Younger men choose older women as their ardent partners more than we realize such as famous Filipino celebrity pairings like Vicki Belo and her 24 years younger husband Hayden Kho, but many other couples have an even more significant age gap, yet, despite potential discrimination and stigma, age-gap relationships between younger men and older women continue to survive and thrive. Couples where the women are significantly older than her male partner currently have a high prominence in national and international...
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Pragmatics refers to the study of signs, sentence structure, and symbols. It focuses on the meaning of utterances. It is what people say in terms of spoken speech or by the use of signs and symbols. It is a fundamental component in human speech because it establishes meaning and intention hence establishing a better understanding. It also helps in establishing what to say, the people we pass the information to as well as how to say or out it. It...
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Do you know how self-concept influences academic performance? Today we have all heard about self-esteem and we have more or less clear what this concept means. However, it should be remembered that it corresponds to the evaluative perception of ourselves, that is, how we value ourselves. Now, do we know what self-concept is? And more importantly, what is the relationship between this and academic performance? Although self-concept and self-esteem are similar concepts, we should not confuse them. This is the...
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Born in western Russia with a well-to-do and well-educated family. He had a personal interest in psychology and philosophy. He graduated at Moscow University in Law and later presented to the Russian Psychological Neural Congress and was invited to Join Moscow Psychology Institute. He worked on child development until he died of Tuberculosis at 37. Lev Vygotsky was born in Orsha in a small town in the vicinity of Minsk Western Russia (now Belarus) in 1896. Vygotsky came from a...
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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, commonly known as, “OCD” is an anxiety disorder defined as involving unwanted, persistent, intrusive thoughts and impulses, as well as repetitive actions intended to suppress them. There are two parts to Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, (1) obsessions; intrusive and nonsensical images or urges that the individual tries to resist or eliminate, and (2) compulsions; thoughts or actions used to suppress the obsessions and provide relief (Burger, J. M. 2019). Individuals who experience symptoms of OCD will have the consistent...
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Introduction In the context of theories on child language development, the behaviourist theory of operant conditioning proposed by B.F. Skinner in Verbal Behaviour (1957), is one of the earliest, and arguably considered the most outmoded by many in the field. The basic principle of operant conditioning is that behaviour which is rewarded or reinforced will be strengthened (Jayasundara, 2018, p.247). Conversely, behaviour that is not reinforced will fade out in a manner akin to natural selection. In Skinner’s view, parents...
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L.S. Vygotsky began his analysis by reading the work of researchers like Wolfgang Kohler and Buhler, who sought to establish similarities between a child and an ape. Buhler’s experiments indicated that the activity of a young child before speaking is identical to an ape. Other psychologists, Guillaume, and Meyerson suggested that the ape’s behavior was parallel to that observed in people who were Speech impaired. These psychologists’ work focused on the practical activity of children at the age when they...
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What is Harm OCD? This is a question asked by many people who suffer from OCD, as they wonder what could cause this type of obsessive compulsive disorder. There are many possible causes for OCD but no one knows for sure what causes Harm OCD or any of its variations. However, there are some things that scientists have learned about OCD that shed some light on what could cause this behavior disorder. First, we need to answer what is Harm...
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This statement 'Every counseling theory's view of human nature, key concepts, therapeutic goals, and intervention strategies are closely connected to one another” reveals how these 4 components are intertwined for the formation of each counseling theories respectively. Human nature – Sigmund Freud has a pessimistic view on humans such that they are void of any potentials (Marković, 2014). This view was mainly influenced by his traumatic childhood during World War 1 and the post-Darwin period (Human Nature-Scientific, 2018). Humans are...
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According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition, social anxiety disorder is classified through overarching features of excessive fear, anxiety and behavioral manifestations. It is the most common type of anxiety disorder, also referred to as social phobia. Social anxiety is developed and maintained by complex physiological, cognitive, and behavioral mechanisms. Today, behavioral treatment including cognitive behavioral therapy, composed mainly of short-term treatments, are among the most widely used approaches for managing psychological and behavioral problems,...
