Introduction Viruses are considered as extremely successful predators as they can replicate and control the host cell synthesizing machinery. Viruses have coevolved with their hosts and thus have limited pathogenicity in any immunocompromised natural host. Viruses can exist in two forms: Extra cellular virion particles Intracellular genomes. Virions are more resistant to physical stress than genomes but are susceptible to humoral immune control. Nevertheless, to exist as a species, virus replication and transfer to a new host are essential. Virus...
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In my opinion I don’t necessarily believe viruses are alive because of the fact that viruses can't reproduce on there own, they need a cell to reproduce. If you had a looser definition of alive then maybe they can be considered alive. I also beileve there not alive because according to the seven characteristics of life for something to be considered alive it has to be able to grow over time, respond to stimuli, metabolize energy, produce offspring, maintain a...
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The corona viruses (2019 -ncov) infecting humans appeared in Wuhan, China, at the end of December 2019. Since the identification of the outbreak the infection quickly spread. This illness is a type of decease that transmits between animals and humans. Based on the articles that I read the infections of human to human transmission remains unclear. In contrast, human to animal transmission can occur based on the evidence provided from natural and experimental settings. The corona virus could be started...
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Viruses are the most common biological agents in the sea typically numbering 10 billion per litre. They mostly infect all organism, can undergo rapid decay and replenishment and influence many biogeochemical and ecological process including nutrient cycling, system respiration, and particle size distribution and sinking rates, bacterial and algal biodiversity and species distribution, algal bloom control, dimethyl sulphide formation and genetic transfer (Fuhrman, 1999). Although there was persuasive evidence in the late 1970's that viruses are abundant in the sea...
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Viruses are the smallest microorganisms in life and cannot be seen by naked eyes or with light microscopy. They are considered as a contagious agent that is only regenerated within the host cells of other living organizations and can infect all living organisms in the earth, from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and the archaea. Viruses can be identified only through their biological behavior, such as the disease they cause. Viruses are a particular classification; they are not...
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The qualifications all biotic beings meet are not met by viruses on the grounds that there is a lot that a virus is unable to do. A virion cannot maintain homeostasis, or regulate its internal processes because it does not have the anatomy to do so, simply because a virus is not made up of cells. A virion is, fundamentally, genetic material trapped in a protein casing. It cannot grow because when it is duplicated in a cell it is...
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Viral respiratory infections can cause many different illnesses related to the respiratory tract. These diseases may range from mild infections to more severe ones that can even lead to death. The most common respiratory disease is known as a cold, which is a mild infection that affects the upper respiratory tract and it is harmless in most cases. Common colds can be caused by many different types of viruses, the most frequent ones being rhinoviruses. Viral pneumonia, in the other...
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Bacteria - these are single cell microorganism that come in many shapes and forms these can be ball, rod or spiral shaped. most bacteria's are not harmful and some can be helpful less than 1 percent of these are infectious which can multiply in the body leading to disease. They can produce toxins that can make someone very ill. bacteria can be spread by coughing, sneezing, surfaces and skin contact, bodily fluids e.g. blood and saliva or even sexual intercourse....
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INTRODUCTION Influenza viruses are a virus that infects the respiratory tract of mammals and usually can cause fever, muscle pain, severe headache, sore throat, fatigue, coughing, and weakness. It is the Orthomyxoviridae family of enveloped viruses and a significant cause of respiratory infections worldwide (Bahadoran et al., 2016). It can be transmitted through the air by coughing or sneezing and also from infected birds through their droppings. Other transmissions are through saliva, nasal secretions, faeces, and blood of infected animals....
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Viruses a foe which has affected the past and has now turned modern-day living into an almost apocalyptic like state due to the appearance of Covid-19. Along with being one of the most heavily studied areas within science, although a conclusive answer on whether viruses can be considered apart of the living or nonliving is still being debated. The virus does challenge the concept of what is considering living as a whole, due to the fact that it is considered...
