Introduction Amongst the many psychological theories, the oldest and rigorously studied are Psychoanalysis and Adlerian/ Individual Psychology by Sigmund Freud and Alfred Adler. Both these theories made a mark on the history of psychology. Adlerian therapy refers to a growth model that emphasizes on assuming responsibilities, creating a person’s destiny and finding ways, means, and goals of creating a meaningful life. Psychoanalytic therapy is a theory that put many emphasis on personality development, and a philosophy of nature of human...
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Constructivism Constructivism capacity that the data of know-how to be transferred to some other individual but can be built or created. It suggests that the learner is much more actively involved in joint organization with the teacher of creating. Based on commentary and scientific study. It is about how humans learn. The trainer makes positive she is aware of the freshmen' behavior and the techniques of giving and guides the undertaking to tackle them and build on them. Constructivism is...
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Communication is a core element in teaching and learning a foreign language as it is an important tool. It is quite impossible to interact without communication. In order to learn a foreign language communication is really crucial, useful, and noteworthy. In this perspective competence over the years English language learning and teaching has become widely popular all over the world to learn a foreign language because English has gained the prestige of becoming a global language in the era of...
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Behavioral approaches to learning are rooted in the minds of John B. Watson and B. F. Skinner. With his stimulus-response model, Watson claims that a particular stimulus evokes observable responses in human behavior. Meanwhile, Skinner's operant conditioning maintains that pleasant things have an invigorating effect on human behavior, so we repeat desirable behaviors and eliminate undesirable ones. want. By applying them in the classroom, teachers may find it easier to understand the magnitude of student behavior and encourage them to...
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The early stage of infancy is greatly characterized by rapid and significant brain growth. This growth facilitates the development of crucial neurodevelopmental capacities underlying advanced psychological and emotional well-being (Dobbing & Sands, 1973). Some accounts of early brain development argue that this growth majorly occurs within a biological context. However, others have contended that interpersonal context where structural and functional networks are shaped by the nature and quality of early caregiver-infant interactions (Newman et al., 2015) is just as important...
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Sports psychology is focused upon various theoretical perspectives: psychodynamic, humanistic, behavioural and cognitive, biological, and psychosocial models. These perspectives provide an explanation and description of human behaviour and the reasoning behind behavioural changes. Furthermore, they are implicit in the practitioner’s practices and theories. Although there have been some influential theories in sports psychology, cognitive-behavioural has had an implicit impact for multiple reasons. Despite the lack of cognitive psychological studies strictly focused on sports, competitive sports enable researchers the ability to...
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Freud’s psychoanalytic theory was the idea that the mind is made of different parts that have the potential to conflict with one another. The three main parts are known as the id, ego, and superego. The id is irrational and emotional thought, while the superego is moral thought. The ego is rational thought and functions as a peacemaker between the id and the superego. Other important parts of the mind are assumptions and libido. An assumption is the part of...
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John Locke: our psychological properties define the self In this paper, I will propose a background for understanding personal identity based on the phenomenological premise of a proceeded with a continuous flow of consciousness across time, from the concept of John Locke: our psychological properties define the self. To find the problems of changes in consciousness or absences in a person’s life, I will supplement this approach by arguing for a more precise understanding of conscious streams. I will then...
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The essay reveals how the theory of anomalous monism attempts to answer the physical status of mental events, the status of psychology, and the mind-body problem. From the outset, we should point out that Davidson believed psychology to be fundamentally different from sciences such as physics; his explanation of this is that, unlike physics, we cannot create laws or principles with which to explain or predict human thought. Following this, Davidson does not believe that psychology can be reduced to...
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Broadly speaking, it is no doubt true that clinical psychologists come across the complexity of human nature through their practice every day (Forman, 2010). Human thinking and behavior are not something fixed. Biological, psychological, and social factors are combined together and interact with each other leading to unique results in clients’ lives. When people enter into therapy, regardless of their mental health issues, oftentimes their common aim is to eliminate their discomfort and distress and learn how to cope better...
