An effective screening method for detection of early-stage ovarian cancer requires a specificity of at least 99.6%, sensitivity of at least 75% and a positive predictive value of at least 10% (Clarke-Pearson DL, 2009). Because of the requirement to have high specificity in order to be considered as a screening tool in the general population, this Is a great challenge. Rising CA125 values are associated with progressive growth of ovarian cancer, whereas stable CA125 values, even when elevated, are associated...
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Ovarian cancer (OC) is one of the important causes of death within gynecological tumors in the western world, with a 5-year survival rate of approximately 30% in advanced-stage disease(152). About 10-15% of all OC patients report a positive family history of the disease and can be included as “familial ovarian cancer (FOC).(11,12) FOC patients were defined as those with a history of ovarian cancer in two or more family members or in combination with common cancer diagnosed at a young...
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Biomarkers are small protein or peptide molecules which are part of cell receptors, cell signalling molecules involved in cell-cell signalling or cell protein kinase activation and transfer of signal to the nucleus with the regulation of gene transcription. Biomarkers have functional significance in the recognition of different stages of cancer, therapy for cancer, and identification of different types of cancer of different organs according to the biomarker present. It is also used for the diagnosis and analysis of mutations in...
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Is Pelvic Inflammatory Disease a contributing risk factor to the development of gynaecological cancers later in life? For my independent academic project, I will be analysing the long-term health complications associated with Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) and whether having experienced this condition puts one at greater risk of developing gynaecological cancer later life. Cancer has been present in human history since its first documentation in the Edwin Smith Papyrus of 1600 BC, whereby ancient Egyptians claimed there “was no treatment”...
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Introduction The advancements in NGS technologies and the emergence of Omics field has led to the development of various approaches in studying cancer. The common approaches to identify molecular mechanisms in cancer include scanning the genome for cancer-specific mutations, exploring differential expression of mRNA through transcriptomics or that of protein through proteomics [Chakraborty S et al. (2018)]. However, limiting the analysis to only one type of data is not very efficient because it does not provide a holistic view of...
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Introduction Ovarian cancer (OC) is the 9th most common cancer and the 9th most common cause of cancer-related death in women, with an overall 5-year survival of approximately 40%. In 2018, 295,414 new cases of OC were documented worldwide, 184,799 of which resulted in death (1). High-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC) is the most common and deadliest subtype of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), accounting for 70-80% of OC deaths (2). Originating from premalignant lesions in the epithelium of the fallopian...
2 Pages
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An ovary is a reproductive gland part of the female reproductive system that is responsible for producing oocytes and the hormones estrogen and progesterone. An ovum is released from the ovary each month with the intention of meeting sperm in the fallopian tube, traveling to the uterus, and implanting for pregnancy. According to the American Cancer Society, “about 22,240 women will receive a new diagnosis of ovarian cancer” (“Key statistics for ovarian cancer”, 2018). Of those 22,240 women, more than...
2 Pages
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Ovarian cancer is the growth of abnormal cells in one or both ovaries in a women’s reproductive system. These cells multiply out of control forming a tumour and if left untreated, the tumour can metastasise to other parts of the body. Being the most lethal gynaecological malignancy, ovarian cancer is the fifth leading cause of cancer death in the developed world affecting females, with approximately every year 1,600 Australian women diagnosed with cancer. Consequently, the Australian government is supporting the...
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Diagnosis of ovarian cancer is impeded by the absence of symptoms in the early stage hence the disease presents with a high mortality rate. Since the discovery of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), cancer antigen 125 (CA125) to the development of multivariate assays (Ova1, ROMA, Overa) that have increased specificity and sensitivity, there has been considerable progress in the discovery of biomarkers for the detection of ovarian cancer at an early stage. The use of ultrasound, MRI, PET/CT, PET/MRI, Computer-Aided Detection (CAD)...
2 Pages
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It is usually not possible to know the exact reason why one person develops cancer and others do not. However, studies have examined the reasoning for why certain risk factors may increase or decrease a person’s chances of developing cancer. A few important reasons such as a person’s lifestyle behaviors, environmental and dietary factors, and occupational exposure are contributed to the number of cancer cases and deaths (Huether & McCance, 2017). Research conducted by the American Cancer Society states that...
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Common facts about the organ and symptoms Ovaries are an integral organ in the female reproductive system in which ultrasound plays an outstanding role in diagnosing and differentiating many ovarian pathologies. The main function of the ovary is to release a mature oocyte every 28 days and to secrete oestrogen and progesterone for maintaining the reproductive cycle and to support pregnancy. The importance of differentiation between functional to non-functional pathologies can provide significant implications in terms of management to relieving...
4 Pages
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