Explain why the informativeness of ‘Hesperus = Phosphorus’ is a problem for the referential approach to meaning. Critically compare Frege’s response to this problem with Russell’s. The referential approach to meaning is the idea that the meaning of every expression is its referent. A referent is an object referred to by the utterance of a word. For example, “the capital of England” refers to London. There are a number of issues one can highlight with this approach, and due to...
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The informativeness of ‘Hesperus=Phosphorus’, commonly referred to as the ‘identity problem’, is an issue for the referential approach to meaning, which both Gottlob Frege and Bertrand Russell subscribe to. This essay will outline what the identity problem is, and why it is a problem for the referential approach to meaning. Generally speaking, a theory of reference is a theory that pairs expressions with the contribution those expressions make to the determination of the truth values of sentences in which they...
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We're thinking about the particular word that Derrida uses to destabilize the very meaning of words, the very meaning of life, the very meaning of everything. The term 'Deconstruction' was coined by philosopher Jacques Derrida because it is a useful practice in preserving hidden meaning and perception in text. It is an interpretation style that sometimes leads to expecting to mean. Deconstruction is both a literary theory and a philosophical language that stems largely from the 1967 book Gramartology by...
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The word ‘beauty’ is far more than what our stereotypical society may think it is. When you think of the word beautiful, what do you think it is? Well, many people would answer that question with something like: tall, slim and long hair. This is because the celebrities, models and social media influencers we see online create this expectation. We are made to believe that unless we look like them, we do not reach the standard of being beautiful, which...
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As human being man is born in this world full of longing, he has this need, that desires to be satisfied, the need for love, C.S. Lewis in his book ‘Four Loves’ states that “as soon as we are fully conscious, we discover loneliness. Each individual need other people physically, emotionally, intellectually; we need them if we are to know anything, even ourselves”. The child experiences love in his own family, which can be described as filial love, love in...
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“Man, first of all, is the being who hurls himself towards a future and who is conscious of imagining himself as being the future” (Sartre in Cooper & McLeod, 2011, p19) In these modern times, there is little appreciation of the value of Philosophy, a discipline that is two and a half thousand years old. Many dismiss it out of hand, maintaining they have no time for it. Yet as Alex Howard (2000b, p) so rightly points out everyone practises...
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According to the social-norm approach, certain standards of behaviour exist in every society and in every age and on the basis of these defined norms, an utterance or behaviour of a particular kind is judged to be polite or impolite. In this regard, Fraser is of the opinion that these standards of behaviour are usually attached with certain speech styles, in that it is noticed that a higher level of formality involves greater politeness (Watts et al. 1992: 4). Thus,...
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Humans have always pondered the significance of our existence – ‘the meaning of life. This relentless pursuit for meaning has produced a great deal of metaphysical, theological, scientific, and philosophical speculation. Prominent philosophers throughout history have attempted to provide a meaning to life, with many believing in order to understand the true meaning of life one must first acknowledge one’s existence as ultimately meaningless. Hence, an inconclusive answer to the reason for our existence has led to the creation of...
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Philosophy external “He saw reality too clearly – faulty denial mechanism, failed to block out the terrible truths of existence. In the end, his inability to push away the awful facts of “being in the world” rendered his life meaningless…” Since the earliest of mankind, we as a species have always pondered the significance of our existence – ‘the meaning of life. Although there is no implicitly objective answer to the reason of our existence, the question leads to many...
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Literature Life needs direction and purpose, or at the very least, a code of morals or ideals to lead a satisfactory life. Faced with the human experiences of death, sickness and poverty some higher meaning needs to be in place in order to lead a fulfilling life. The defining experiences of being human are the search for external gratification, such as niceties and necessities, as well as the search for internal gratification. The human condition is characterized by the deep...
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Imagine a world with no superior power and no rules. When a group of small boys’ plane crashes on a deserted island, they do not live with any of these. They have to survive and in the process many flaws in present society are pointed out. Certain objects can be used to show these connections and how they relate to today. In Lord of the Flies, William Golding uses a conch for a symbol of civility and power, a signal...
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Defining Integrity in Leadership According to Barth Nnaji, integrity is an important core value for leadership. When we are faced with challenge or opposition, leaders can always trust in their integrity to represent themselves as reliable individuals. One main difference when it comes to manager and an ethical leader is the commitment to their sense of integrity and the sense of a strong responsibility to resist temptation. Barth stated that true leaders adhere to their own values and encourage their...
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Introduction From an Islamic point of view, happiness is expressed by the word sa'adah. Shaqawah, which normally conveys the sense of profound suffering and distress, is the word opposite to sa'adah. Two aspects of life are linked to the word sa'adah: the hereafter (ukhrawiyah) and the universe now (dunyawiyah). The word sa'adah has a strong association with both the realm of the afterlife and the present. In the case of Hereafter, sa'adah means the sense of the supreme type of...
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The Jim Crow Laws had a lifelong impact for African-Americans and other races as it would change the history of the nation and its people. The Jim Crow Laws was a time of white dominance in the South as whites had many rights while other races had few rights. This meant that all races were completely separated from the whites as the laws would leave a tight grip on them. The laws were enforced as a white person with some...
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