Exam Quiz History of the Americas

Exam Quiz 2 Study Guide Exam/Quiz 2 will consist of short answer, multiple choice and short sentences. It will also include short paragraphs; those questions are also listed below and you can pre write them before the quiz and have them ready. This will be a timed quiz no more than 50 minutes, so you need to prepare ahead of time and study your notes before you begin the exam. You will only have ONE chance to complete the exam once you begin. The quiz will open on Saturday 3/27 at 8 am and will close on Sunday 3/28 at 11 pm. Hint: I would take notes on these questions as you do your reading this week, so you do not have to read all the week’s readings again to find the answers. Some of the questions on this quiz on are last week’s class material. Short Answers, Multiple Choice and Short Sentences Menchaca-Chpt 2— 1. Noble Savage debate--know different sides of the debate and who was involved for each side of the debate The divergent positions of the church and Sepulveda came to be known as the Noble Savage debate (Stocking 1968). Gines de Sepulveda and his followers argued that the Spaniards in the New World had the right to enslave the Indians. His argument was that on their exodus from Israel that they came in contact with the devil and entered a stage of demonic savagery, citing the iconography found in hieroglyphic texts and on buildings as proof of his assertions. On the other side of the debate was Father Francisco de Vitoria, who challenged Sepulveda's demonization of Indians. Vitoria has been credited with having been the most influential legal philosopher to persuade the Catholic Church and crown to classify Indians as humans and thus to bestow on them the legal rights of human beings. Those rights included not being enslaved, being able to marry any- one they chose, being Christianized, being allowed to own property, and being allowed to live in towns and villages. 2. What is the Law of Burgos? The Law of Burgos are laws passed by the Spanish crown that established the procedures and laws to govern Indians. These laws decreed that Indians, like orphans, widows, and the wretched, would be protected and Christianized. Indians were legally declared wards of the crown and church. The laws also contained additional stipulations with respect to Indian laborers and the acculturation process they would be subjected to. 3. Who were Malinke Slaves and what is their importance to New Spain? Malinke Slaves were slaves shipped to Mexico that came from West Africa. They were shipped to four main areas: Mexico City, Tlaxcala-Puebla, Michoacán, and Zacatecas. Their importance to Spain is the work they were used for. They were used for varied tasks, including farm labor, mining, and household domestic work. There was controversy on slave trade in New Spain the royal crown did want to end slave trade as the profits from the sale of licenses to slave traders as well as the tax revenues collected from ships docking in the Americas went directly to the royal family. 4. Alliances and Intermarriage laws: What were the Vitoria’s Natural Laws? And why are they significant? What was the purpose of intermarriage? Explain your answer Vitoria’s Natural laws were legal rights for the Indians. They classified Indians as human beings and made the enslavement of Indians Illegal. These laws also endorsed the crown’s position that they must be governed and protected. The crown therefore named the church the Indians’ legal protector and gave it the responsibility of Christianizing and converting them into loyal taxpaying subjects. They were significant because these laws are what abolished slavery in New Spain and freed the Indians. The purpose of Intermarriage was to solidify alliances, serving as a public testimonial of the Spaniards’ trustworthiness. It was a practice that became a symbolic gesture to attest that Indians and Spaniards had good intentions toward each other. Menchaca-Chpt. 31. Who were the Tlaxcala Indians and what role did they play in New Spain? The Tlaxcala Indians were the first Indian Colonists in Mexico. The role they played in new Spain were that they founded the first towns and populated the first missions. The Tlaxcala's founded at least eight towns, and some of the settlers moved to the town of Zacatecas. The newly founded towns were located in the present states of Jalisco. 2. Explain the settlement of New Mexico and describe examples of Indian resistance? Who is Juan de Onate and what his significance to the settlement of New Mexico? The Settlement of New Mexico marked the start of the Spanish settlement of the Southwest when Juan de O9ate led over 400 male settlers to New Mexico. When O9ate was granted the titles of captain-general and governor of New Mexico he governed the colony and assign land grants to the settlers. On 26 January 1598 O9ate’s colonists departed from Santa Bárbara, Chihuahua, with 83 wagons and some 7,000 head of stock, accompanied by 10 Franciscans, 8 priests, and 2 lay brothers. An example of Indian resistance are when they tried to hide in the kivas, while others escaped through underground passages. Juan de Onate was an experienced frontiersman and the son of one of the wealthiest men in Mexico, Cristóbal Martin de O9ate, a war veteran who had pacified the Indians of Zacatecas and founded the frontier city of Guadalajara. Hia significance in the settlement is that he was the one who led over 400 male settlers to New Mexico and then became the captain-general and governor of New Mexico. Menchaca Chpt. 5_PDF 1. What prompted the colonization process in CA? The colonization Process in CA was prompted by the fear of a foreign invasion by Russia and England. England was pushing its westward expansion from Canada to the Pacific, and Russia was moving down the northwest coast from Alaska. If one of these countries took over Alta California, it could threaten the stability of New Mexico, because English or Russian colonies would lie closer to New Mexico than the well- fortified cities in the outskirts of Mexico City. 2. What was the dispute between Junipero Serra and Capt. Rivera y Moncada? The dispute between Juanipero Serra and Captain Rivera Y Moncada was over the future growth of Alta California. Rivera y Moncada disagreed with Serra’s proposal that the colonization of Alta California should focus on the Christianization of the Indians and the establishment of mission communities among peaceful Indians. Serra argued in favor of building missions among the Indians from San Fernando to San Luis Obispo. 