Role of Geospatial Technologies in Flood Management

The data collected from IRS regarding Optical and Microwave, Landsat ERS and also Radarsat sequence of satellites were used to map and display the extent of flood activities in close to real-time mode. Information on damage caused due to floods is informed to the responsible departments to allow them prepare fundamental relief measures and to adopt a reliable evaluation of flood damage. Due to the massive herbage and Repeativity WiFS facts from IRS-1C and -1D helps an greater extend in monitoring floods. According to the Satellite statistics received all through Pre-flood, flood and post-flood periods along with Information from ground, flood damage evaluation is done through considering the topographical data, hydrological data and flooded area land use/land cover data in a GIS Environment. For studying more about Post-flood river water level and present flood control structures , identification of river bank erosion-prone areas , drainage swelling and identification of flood hazard risk zones we use space borne multispectral data . In Addition of the remote sensing commands such as rainfall estimates by satellites, present hydrological land usage /land cover, information about nature of soil in rainfall-runoff model because of this improves the flood forecast to an greater extent.

Flooding is a dynamic phenomenon which implies that the floods take place at a location at which a number of contributing factors for the flood exist. For example, Generally flood prerequisites encompass areas gently sloping, areas having heavy rainfall, regions with saturated soil and also possessing blocked channels ( Alkema ,2004). The main Aim of GIS is storing and linking more than one digital databases and various themed layers of data, graphically show that data as maps, and to take a look at how the layers connected. This facts may also come from different sources like remote sensing, Global Positioning system, censuses, samples of soil, flow gage systems, and Weather Stations. Also the Historic records assist in identifying the places flood may occur , given that areas most regularly flooded are likely to flooded again. Using the received and saved the required data, analysis based on GIS is then done to examine the amount of affect of each and every factor and their affects in various scenarios. GIS affords an enabling technology by using the ability of providing a viable solution, offering tools and various methods that support in case of flood management. GIS is used for finding critical and inclined assets, for planning, mitigation activities, helping in response, and aiding in restoration administration (Khanna ct al., 2006).By intersecting distinct spatial layers, flood-affected areas can be located, thereby providing greater high-quality mitigation and response to flooding. GIS is additionally used to showing data related to flood visually in 2D and 3D as it might help to understand more deep, specifically to a lay audience. Maps generated using GIS provide an effective way of informing the public and media on evacuation routes, the extent and influence of a flood when it happens, and on the response efforts initiated by government (Shanley et al., 2006). This records can be disseminated using internet technologies, developing interactive maps with the query option provided and updated in actual time, linked to extra available information.

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Remote sensing is the developing technology that has helped a lot in flood modelling and flood chance assessment in imparting a high-qualityskill of obtaining correct spatial and temporal information (Khanna ct al., 2006). Remote sensing of the surroundings involves the calculation of electromagnetic radiation emitted or reflected by using the Earth’s floor and relating these calculated values to the kinds of land and habitat in the vicinity being determined by way of the sensor (Al-Tahir et al., 2006). Examining Earth’s floor the use of sensors onboard quite a number space and air structures has evolved to a multinational organization producing huge quantity of digital information on a range of physical parameters that characterize the earth (Murphy ct al., 2010). Remote sensing continues to make use of new sorts of sensors that explore various areas of the electromagnetic spectrum and attain finer and precise tiers of spatial, temporal, and spectral resolution(Murphy ct al., 2010). Notable growth in remote sensing technology have took place both in obtaining aerial photography in digital form and satellite data in high resolution . New strategies have been developed for elevated analysis and extraction of spatial data from the new statistics sets (Ehlers 2004).

Digital elevation mannequin model (DEM) or digital terrain model(DTM) is vital for flood administration and hydrological modelling. DEM model is used for obtaining critical data sets such as viable links, go with the flow direction, and rate of waft of floods. Above statistics is yet another facts set that can be supplied correctly via remote sensing. Aerial surveys is done by the use of airborne cameras and airborne LIDAR sensors are capaable of supplying a high density terrain model in digital form. DEM can additionally be obtained from space- borne sources like satellite stereoc photos of SPOT, or radar information as those gathered by using the Shuttle Radar Terrain Measurement (SRTM) information. Using DEM in mixture with different statistics in a GIS evaluation boundary, network of drainage area, also elevation can be calculated, and estimations of risk factor can also be found out (Badilla 2008). The resolution of DEM plays an important role since it will note the tiny structural features for example rivers which can be reproduced as before. (Alkema 2004).