting tips to catch rising hot air currents overland.
Other birds also have this wing shape, for example, eagles, storks and most hawks. This wing shape can help these certain birds navigate long migration routes.
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