UNIT 7 (7.1 - 7.6) Answer Key

TOPIC 7-1: Power Shifts After 1900 1. Russian Revolution: a. Early in 20th Century, Russia was a mess. Wealth surpassed by most contemporary nations. b. Economic growth was sluggish → ppl in power unwilling to develop infrastructure. Also unwilling to extend voting rights & education to the people. c. Gov’t shot ppl the peaceful protesters in Bloody Sunday Massacre (1905.) d. External Problems: i. Lost the Crimean war against the Ottomans (1856). ii. lost to Japan in the Russo-Japanese War (1905) (Japan had modernized, and industrially superior military). e. Group called the Bolsheviks overthrew the Tsarist Government in 1917. i. Led by Vladimir Lenin -> he represented oppressed working class ii. Abolished free trade, nationalized factories & industries, & redistributed crops of peasants to feed urban workers. f. New Russian order made Western powers uneasy. 2. Chinese Revolution: a. Internal Problems: i. Ethnic Tension → Qing were not native Chinese, they were Manchurian. Other major ethnic group (Han) resisted the legitimacy of Qing. Caused policy of discrimination against the Han. ii. Threat of famine. Population growing for 200 years, food production not. Drought or Blight would cause a lot of deaths. iii. Low tax revenue. No resources to maintain infrastructure. iv. Economic imperialism. Industrialized powers dominated Chinese economy (thus, Chinese economy declining) b. Sun Yat-sen led a revolution and overthrew Qing Dynasty. Not complete revolution bc there was still some continuity from the Qing dynasty, like Sun's Confucian values. i. Revolution resulted in redistribution of unequal wealth + more democratic policies ii. Sun gave up power after 2 months after recognizing weakness of his position. 3. Ottoman Empire and the Young Turks a. Ottoman Empire- Sick Man of Europe due to military defeats & sinking economy. b. Group called Young Turks arose. Advocated for constitutional govt like Europe’s. Also wanted Turkification, which required citizens to embrace Turkish culture. i. Turkification led to unrest of Armenian Christian people bc Turkish culture was influenced by Islam - caused Armenians to be blamed for economic problems. c. Young Turks unhappy abt large economic influence of Europeans bc they thought it crippled Ottoman Economy. One of the reasons Ottomans sided w/ Germany in ww1. d. Republic of Turkey established under Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk) in 1923. He wasn’t in league with Young Turks, but agreed w/ their ideas. Ataturk Ataturk focused on replicating Western democracy and moving away from Islam. 4. Mexican Revolution: a. Mexico under leadership of Porfirio Diaz at the beginning of 20th century. He allowed foreign investors to control much of Mexico’s resources. b. Inequality in wealth distribution. 1% of Mexican ppl owned 97% of land. Massive amounts of Mexican ppl were landless & poor. c. Diaz imprisoned his political opponent (Fransisco Madero) in 1910. Led to Mexican Revolution. i. Madero organized opposition to Diaz → exiled him from Mexico. d. 1917, Mexico ratified new constitution. TOPIC 7-2: Causes of World War I 1. Militarism: a. Desire for a powerful military to progress own interests. b. Before WWI, countries began investing in militaries to increase power → more tension between military powers & began to make secret alliances. 2. Alliances: a. Triple Entente: Britain, France and Russia (dropped out later). b. Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy (+US, joined later)* i. Rival alliances, countries in one alliance sworn enemies of countries in the other. c. *US entered war becuase: 1. Economic ties (US + its allies) 2. Submarine attacks on civilian ships (w/ american citizens) 3. Zimmermann Telegram - Germany encouraging Mexico to go to war with the US d. *US turned tide of war bc massive industrial capacity 3. Imperialism: a. Control over other nations economically and/or politically. b. Japan entered war on on Allies’ side bc of interest in claiming colonial territory belonging to Germans in Pacific Islands c. Imperialized fought for their colonizers bc they were promised freedom they obviously didn’t end up getting 4. Nationalism a. Fueled rivalries. TOPIC 7-3: Conducting of World War I (July 28, 1914 November 11, 1918) 1. Advancements in War Techa. a. One of the reasons the war lasted so long. b. Trench warfare i. Digging trenches below ground- made the war longer bc neither side could advance on the other c. Poison gas i. Chlorine, phosgene, mustard gas- limited fatalities, but effects painful +long lasting (sometimes permanent). d. Machine guns i. Could fire 500+ rounds of ammunition per second- VERY deadly e. Submarines i. Wreaked havoc on shipping lanes of Atlantic f. Airplanes i. WWI - planes small, unable to carry much so mainly used forreconnaissance ii. By 1915 were being fitted w/ weapons g. Tanks i. Developed by british to protect troops 2. Total war a. Whole population committed to winning b. Factories converted & dedicated to making war materials. c. Women working bc men were off fighting d. Food rationing among populatione. Propaganda used to influence ppl w/ exaggerations & misinformation 3. Treaty of Versailles a. Ended war b. 1918, Paris Peace Conference c. Russia didn't join bc they dropped out of Allies bc of communist revolution i. Bolsheviks refusing to honor Allies, Allies refused to recognize Bolshevikgovt as legitimate d. American president wanted no one to win victory or defeat e. French prime minister disagreed bc they suffered and wanted Germany punished i. Germany did get punished: 1) Forced to pay billions in reparations 2) Forced to give up all colonies 3) Forced to restrict size of armed forces 4) Forced to accept total blame & sign treaty 5) All these set stage for Nazis to take control TOPIC 7-4: Economy in interwar period 1. United States a. 1929, Stock market crashed, plunged US into Great Depression b. Gov’t borrowed money (deficit spending), put millions to work building infrastructure 2. Russia a. Vlad Lenin introduced New Economic Plan (ended when he died) ii. New Economic Plan: rollback of communist policies to spur economy back by reintroducing private trade into Russia. b. Stalin snatched power after Vlad, introduced Five Year Plans i. Industrialize Russia so they could catch up to European competitors h. Italy a. Facism* i. *Fash-ism ii. Concept where all sectors of economy are seen as a small piece of a big whole iii. Authoritarian & Nationalistic system of govt b. 1934, Mussolini wanted complete conquest of Abyssinia i. One year later, 100k troops marched in (defied sanctions from the League of Nations) c. 1936, Mussolini + Hitler formed an alliance, hoping to dominate Europe. TOPIC 7-5: Unresolved Tensions After WWI 1. India a. Indian National Congress formed late 19th century, aired complaints against British govt b. Battle of Amritsar, Sikhs gathered for peaceful prayer (this was outlawed) and got shot c. Gandhi led peaceful resistance acts: only wore homespun clothes, gathered own salt, etc... d. Muslim minority in India worried they would be mistreated, two state-solution split India & Pakistan 2. Korea a. March 1st movement - demonstration of Korean nationalism + hatred toward Japanese i. Korean emperor died suddenly, ppl believed Japanese participated in foul play ii. Led to series of protests (2 of 17 million participated) 3. China a. May 4th movement - China supported Britain in WWI, hoped to win favor. Britain still favored Japan -> Chinese staged anti-Japanese protests 4. West Africa a. Independence movements began w/ European-educated Africans b. Black workers in French West Africa striked + railway workers fighting for fair pay + no discrimination -> some even won 5. India a. Indian National Congress formed late 19th century, aired complaints against British govt b. Battle of Amritsar, Sikhs gathered for peaceful prayer (this was outlawed) and got shot c. Gandhi led peaceful resistance acts: only wore homespun clothes, gathered own salt, etc... d. Muslim minority in India worried they would be mistreated, two state-solution split India & Pakistan 6. Korea a. March 1st movement - demonstration of Korean nationalism + hatred toward Japanese i. Korean emperor died suddenly, ppl believed Japanese participated in foul play ii. Led to series of protests (2 of 17 million participated) 7. China a. May 4th movement - China supported Britain in WWI, hoped to win favor. Britain still favored Japan -> Chinese staged anti-Japanese protests 8. West Africa a. Independence movements began w/ European-educated Africans b. Black workers in French West Africa striked + railway workers fighting for fair pay + no discrimination -> some even won TOPIC 7-6: Cause of WWII 1. Unresolved Issues a. Economic instability in post war economies -> civil unrest in Italy & Germany i. Rise of Facism* in Italy led to downturn of Italian economy 1) *Fash-ism b. Treaty of Versailles placed unsustainable economic + political terms on Germany i. Germany forced to claim full responsibility ii. Created resentment among German population iii. German govt weak, had to pay billions in reparations -> great depression & hyperinflation + wasn’t allowed army iv. Rise of Nazi party v. Italian facism & militarism spread to Germany, Hilter & Nazis adopted it 2. Anti-Semitism a. Nuremberg Laws i. Forbade marriage between Jewish and non-Jewish people ii. Stripped Jews of citizenship iii. Unleashed decrees that pushed Jews to margins of society b. Kristallnacht i. Night of Broken Glass ii. Nazis destroyed almost every Synagogue in Germany + 7000 Jewish shops c. Hilter wanted to claim more land for Germans -> Jews sent to concentration camps 3. Treaty of Versailles broken + Appeasement a. Hilter built up military to claim land b. Stationed troops at German-French buffer zone c. Sent troops into Rhineland d. Britain + France appeased Germany (didn’t do anything) to avoid more war Hilter kept invading till he reached Poland. Britain & France then declared war 4. Japan a. Non Aggression Pact i. Japan wanted to expand into Soviet Siberia, but Germany & Soviets had Non Aggression Pact, Japan had to set sights elsewhere ii. Wanted to expand into China, but didn’t wanna anger US, so they retaliated with military force to make US submit to Japanese imperial ambitions.