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Many educators have had the experience of not being able to reach some students until presenting the information in a completely different way or providing new options for student expression. Perhaps it was a student who struggled with writing until the teacher provided the option to create a graphic story, which blossomed into a beautiful and complex narrative. Or maybe it was a student who just couldn't seem to grasp fractions, until he created them by separating oranges into slices....
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The desire to find meaning is recognized as a fundamental human quest. Adler introduced us to the realization that humans live in the world of meaning, Frankl convinced us to believe that our life is directed at and guided by meaning, while Freud suggested that all our actions mean something. Meaning in life is seen as an important construct which is implicated in various research topics, including beliefs and having a consistent understanding of self, others and life in general....
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Psychology is the art and science of behavior. It is a subject which is not just enclosed in books, but one that lies in the realm of reality, and becomes a part of our everyday life. Human tendency, more often than not is to not look at the flipside of things, but to look at the conventional path endorsed by quintessential beings of the 21st Century which is where the need for positive psychology comes in. Only when people change...
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Introduction Title (Cause and Effect Design Map) In sad fact, there are many children who suffer from child depression and suicidal depression which is causing a lot of child deaths each year. As an illustration Webster dictionary defines suicidal as destructive to one’s own interests. Whereas they define ideation as the capacity or the act of forming or entertaining ideas. So with those definitions, suicidal ideation means to have thoughts of suicide. In fact, 2% of preschoolers and school-age children...
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According to the U.S. Census Bureau’s 2004 Household Economic Studies, only 61 percent of children are raised from birth to age eighteen in a home with both of their birth parents. What this statistic told us was that if we as society don’t open our eyes to new ways of defining family, we’ll miss a real opportunity to make our families and our communities stronger. What this statistic tells us is that if we as a society don’t open our...
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When you look at the statistics on mortality rates over all mental disorders, statistics showing that Anorexia Nervosa has the highest mortality rate, it would be a reasonable assumption that it would have the highest funding for recovery treatment research. Unfortunately, this is nowhere near the case, and not only do they have the least recorded research, but one of the lowest rates of funding. It is important that psychologists reveal the quickest and most efficient recovery strategies for each...
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We all know this phrase that was said a long time ago: 'Love your neighbor as yourself'. However, few people have understood the meaning. It is very welcome to love our neighbors, even if our needs are not met. But as you often say in the sentence above, putting yourself in the first place is synonymous with egoism. However, a person who has self-esteem does not have to be selfish. All people are born with a survival instinct that tells...
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Our nation is in the midst of a chronic pain epidemic--according to a study released in 2011 by the Institute of Medicine, over 100 million people are living in pain. In the face of this crisis, how can psychological methods help with the treatment and prevention of chronic pain? No single panacea exists for chronic pain. Similarly, no single treatment method for chronic pain involving psychology exists. However, here are five psychologically-informed approaches to pain that have proven to be...
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The Socratic method also has non-classroom applications. For example, it’s frequently used as a therapeutic technique to help patients explore and analyze their own thoughts and behaviors (Center for Deployment Psychology). When used in cognitive behavioral therapy, the Socratic method serves as a non-confrontational approach to challenging the client’s ideas (Clark and Egan 3), while also providing them an opportunity to sort out discrepancies in their rationale (5). Currently, research suggests that the Socratic method encourages cognitive reappraisal, which has...
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In psychology, attribution is a judgment we make about the cause of another person's behavior. Attribution theory explains these attribution processes, which we use to understand why an event or behavior occurred. To understand the concept of attribution, imagine that a new friend cancels plans to meet up for coffee. Do you assume that something unavoidable came up, or that the friend is a flaky person? In other words, do you assume that the behavior was situational (related to external...
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“ The measure of intelligence is the ability to change.”- Albert Einstein. The extremely controversial topic of weather measurements of intelligence are precise or accurate is still greatly debated today. Researchers have suggested a variety of theories that display and explain the complexion of intelligence and some theories have emerged and become major in our world today. To mankind intelligence still a mystery that many are trying to solve. Some theories include Charles Spearman’s general intelligence which is not widely...
