The main aim of this study is to know how microorganisms(especially bacteria)interact with human beings.At some point in this essay,it would discuss; the structure and function of different types of microorganisms, how these organisms are studied in the laboratory, factors affecting the growth, survival and death of microorganisms, how microorganisms can be classified based on their nutritional carbon source, phases of bacterial growth in relation to the growth curves, how bacteria causes food spoilage and the last but not the...
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Microorganisms are small, as the name implies, they can't be viewed in the naked eye without the help of a microscope and techannly microbes are organisms that are microscopic. They are present in all living organisms and are responsible for producing energy sources like nitrogen and carbon etc.While a few microbes are harmful in their nature, other microorganisms are incredibly salutary in all aspects of human life. Anton van Leeuwenhoek was the first microbiologist to study muscle fibres, bacteria, spermatozoa...
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Abstract Bioremediation of different waste waters is a relatively new technology that has undergone more intense investigation in recent decades. As rapid industrialization and urbanization releases numerous toxic compounds into natural water bodies, polluting both fresh water resources as well as marine water. This process is focused on destroying or immobilizing toxic waste materials present in these water sources. Several techniques have been proposed for efficient wastewater treatment, most of them presenting some limitations, such as poor capacity, the generation...
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Every individual knows how hard it is to be sick and ill because of diseases. Humans as well as animals often experienced it due to the viruses around us. A virus cannot survive alone; it needs host cells to continue living. Viruses such as influenza virus in “flu”, HIV in AIDS, smallpox virus, measles virus, and coronavirus in Covid-19 invade and attack our cells. It replicates and infects other cells of our immune system. The only protection of our body...
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The branch of science in which we study about different microorganisms is called microbiology. living organisms that we cannot see with our naked eye are called microorganisms and microbes. As microbes are found everywhere in our earth crust, so microbiology is an important field for our daily life.microbiology is a vast field as it is used in our pharm industries, for diagnosing of diseases, for checking of food in food and science departments, etc. So, we further discuss Archaea microbe...
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Introduction Enumeration is the determination of the number of individual viable microbes in a sample. Enumeration of microorganisms is performed to determine the number of microorganisms in a sample because the agar method of enumerating visible colonies is time consuming and not accurate. It is essential to measure the number of viable microorganisms accurately because it is considered as a key step in developing new antimicrobial agents, and the determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The three enumeration techniques (direct...
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Agriculture and food security under shifting climatic conditions The global population is increasing day by day and is expected to increase further by 2050 (Ringler et al., 2016). This larger population will exert pressure on the prevailing resources. Further, due to urbanization and unbalanced use of fertilizers and pesticides, land for agriculture is decreasing rapidly. Despite technological advancements including mechanization of agricultural labor and development of high yielding varieties of crops, the global food security is still staggering. According to...
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The Gram staining technique is one of the most significant staining methods used in microbiology. This method was named after Hans Christian Gram, a bacteriologist, who formulated it in 1882. It was published in 1884. Gram staining is used to identify bacteria and allows us to assort cells based on their different cell wall constituents. Gram staining distinguish between Gram positive and Gram negative by coloring the cell wall red or purple. Gram positive bacteria tends to stain purple because...
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Biotechnology is an area of biology that uses biomolecular and cellular processes that occur in living organisms or biological systems to create products and develop technological applications. There are four main areas of applications: health care, food and nutrients processing, agriculture, environmental uses (Pandey, et al., 2008). In this essay I would like to focus on microbial biotechnology and it’s applications in food and nutrients production, environmental uses and agriculture. Food and Nutrients Production One of the most important processes...
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ABSTRACT In the present study, GRAS microorganisms were used for the treatment of polluted river water. GRAS microorganisms are those microorganisms which are Generally Referred As Safe for humans. Bioremediation is one of the method to treat contaminated water, soil and air with the help of live microorganisms. Total four microorganisms were isolated from different water and cow dung samples and identified on the basis of morphology and biochemical testing. They were namely Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus, Staphylococcus hominis subsp....
