To begin with, cancer cells remain within the body tissue from whence they originated. This type of cancer growth is referred to as carcinoma in situ by doctors (CIS). The cancer cells multiply and divide to make additional cells, eventually forming a tumor. Millions of cancer cells can be found in a tumor. Everybody tissue has a covering (a membrane)...
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By far, women are at an increased risk of developing breast cancer as compared to men. Part of the reason for this case is because women have a high number of breast cells compared to men. However, the main reason for the high cases of breast cancer among women, as opposed to men, is the exposure of women to growth-promoting...
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When recounting a loved one’s fight against cancer, most people can recall their emotional and physical trauma as a family. At the very least, they can remember the treatment process, the seemingly endless vomiting, hair loss, fatigue, and pain. However, when I look back at my mom’s fight against breast cancer, I have no vivid recollection of these struggles. I...
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My life changed forever the day I received the phone call that everyone dreads. Early one morning in March 2015, my surgeon called to tell me the results of my most recent biopsy. The bump, which was probably just a benign cyst, turned out to be cancerous. My surgeon continued to speak to me to explain the diagnosis to me...
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Breast Cancer, as defined by Majure, breast cancer is an 'uncontrolled growth of abnormal breast cells' (Majure: 110). In other words, Breast cancer starts when cells in the breast begin to grow out of control. These cells usually form a tumor that can often be seen on an x-ray or felt as a lump. The tumor is malignant (cancerous) if...
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Breast cancer has become a major public health issue worldwide and is the main cause of cancer-related deaths among women (1). South Africa accounts for one out of every four cancers diagnosed and one out of every five cancer deaths among women(2). The rate of breast cancer among the female South African population is rising by the day and is...
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Imagine you are a young adult with your whole life ahead of you. Marriage, children, grandchildren, all of it. One day you find out that you have a history of breast cancer in your family, that doesn’t mean you’ll have it but there is a chance. You’re worried and stressed because you know nothing about this disease, so you look...
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Invasive ductal carcinoma is the most common type of breast cancer, it begins in the cells that line the milk duct in the breast, then the cancer penetrates the channel wall and grows into nearby breast tissue, at this stage it can spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system and the bloodstream. Given in this case,...
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Introduction Triple negative breast cancer is an aggressive subtype of breast cancer which do not have any receptors that are commonly found in other subtypes of breast cancer. It shows negative for the progesterone receptors (PR), estrogen receptors (ER) and human epidermal growth factor (HER2) protein. About 12 to 20 percent of all breast cancers are triple negative breast cancer...
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Introduction The World Health Organization (WHO) defined genomics as ‘the study of genes and their functions, and related techniques (WHO, n .d.). The completion of the Human Genome Project (HGP) in 2003 marked a new era of the genome in medicine and health. Although our knowledge of human genomes is far from complete, genomics is making a huge impact on...
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“As of January 2019, there are more than 3.1 million women with a history of breast cancer in the U.S.”(breastcancer.org). Breast cancer is not a rare disease. It is affecting a large population of women where the cells in the bosom develop wild. There are various types of bosom malignant growth. The sort of bosom malignancy relies upon which cells...
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Consent: The principle of consent is an important part of medical ethics and international human rights law.[20] Is a written document that crystallizes the communication ongoing between surgeon and patient and that proves that the patient has made an informed decision evaluating pros and cons and possible alternative treatments and gives consent for that specific treatment. I usually give a...
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Introduction What is cancer? Cancer can be grouped as more than 100 different diseases and develops all over the body [1]. Abnormal cells will divide uncontrollably leading to the destruction of body tissues. Genetic changes affect the body’s logical processes. The cells that grow uncontrollably may form a tumor that can be benign or cancerous. A cancerous tumor can grow...
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If I had to choose one of the leading causes of death in the country it would be cancer. In 2016, cancer had the second-largest death toll, killing 598,038 people (Zuber, 2019). One of the health disparities being the leading cause of death is that breast cancer tends to affect more black women at a faster rate than it does...
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Many diseases that affect a person are life-threatening. Cancer is one of those fatal diseases. Cancer is basically a general name that is given to a whole group of diseases that have one thing in common – abnormal cell growth. The causes of this disease cannot be traced to a single factor because many factors contribute to its birth. Its...
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To promote their fast multiplication and expansion across the body, cancer cells change their metabolism. Cancer cells prefer to utilize aldohexose for aerobic metabolism rather than delivering it through the organic process glycolysis pathway. Glycolysis produces ATP and pyruvate from glucose. The ribose 5-phosphate and NADPH are then generated in the mitochondria or incorporated into the tricarboxylic acid cycle through...