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The Psychological Society (BPS) defines psychology as 'the scientific study of people, the mind, and behavior' (BPS, 2020, as cited in Gross, 2020). This essay will discuss the arguments for and against psychology being regarded as a science, which is defined as 'the systematic study of nature and behavior of the material and physical universe, based on observation, experiment, and measurement, and the formulation of laws to describe these facts in general terms' (Collins English Dictionary, 2021). Many scientists consider...
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Have you ever wondered why someone around you, or even yourself, behaved or thought about something a certain way? If you answered “no” to this question, you would be lying. Concern for human behavior is a universal behavior among humans that has been prevalent since at least the eighth century BC in Ancient Greece. Philosophers wanted to understand what they described as the “psyche”, referring to what we know as the “mind” today. After centuries of continued interest in this...
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Introduction Jessica is a 3-year-old girl who has speech and language difficulties. She has spent the majority of her life around her primary socialization which consists of her mum and gran. When she started nursery the Practitioners realised there was an issue with her speech and language, Practitioners can pick up on milestones in children and Jessica wasn’t meeting her language development, which impacted her holistic development. The Practitioners were unable to understand what Jessica was saying. Jessica struggled socializing...
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Transformational Psychology is a union of every single known arrangement of individual upgrade; a crate of all the most functional systems of development treatment, ceaselessly added to as new techniques and thoughts are painstakingly assessed. The entire is more prominent than the aggregate of the parts, be that as it may, since the strategies are intended to stir the cerebrum in an arranged grouping, relating to its regular advancement. Right now, understudies' learning encounters of more than 25 years and...
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The most defining factor of my schooling so far is my community involvement through two of the most significant charity associations in Hong Kong – the Hong Kong Joint School Volunteering Association (JSVA) and the Hing Kong Lion Club. Such extensive social work gave me many excellent opportunities to have meaningful interactions with the different factions within my community. Each faction holds its unique identity based on religion, social status, profession, or even family background. In an attempt to connect...
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Sociologists Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckman introduced the theory of social constructionism in 1966 in the book ‘The Social Construction of Reality’. Three separate intellectual movements came together to form the basis of social constructionism in the late 1960s. The second was a literary and rhetorical impetus to the deconstruction of language and how it affects our knowledge of reality. Furthermore, the third is a criticism of scientific practice. It was led by Thomas Kuhn, who argued that scientific...
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Social construction begins with asking what makes something real. Experiences that human beings face throughout their lives construct the way they become opinionated and how they experience the world. At the heart of the concept lies the notion that knowledge and many aspects of the world around us are not real. They only exist because humans give them the power to exist through social agreements such as books, nations, and money. Even when talking about oneself, humans can build how...
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Although many species have behaved as if they have a ‘theory of mind’ in various behavioral tasks, it is still an extensive debate as to whether they can attribute mental states to others. This essay’s main aim is to explain the concept of theory of mind and describe the methods used to assess mind-reading abilities of non-human animals. Theory of mind is referred to as the human ability to mindread. This term has been used in developmental psychology to explain...
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Theory of mind is the ability to attribute mental states which includes goals, beliefs, intentions and desires to oneself and to others. This essay is looking at theory of mind of adults and social cognition of infant and children. The presumption of humans’ uniqueness in understanding theory of mind is largely true and will be discussed in this essay through the false-belief test, a number of theories and mind blindness, which is a theory of mind deficit caused by brain...
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Autism is a developmental disorder characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction, as well as repetitive and restricted patterns of behavior and interests (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). It has been argued that cognitive deficits may underlie the disorder. Thus, two cognitive theories have been proposed to explain key deficits in autism: theory of mind hypothesis and executive function theory. Each theory offers a different explanation for the deficits seen in autism, with both theories effectively explaining different aspects...