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„Invisible helpers”, that’s how we can call trillions of microscopic organisms, too small to be seen by the human eye, living in our organism. In fact, our own cells do not make even a half of the overall number of cells forming our bodies. We are huge ecosystems and home for variety of microbes, such as bacteria, archaea, protists, viruses or fungi. The truth is that there are around 100 trillion microbial cells and only 10 trillion our own human...
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Abstract Westernghat is one of the unique Biodiversity niches, with varied flora, fauna and Landscapes. The increasing demand for crop production with a significant reduction of synthetic chemical fertilizers and pesticides use is a big challenge nowadays. Plant growth promoting bacteria has become of great interest to promote the crop growth and provide protection from phytopathogens. The use of PGPR has been proven to be an environmentally sound ways of increasing crop yields by facilitating plant growth through either a...
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Microorganisms are ubiquitous, that is, they are found everywhere. They have been found to survive extreme conditions such as low water availability, high salinity, high temperature, high pH, high pressure, intense solar radiation, etc. Thus, microorganisms that survive these extreme conditions are referred to as extremophiles. They are classified on the basis of the main characteristics of their environment, this classification include psychrophiles, thermophiles, hyperthermophiles, halophiles, acidophiles, alkiphiles, barophiles, etc. Extreme habitats are environments that contains conditions that are regarded...
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Introduction Escherichia coli known as E. coli are microscopic organisms found in the surroundings, food, digestion tracts of individuals and animals. E. coli are a huge and assorted gathering of microscopic organisms. However, most parts of E. coli are innocuous, others can make you feel unwell. A few sorts of E. coli can cause urinary tract contaminations, diarrhoea, respiratory sickness and pneumonia, and different diseases. Aseptic techniques imply utilising methods and practices to keep pollution from pathogens. It includes applying...
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Introduction Microorganisms have been on planet earth for billion years before us humans have even existed. Some of these microorganisms are helpful to the environment including the plants and animals and us humans. Pathogens (disease-causing microorganisms) are parasites which grow in or out of the host’s body. Microorganisms such as bacteria, virus, fungi, and protists are harmful to some living organisms because they can cause damage to tissues and eventually causing death (Lewis, et. al., 2002). Viruses for example are...
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Due to the transformation that microbiology has experienced over the past 25 years, microbiologists now have an altered view of microorganisms and how to properly understand them. Now that the microbiologists know it is difficult to grow most microorganisms in pure culture, they have acknowledged their degree of ignorance about the variety of metabolic and organismal diversity that exists. Very few persistent scientists suggested that a pure culture alone is not enough to completely understand the full spectrum of modern...
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ABSTRACT Street vended food and beverages prepared are often contaminated with several organisms. However, there is less information regarding common microorganisms present in food selling environments. This research sought to isolate, identify and quantify microorganisms present in food selling environment in a University in Ibadan, Nigeria. Culture media were prepared and taken to 5 different eateries selling food to students. Swabbing was done floors and table tops of the canteens, Dish washing water was sampled, and culture media plates were...
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Oceans provide 90 percent of living space on our planet Earth by volume and about 95 percent of this enormous area is still unseen by humans. (1) This huge area holds infinite opportunities with a massive diversity of organisms. The plants, animals and all the other microorganisms, even the tiniest ones that live in the salt water of the sea or ocean or brackish water or coastal estuaries are altogether known as marine life. (2) As the conditions of living...
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Abstract Public swimming areas such as beaches can be full of potentially harmful microorganisms, which may then classify the water as unsafe to swim in. In this study we took samples from Coogee Bay Beach and further studied them using both culture based and non-culture based testing methods. Using Illumina sequencing we identified a huge number of different species of bacteria, the majority of these being Proteobacteria, Bacteriodete, cyanobacteria and Actinobacteria. Whereas through Sanger sequencing we were able to identify...
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Microorganisms or microbes are microscopic organisms which exist as unicellular, multicellular, or cell clusters. The possible existence of unseen microbial life was suspected from past. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was the primary to review microorganisms, using simple microscopes of his own design. Microorganisms can be found almost anywhere on Earth. Microorganims are widespread in nature and are beneficial to life, but some can cause serious harm. They can be divided into six major types: bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, algae, and viruses....