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Cancer is an acute condition where abnormal cells consecutively divide and spread into neighboring tissues, which endangers cell life if the spread is not controlled. According to World Health Organization (WHO) (2010), cancer causes 13% of all deaths in 2004, accounting for 7.4 million deaths which mostly spread across lung (1.3 million deaths/year), stomach (803,000 deaths), colorectal (639,000 deaths), liver...
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The thought of the word cancer brings up so many emotions due to its negative connotation. Cancer has created this poor reputation by taking the lives of so many innocent people each day. Cancer is irregular cell growth which is due to the alterations of DNA caused by many lifestyle factors. During 1981 it was estimated that diet was responsible...
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Melanoma, otherwise known as malignant melanoma is the most dangerous skin cancer that we know of due to its potential to metastasize to other parts of the body including the liver, the lungs, bones and the brain. The most common patient groups are men over the age of 50, and women below the age of 30. The mechanism by which...
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Melanoma is an autosomal dominant disease which means that if you are to inherit it, the person before you would have had to have not one but two copies of the gene. If the melanoma is inherited it is called “familial malignant melanoma. If one of your parents had the two copies then you have a 50-50 chance of getting...
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Melanoma Background Melanoma in the early years was described as a benign mole that continued to grow and could be recognized by an irregular shape and discoloration of the mole (Sober et al., 1979). These cancer cells were well known for their ability to spread around the body quickly and avoid the therapeutic treatment, creating a dangerous situation (Li et...
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Introduction The role of the General Practice Nurse (GPN) within the cervical screening programme is evaluated with emphasis on abnormal cytology result. Cervical sample taking started in the 1960s however it was not until 1988 that a national screening programme was introduced in Scotland, with the aim of reducing the rates of cervical cancer. Since it’s introduction there has been...
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Abstract: Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is a polyphenol from green tea extract is known to suppress the human pancreatic cancer in-vitro. Its anti-proliferative action mediated by caspase-3-activation, nuclear condensation and poly-ADP ribose polymerase cleavage. Pancreatic cancer cell death by EGCG is mediated by arresting growth at an initial stage of cell cycle. EGCG involves depolarisation mitochondrial membrane to allow cytochrome-c release into...
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‘Cancer’ - a word so small yet so destructive. In fact, in 2017, in the UK alone there was an astonishing 4 million cases and 9.56 million deaths worldwide. An inevitable disease that just continues to increase in size. As the philosopher Desiderius Erasmus once said, ‘prevention is better than cure’ - this is most certainly the case with cancer....
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Role of Astrology in Diagnosis of Cancer Abstract: Someone rightly pointed out ‘Health is Wealth.’ It is very important to take care of good health. There are various branches since the ancient era who started to study on disease and the causes to occur diseases’. In India, Ayurveda is the oldest branch that started studying medical science. Moreover, we can...
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Introduction: Cachexia, meaning bad condition in Greek (4), is defined as “ a loss of lean tissue mass, involving a weight loss greater than 5% of body weight in 12 months or less in the presence of chronic illness”, like cancer (2,4,15,17,18,19,20,22,30,31). To be classified in a state of cachexia, 3 of the 5 criteria must be met along with...
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Cancer The phrase everyone dreads and wishes to never hear… you have cancer. Cancer will take you by storm not only affecting you, but your loved ones, nurses, and healthcare providers. It is a beast that can drain you and everyone around you emotionally. Treatment can be exhausting and alters clients and their everyday life. With organizations like The American...
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Cancer is defined as a disease caused by uncontrollable cell division of abnormal defective body cells. Cancerous cells have the ability to destroy and damage surrounding organs and healthy tissues. Some cancers metastasize, beginning in one area and then invading and damaging other areas of the body. Cancer cells which group together form tumors, which can be benign (don’t spread)...
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Biomedical science involves using a range of laboratory techniques to diagnose and find treatments for various diseases. In this essay we will focus on the role that biomedical science plays in diagnosing various types of cancers. The different approaches in biomedical cancer diagnosis that will be covered are: biomarkers (i.e., miRNA), biopsies (i.e., liquid biopsies), blood tests and histology image...
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Cancer consists of a large number of diseases where cells from a specific part of the body grow and reproduce uncontrollably, which end up infiltrating and destroying normal body tissue (MayoClinic, 2020). This uncontrollable growth and reproduction occur as a result of interference of the normal genetic process involved with cell growth and reproduction (Conquer Cancer: ASCO, 2020). Each individual...
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