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Depression is one of the most common mental health issues concerning individuals in the US and it is the most common cause for student disability amongst college students. It causes negative educational, social, economic outcomes, and even suicide. Depression treatment effectiveness is specific to each individual. Animals have been used throughout history to assist human interaction and wellbeing. Particularly, emotional support animals have shown to aid in reducing the biobehavioral processes associated with depression. It is important to research all...
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Positive psychology is the determination of the processes and situations that contribute to the flourishing or maximum operation of individuals, groups, and people. People become optimistic by having a positive attitude towards situations, people, events and outcomes. in the history of optimism, it has been shown that it has enhanced a celebration to live in the best of all worlds to celebrate one’s self (Peterson,2000). Seligman (2011) explains about resilience of two MBA graduates from the University of Pennsylvania. He...
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Deliberate self-harm is the action of purposefully wounding one’s own physical form. Some examples include cutting or slicing their skin with sharp objects or scorching their body with fire. A long standing belief holds this specific type of self-injury to not include and suicidal intentions. Relatively, this form of self-physical damage is a risky manner to manage mental-emotional pain, extreme rage, and defeat. Some self-injurers may experience a fleeting sense of serenity and freedom from pressure, trailed by culpability, humiliation,...
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Erik Erikson (1902 – 1994) was a German-American developmental psychologist and psychoanalyst. He was one of Freud’s followers who expanded the picture of development at each stage. In his psychosocial theory, Erikson emphasized that in addition to mediating between id impulses and superego demands, the ego makes a positive contribution to development, acquiring attitudes and skills that make the individual an active, contributing member of society (Berk & Meyers, 2015). Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages included: Basic Trust vs. Mistrust (birth- 1...
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The psychologist I received after taking the quiz was Lev Vygotsky. Vygotsky developed the sociocultural theory where he believes we all learn aspects of our lives through interaction. I will be discussing the history of this theory as well as the way it can be applied in the classroom. Vygotsky (1978) states: ‘Each capacity in the kid’s social improvement shows up twice: first, on the social level, and later, on the individual level; first, between individuals (inner psychological) and afterward...
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Systemic Factors Behind the Replication Crisis in Psychology Professional incentive systems shaped by a systemic preference for statistical significance play a key role in psychology’s replication crisis. Though scientific progress hinges upon the accumulation and dissemination of new knowledge, those involved in the publication process have mistakenly equated new and important findings with statistically significant results. As a result, journals are more likely to publish significant findings over null results. However, in academia’s highly competitive ‘publish or perish’ culture, career...
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The theory of multiple intelligences was developed in 1983 by Dr. Howard Gardner, professor of education at Harvard University. It suggests that the traditional notion of intelligence, based on I.Q. testing, is far too limited. Instead, Dr. Gardner proposes eight different intelligences to account for a broader range of human potential in children and adults. Dr. Gardner says that our schools and culture focus most of their attention on linguistic and logical-mathematical intelligence. We esteem the highly articulate or logical...
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Introduction An eating disorder is a mental disorder defined by abnormal consuming behavior that negatively affects someone's physical or psychological health (APA, 2013). According to the American Psychiatric Association, eating disorders happen along with side other mental disorders like panic, anxiety, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and alcohol and substance abuse problems. Consisting of DSM-V, eating disorders are illnesses during which people experience severe disturbances in their eating behaviors and related thoughts and emotions (APA, 2013). However, with proper medical aid, people...
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This review will focus on the therapeutic interventions for children who have experienced traumatic experience of abuse and neglect. Furthermore, it will explore the link between the effective interventions and the projects in Peopleknowhow People Know How’s(PKH) provided for the childrenPositive Transitions Service supporting children and young people. Child maltreatment is a vital public health concern. Abuse and neglect include physical, emotional sexual abuse, as well as physical, emotional neglect such a Child maltreatment including all types of abuse and...
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