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This assignment is going to compare and contrast behaviorism and the humanistic theory and find the differences in two different theories out of the four main theories. Also, there is an understanding on what the theories are and how they are used in present day. Behaviorism is a theory of learning based on the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning. Conditioning occurs through interaction with the environment. Behaviorists believe that our responses to environmental stimuli shape our actions....
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According to the World Health Organization ‘health’ is described as “a state of complete mental, physical and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease”. The word ‘illness’ is defined by the Cambridge English dictionary as being “a disease or period of sickness that affects the body or mind”. These definitions will be used to explain health and illness through a psychological perspective and distinguish how addiction has impacts on a person’s day-to-day life. Addiction is a social and...
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Achieving high organizational performance is an important goal for a manager, as stated by Andersson and Bateman (1997), the reputation of an organization is intimately linked with its leaders. Employees' perceptions of fellow employees and supervisors’ behaviors as well as their environment may contribute to job neglect. Attribution theory may help in establishing the reason behind employee behavior as well as whether external or internal factors are causing such behavior (Oghojafor, 2011). Initially, Heider (1958) identified three attribution errors, fundamental...
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Positive Psychology is an approach that became notable around 1990 and was devised by Martin Seligman (Scorsolini-comin' et al. 2013). It is deemed a scientific approach that is used to study human experiences such as happiness, well-being, and the development of significant relationships (Carr, 2011). Pentti et al. (2019) discussed how they believe there are five core components of Positive Psychology, and suggested they are the fundamental building blocks of health and happiness; these are engagement, relationships, positive emotions, meaning,...
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Abstract In Authentic Happiness Seligman suggests a formula for happiness, The Pleasant Life, The Good Life, and The Meaningful Life, encouraging people to seek a meaningful life in a continual quest for happiness. (Seligman 161). Seligman's theory reconciles two conflicting views of human happiness, the individualistic approach, which emphasizes that we should take care of ourselves and nurture our own strengths, and the altruistic approach, which tends to downplay individuality and emphasizes sacrifice for the greater purpose. (www.pursuit-of-happiness.org). This paper...
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The movie ‘Babies’ by Thomas Balmès takes us on a trip around the world to observe four newborn babies for the first two years of their lives. The movie looks at the relationship infants have with their parents and compares their development through a series of vignettes when each child accomplishes certain milestones. Throughout this paper I will discuss two theories that I felt were evident in the movie ‘Babies’. John Piaget’s theory of cognitive development and Bowlby’s evolutionary theory...
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Today I’m going to be sharing with you all about the effects of Positive Thinking. Positive thinking on the surface sounds useful and I'm sure most of us would prefer to be positive rather than negative. There was this one quote saying, “If you learn to harness the power of positive thoughts, you’ll attract more positive circumstances”. However, you will attract more negativity and pain if you think negatively. I'm sure you all wouldn’t want that, wouldn’t you? At first...
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Humanity has always sought to capture certain moments and feelings and that way give it immortality. Hence film, bearing the features of an art form operating within the narration of time and space seemed to be a perfect medium. The world of film seems to support the illusion of immortal and immutable reality in the likeness of artificial sleep and rule the subconscious instincts of the viewer. Sleep, consciousness and subconsciousness are the first intuitively found psychoanalytical threads in cinema,...
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Thesis in ‘Grendel’ much of the internal conflict came from components of his individual psyche and influenced the way the world was portrayed around him. When it comes to the components of the psychoanalytic perspective there are three main parts to focus on: the id, the superego and the ego. First, the id is incredibly prevalent in ‘Grendel’ for many reasons, but one being that it can be interpreted as the monster inside of you or the voice telling you...
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Abnormal psychology is a branch of psychology that studies people who are ‘abnormal’ or ‘atypical’ compared to what is acceptable and follows the social norms in a given society. Their behavior may be incomprehensible to others or make others feel threatened and or uncomfortable. With this definition, a person is seen as abnormal when he/she is unable to cope with the demands of everyday life. Such people are unable to perform the behaviors that are necessary for day-to-day living, such...
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