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ABSTRACT New technology in organic waste management converts poultry manure into high-quality biofertilizer using effective microorganisms (EM). The high price of currently used imported EM limits compost production. Without treatment, the application of untreated manure in agriculture will contribute to fly problem. Therefore, it is necessary to find locally available, cheap and effective EM alternatives. This study aims to determine the suitable local EM based on compost quality in terms of NPK values, nutrients and cost. Five batches of chicken...
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Microorganisms control things from spreading around the body and becoming infectious. It is a process by which items can be decontaminated to remove and destroy pathogens that are going to be a threat to human health. (wyatt et al, 2017).“Microorganisms are passed from one infectious source to another. Some have more than one route of spreading to cause infections.” (The Free Dictionary, 2003-2019). Contact Contact is the most regular form of transmission. An example of contact transmitted microorganisms viruses which...
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A microorganism is an organism which is microscopic, which means so small that people cannot see them with the naked eye. Most microbes are unicellular and small enough that they require artificial magnification to be seen. However, there are some unicellular microbes that are visible to the naked eye and some multicellular organisms that are microscopic. Microorganisms differ from each other not only in size, but also in structure, habitat, metabolism and many other characteristics. Some microbes, such as viruses,...
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What are microorganism? We refer a microorganism as a living thing that is too small to seen with the naked eye. An Examples of microorganisms include bacteria, archaea, algae, protozoa, and microscopic animals such as the spider mites. We only realized the existence of microorganism in 1665, this was because Anton von Leeuwenhoek invented the microscope. Before that time, it was thought that phenomena such as illness and food spoilage were caused by “spontaneous generation.” Leeuwenhoek discoveries lead to Louis...
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The diverse microbial flora found in dairy cow milk contributes to beneficial effects to human health. A group of microorganisms known as Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) are most commonly found and used in fermented dairy products. These bacterial strains embrace the idea of good nutrition by assisting with health maintenance, aiding in the prevention, control and treatment of many diseases. Heteropolysaccharides (HePS) produced by LAB plays an important role in the rheology, texture, body, and “mouthfeel” of fermented milk. HePS...
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Microbes are the organisms not able to be seen from naked eye. They play various roles in our daily life used as in biofuel production, biofertilization etc. Biofuel Energy products such as alchohols, diesel, hydrogen, biogas produced by the help of microorganisms are called biofuels. Microorganisms help in fermentation process or provide essential enzymes and help in the production of biofuels. Due to increase in global energy demand and increase in global oil prices biofuel is an area of immense...
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Rationale The nitrogen cycle (Figure 1.0.1) is complex and involves chemical, geological and biological processes. Flora, fauna and various bacteria are involved. Air is approximately 79% nitrogen but nitrogen gas cannot be used by most living organisms. Instead, plants must obtain their nitrogen from the soil as nitrate and animals obtain their nitrogen from plants or other animals. Nitrogen is an essential component of proteins and nucleic acids, so all organisms require a supply of it. Humans cannot fix nitrogen...
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Introduction In our society, using enzymes or microorganisms in food preparation has become widely known. As new technology has been developed, new application fields have been developed and pioneered. Microorganisms such as bacteria, yeast and the other enzymes are highly used for improving the taste and texture and eventually obtain enormous economic benefits to industries. With the advancement of technology, the use of recombinant DNA technology has made it possible to produce new enzymes suitable for specific food processing conditions....
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ABSTRACT One of the world’s highest consumed resource and most dangerous pollutants are petroleum hydrocarbons. Petroleum hydrocarbons are known as the major antagonist in a number of various water, land and environmental disasters. Because of its highly destructive nature which is a direct consequence of its toxicity, resistance and degradation, the proper treatment and cleaning of this substance is of paramount importance. One potential solution to this problem is bioremediation which is an ongoing solution that involves the use of...
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Abstract Microorganisms are small creatures that cannot be seen without microscope. They multiple at an exponential rate and due to this reason they are widely used in different industries all around the world. In food industry they are used to increase food life and for giving aroma, characteristic smell to food items. In fermentation industry, yeast is used to ferment yoghurt, cheese and other milk products. In brewing industry, wine is made by using microorganisms. They are also used in...
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