3. Who were the Chumash and why are they significant? And what Indian groups in CA were the most difficult to missionize? The Chumash were groups of Indians that Gasper De Portola encountered from Buenaventura to Santa MarFa. They were according to Menchaca among the friendliest people Portola encountered. They greeted captain Perez and informed him that Portolá’s party had already returned south. They are significant because they became the most widely Christianized Indians of California. They were the ethnic group most widely represented in the missions. The rancherFa Indian group in CA were the most difficult to missionize. 4. What are the 3 types of land grants in California and explain. The tree type of land grants in California were mission, rancho del rey, and private property. The mission lands were used to raise the subsistence products needed by the neophytes as well as to establish for-profit cattle ranches. The second type of land grant was a rancho del rey, and its owner was the king of Spain. Its function was to set aside land to sustain the military in California. In this type of land grant soldiers raised cattle and some crops for personal use as well as to sell at market. Private-property grants constituted the third type of land grants issued in California. The individuals who received private land grants during the Spanish period were distinguished officers or were members of the founding families of Alta California. 5. Why were children of racially mixed marriages allowed to use the criollo racial label? The children of racially mixed marriages were allowed to use the criollo racial label because the royal crown wanted to Pacify the mestizos and afro-mestizos. he decree was called ‘‘Limpieza de Sangre’’ (cleansing of one’s blood) and was issued on 15 October 1805. The passage of this decree was necessary because most people in Mexico were racially mixed and the church, without the consent of the government, had already institutionalized this practice. 6. What were some of the liberal reforms passed by the Cortes (Spanish Parliament) to hopefully avert an Independence Movement in Mexico? Cortes passed Several groundbreaking laws were specifically designed for the overseas colonies in efforts to avert revolutionary movements. Indians and mestizos were the target of the reforms because they constituted the majority population. The first reforms were aimed at Indians. On 25 September 1810 Indians were released from paying tribute to the crown and to the local government and they were to be taxed in the same manner as other subjects. Another reform is when The Cortes abolished most racial restrictions when it passed the 1812 Law of Cádiz, proclaiming under the law that Indians, mixed-bloods, criollos, and peninsulares were equal. In the Southwest the reforms of the Cortes primarily served to im- prove the community social standing of the non-White population. They had minimal economic impact on individuals since many of the racial reforms were already in practice. Pilcher (Chapters 3 and 4) 1. Who was Jose Guadalupe Posada and his significance? Jose Guadalupe Posada was a woodcut artist who was best known for his satiric calavera skeletons. He is significant because he once caricatured the governor of Puebla in the dress of a street-corner cook, grinding up masa, both corn dough and the common people, to make enchiladas for President Diaz, dressed as a peon. 2. What was the significance of cookbooks published in the 19th century? The significance of cookbooks published in the 19th century by Mexican woman is that it created the Mexican people's vision of the Mexican nation. The reason for this is because women used cuisine as a means of defining a uniquely religious version of the national Identity. 3. What is positivism and how did impact/effect the Tortilla Discourse? Positivism was a European philosophy which described human societies as biological organisms subject to evolution and decay. This impacted the Tortilla Discourse as it informed ideology and policies. Maize was seen as oppressing Indians and Salvation was seen in adopting European culture, especially the consumption of wheat. 4. How did the Porfirio Diaz regime view the culture of the Indians in Mexico? The Porfirio Diaz regime did not like and approve with the culture of the Indians in Mexico as he had the laws changed to be more favorable to foreign investment and the mines, such as silver and copper mines became much more productive which was completely different than the culture of the Indians. 5. Who was Jose Vasconcelos and his significance/contribution? Jose Vasconcelos was the Minister of Education from 1921-1924 In Mexio. He is significant because he built Mexico’s rural schooling program on the inspiration of sixteenth-century Spanish missionaries. The rural schools took a broad cultural approach to instill national values. 6. Who was Manuel Gamio and what is his significance/contribution? Manuel Gamio was an archaeologist who excavated the pyramids of Teotihuacan. He is significant because he formulated the basis of the ideology of indigenismo which proclaimed the goals of racial fusion, cultural convergence, linguistic unification, and economic equality. He became known as the father of Indigenismo. 