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Though many people may believe that there are other major factors that are a threat to mankind and viruses are not even a major issue, they actually are. I totally agree that they are one of the biggest threats to mankind as they can be extremely harmful based on the type and they are the cause for hundreds of deaths nowadays. The following are worldwide statistics on this issue. “Worldwide, these annual epidemics are estimated to result in about 3...
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Infections are minute creatures that exist wherever on earth. They can contaminate creatures, plants, organisms, and even microscopic organisms. Here and there an infection can cause an illness so savage that it is lethal. Other viral contaminations trigger no discernible response. An infection may likewise have one impact on one kind of creature, yet an alternate impact on another. This clarifies how an infection that influences a feline may not influence a canine. Infections fluctuate in multifaceted nature. They comprise...
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Viruses have continuously challenged our perception of what ‘living’ means. The scientific community have constantly debated whether viruses are classified as living or non-living organisms. Viruses are very important complexes of biochemical that influence all types of living organisms including bacteria, yeast, plants and animal cells. Viruses are blobs of RNA or DNA surrounded by a coat of protein. They do not consist of organelles and therefore cannot make copies of their selves. Living organisms also are assumed to compel...
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Viruses’ evolutionary history has been an interesting but challenging topic for the cell biologists and virologist. Due to their great variety, it has been difficult for biologists to classify them and how they connect to the traditional tree of life. It can express genetic elements that can move between cells. They can represent organisms that lived freely before becoming parasites. It is also alleged they can be precursors of life (David R. Wessner, 2010) Recently, it was proposed that the...
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Biology has been playing a very big role in our society since the ancient times until now. As one of the branches of science assigned in studying life and living things, it allows us to discover and learn about different organisms through testing, reviewing and experimenting using scientific research methods. Biology allows us to learn about the structure, function, behavior and relationships of living things. Fundamentals of Biology starts from the basic concepts which lets us to deeper understand the...
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The transformative history of infections speaks to an interesting, though cloudy, theme for virologists and cell scientists. Due to the extraordinary assorted variety among infections, researcher have battled with how to characterize these elements and how to relate them to the traditional tree of life. They may speak to hereditary components that picked up the capacity to move between cells. They may speak to beforehand free-living life forms that became parasites. They might be the forerunners of life as we...
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Abstract Infectious diseases remain a major cause of human and animal morbidity and mortality leading to significant healthcare expenditure.However, enormous successes have been obtained against the control of major epidemic diseases, such as malaria, plague, leprosy and cholera, in the past.The vast terrains and extreme geo-climatic differences and uneven population distribution present unique patterns of distribution of viral diseases. Dynamic interplay of biological, socio-cultural and ecological factors, together with novel aspects of human-animal interphase, pose additional challenges with respect to...
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Abstract Mycoviruses are significant widespread viruses found to be infecting all major groups of plant pathogenic fungi. Mycoviruses require living cells to replicate like other animal and plant viruses. These viruses are transmitted through cell division or during spore formation. Most of the mycoviruses have double strand RNA genome, and few are known to have positive single strand RNA genome, DNA genomes are rear among mycoviruses with one exception of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum hypovirulence-associated DNA mycovirus 1 having DNA genome. Some...
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The rapid spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in early 2003 was accepted by a number of governments as a challenge to their national security because of its adverse effects on their economies, including their hospital systems.The SARS epidemic is one of the beneficial case study for evaluating national and international capabilities to deal with disease outbreaks, both naturally occurring and deliberate. This appendix examines the course, impact and important of the epidemic, including the lessons learned regarding the...
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Introduction Measles virus (MEV)- induced neurologic disease is associated with the community acquired infection of disease, whereas most important rubella virus (RV)-induced neurologic disease is associated with congenital disease. There are lots of safe and effective vaccines exists. Mev, the etiologic agent of measles, is a member of the Morbillivirus genus of the Paramyxoviridae family of non-segmented, negative -stranded, enveloped RNA viruses. There are several morbilliviruses and each has a relatively restricted host range. Morbilliviruses have six structural proteins. MeV...