7. Why was wheat stressed over corn according to Pilcher? During n this time Wheat it was now seen as the food of the civilized. El imparcial reaffirmed the belief that corn was unfit for human consumption. For these reasons wheat was stressed over corn. He also worked to replace corn with soybeans when he became the director of the Interamerican Indigenous Institute. -Class Lectures and Handouts 1. Who were the two leaders of Mexican Independence (1810-1821)? And what were their differences as leaders? The 2 leaders were Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla Father Jose Maria Morelos. Hidalgo was older as he was 50 and most people died at 30 in this place and time, he made a speech telling the people they would fight. Morelos and his followers fought for several years in the southern part of Mexico. He constantly stated that he wanted and needed Criollo support to bring about an independent Criollo support to bring about an independent New Spain. He ended up helping to create a Revolutionary Congress, whose purpose was to draft a constitution and to whose purpose was to draft a constitution and to design laws for the new country. design laws for the new country. In general, Morelos was a much better general than Hidalgo. 2. Who were the San Patricios and what is their significance? The San Patricio’s were Irish soldiers who deserted to the Mexican side they were connected to them as fellow Catholics. These men who were Irish decided to defend Mexico because it was their adopted country. Their significance is that till this day Mexicans see them as heroes, honoring them every Sept. 12 with a special commemoration. special commemoration. 3. What are the guarantees of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo? The Treaty of Guadalope Hidalgo guaranteed Mexicans the enjoyment of all of the rights of citizens of the United States according to the principles of the Constitution and in the meantime, they shall be maintained and protected in free enjoyment of their liberty and property and secured in the free exercise of and property and secured in the free exercise of their religion without restriction. They omitted Article X, which had comprehensive guarantees protecting all prior and pending titles to property of every description. 4. Why is the US-Mexico war often looked at as a one-sided war? Historically, we've had something of a one-sided view of this war, largely because we've seen it through our own side. Increasingly though, we as historians and as Americans have come to see that there are many different points of view about an event like this. We've become more sophisticated reading Spanish and then talking to Spanish-speaking historians in Mexico. Reading their sources, we start to see the war is much more multidimensional. 5. What are the lessons that Mexico received as a result of this war? The Lessons that Mexico received as a result of this war was a growing sense of nationalism. Mexico also learned that it had to reevaluate its country. Short Paragraphs 1. What is Manifest Destiny and how is it defined by John O’Sullivan? And why is it significant to Westward expansion? What were President Polk’s beliefs on Manifest Destiny? Short Paragraph (6 to 8 sentences—paragraphs should be prewritten before you take the quiz) Manifest Destiny was a phrase used by Americans in the United States it was a belief that the US had a mission to expand spreading its form of democracy and freedom. According to week 7’s PowerPoint “Advocates of Manifest Destiny believed that expansion was not only good, but that it was obvious and certain” (PowerPoint Week 7, Slide 21). John O’ Sullivan stated that “to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions” (Takaki 163) was America’s manifest destiny. The Westward expansion was the movement of settlers into the American West, the reason that this is significant to Manifest Destiny is because this was one of the beliefs in Manifest Destiny in order to take advantage of the resources in this region. President Polk along with his mentor Andrew Jackson “believed that the government should open up these regions so that they could soak the resources there can be exploited and anything that gets in the way of that exploitation should obviously be removed.” (U.S Mexican War Documentary, 00:19:46-00:19:57). Polk and Jacksons are actually the reason the phrase exists because their expansionist vision later on became the phrase “manifest destiny”. 2. According to Antonia Castaneda, what was the role and impact of sexual violence on the Amerindians and the missionization process? And how is rape a mechanism of control? Short Paragraph (6 to 8 sentences) paragraphs should be prewritten before you take the quiz). The Amerindians did not expect to be attacked by sexual violence during the missionization time. This came as surprising since the woman actually did not fear men rape was actually rare. But at this time the rise of sexual on these women rose indefinitely. The role of sexual violence on the Amerindians according to Antonia Castaneda “was consistent with the people's belief that sickness was caused by enemies” (Castaneda 17). If a baby were born from these raping's, it would be strangled and buried. Antonia Castaneda wrote the impact of this sexual violence on the Amerindians; she wrote how Father Pedro Font recorded the impact on the violence. Pedro Font’s diary “[verified] the terror in which native Californians, especially the women, now lived. Everybody scattered and fled at the sight of Spaniards. The women hid. They no longer moved about with freedom and ease. The people were suspicious and hostile. The priests were no longer welcome in the living quarters.” (Castaneda 17). At the end of her article Castaneda explains how rape is a mechanism if control she writes “in California as elsewhere, sexual violence functioned as an institutionalized mechanism for ensuring subordination and compliance. It was one instrument of sociopolitical terrorism and control-first of women and then of the group under conquest.” (Castaneda 29). While she does not exactly say “rape” she says sexual violence which rape is. Extra Credit Questions will be based on La Virgen de Guadalupe PowerPoint class lecture