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Abstract There are seven types of coronaviruses appeared till now and they are different in their pathogenicity and the degree of the severity of the symptoms they cause. Phylogenetic analysis should be conducted in order to know the origin of the lethal viruses to be able to find treatments for them. In this essay, what have been found so far about the evolutionary origins of SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 will be discussed. Furthermore, the animal hosts that are similar to...
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We know how the COVID-19 pandemic began: Bats near Wuhan, China, hold a mix of coronavirus strains, and sometime last fall one of the strains, opportunistic enough to cross species lines, left its host or hosts and ended up in a person. Then it was on the loose. What no one knows yet is how the pandemic will end. This coronavirus is unprecedented in the combination of its easy transmissibility, a range of symptoms going from none at all to...
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Introduction COVID-19 is a worldwide pandemic involving the vast spread of a type of viruses called the Corona virus. These viruses are positive-stranded RNA viruses having a crown-like appearance when viewed an electron microscope. It belongs to the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae of the Coronaviridae family (order Nidovirales) and is divided into four genera of CoVs: Alphacoronavirus (alphaCoV), Betacoronavirus (betaCoV), Deltacoronavirus (deltaCoV), and Gammacoronavirus (gammaCoV). Then, the betaCoV genus divides into five sub-genera. Genomic studies have proven that bats and rodents are...
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Innate immune defenses are triggered in response to virus infection. While failure to induce innate immunity is likely to result in increased infection. Here are the principles of Biology which can give us knowledge on how to fight over Corona Virus Disease of 2019. First is the Gene therapy which involves altering the genes inside your body's cells in an effort to treat or stop disease. Next is the Knowledge of evolution which can empower public health policy experts to...
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Gene regulation is the way genes are expressed, and it starts with the central dogma. Gene regulation starts with the DNA which makes mRNA which then makes proteins. Prokaryotes, which are bacteria (for example E. coli), eat whatever we eat; therefore, if we drink milk, the bacteria will break down the lactose using gene regulation (Anderson, 2011). Bacterial genes are found in operons and use regulatory proteins to turn on and off groups of genes in reaction to many environmental...
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Emergence of Covid-19 Epidemiology Coronaviruses first broke out on 12th December 2019 in China, more accurately in Wuhan. At that time, COVID-19 was considered as epidemic with mysterious acute infection of the respiratory track of human beings. Studies have revealed that the possible emergence of the epidemic disease was from a sea food market located in Wuhan. Following 12th December 2019, the epidemic disease was classified as a novel coronavirus (nCoV/COVID-19). We did experience SARS-COV infection in Guangdong, China, back...
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Genetic engineering gives us an option to change the genetics of any animal and microorganisms to a way that may benefit us or simply to our own selfish reasons. As many of you may know, all of the medicine that we see, over the counter and prescribed medicine from your doctor are all products from genetic engineering. Without the basics of genetic engineering, the world today would be like in the past; where there wouldn’t be any medicine that treats...
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Nowadays, we are facing a bad situation because of the Covid-19 pandemic. Many reports stated that covid-19 does not have effects during the summer season but it is totally faded out.and it is also makes suffered lots of people by this disease. As a result, winter is also nearing along with the Covid-19 pandemic. Doctors called this a twindemic. However, it is spoiling our life completely, and we could not know what to control and stop spreading this virus. So,...
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What Is Corona Viruse (COVID-19) Corona viruses are a wide group of viruses that in animals and humans may cause disease. Corona viruses are known to cause respiratory infections in humans ranging from mild colds to more severe diseases such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Since being first identified in southern China in 2002, 26 countries continued to be affected, resulting in more than 8,000 cases and 774 deaths. The Coronavirus which was recently...
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Throughout history, there have been several pandemics, including the 2009 H1N1 virus, the 1918 Spanish flu, and most recently COVID-19. In each occurrence, these pandemics have been linked to similar features, causes, and severe effects. As a result, based on the past, it can aid in determining what exactly defines a pandemic. The characteristics of global spread and little or no population immunity, as well as effects such as high mortality rates, can all define a pandemic. A pandemic can...
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