Chemical Hygiene Plan and HazMatSaf

CHEMICAL HYGIENE PLAN AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY MANUAL Adopted February 2014 Chemistry modifications Fall 2014 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chemical Hygiene Plan and Hazardous Materials Safety Manual Laboratory Specific Plan This is the Chemical Hygiene Plan specific to the following areas: Building(s): Brown Room Number(s): 5159 and 5165C with 5165D, 5151, 5159A, 5171, 5171A, 5171B, and 5171C subject to room rules Principal Investigator (Supervisor): Department: Department of Chemistry Revised (Must be reviewed at least annually.): 10/15/2014 Important Telephone Numbers: 1. 2. 3. 4. 911 for All Emergencies (765) 49-48221 Purdue Police Department (Non-Emergency Line) (765) 49-46919 Purdue Fire Department (Non-Emergency Line) (765) 49-46371 Purdue REM (Do Not Use for an Emergency) All laboratory chemical use areas must maintain a work-area specific Chemical Hygiene Plan which conforms to the requirements of the OSHA Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories (29 CFR 1910.1450). Purdue University laboratories may use this document as a starting point for creating their work area specific Chemical Hygiene Plan. Minimally, this cover page is to be edited for work area specificity (non-West Lafayette laboratories are to place their own emergency, fire, and police telephone numbers in the space above) and the Purdue Chemical Hygiene Plan Awareness Certification Form must be completed for all lab employees. This instruction and information box should remain. This model Chemical Hygiene Plan is the 2014 version; the most current version can be found on the Forms page at www.purdue.edu/rem. The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Table of Contents Table of Contents CHP Document Acronyms List1 Introduction2 1.1 Purpose2 1.2 Scope2 1.3 CHP Use Instructions3 1.4 Employee Rights and Responsibilities3 Laboratory Supervisor Responsibilities4 Laboratory Employee Responsibilities5 Laboratory Safety Officer Responsibilities5 Non-Laboratory Personnel / Support Staff Responsibilities6 Chemical Hygiene Officer Responsibilities6 1.5 Radiological & Environmental Management Department7 1.6 Integrated Safety Plan7 1.7 Chemical and Laboratory Safety Committee8 Chemical Classification Systems9 2.1 Globally Harmonized System for Classifying Chemicals9 2.1.1 Safety Data Sheets9 2.1.2 Chemical Labeling10 2.2 National Fire Protection Association Rating System13 2.3 Department of Transportation Hazard Classes14 Classes of Hazardous Chemicals17 3.1 Physical Hazards17 3.2 Health Hazards18 3.3 Biological Hazards19 3.4 Radioactive Material Hazards19 3.5 Laser Hazards19 Laboratory Safety Controls20 4.1 Routes of Exposure20 4.2 Engineering Controls and Safety Equipment20 4.2.1 Chemical Fume Hoods20 4.2.2 Glove Boxes23 4.2.3 Laminar Flow Clean Benches24 4.2.4 Biological Safety Cabinets24 4.2.5 Safety Showers and Eyewash Stations25 4.2.6 Fire Extinguishers26 4.2.7 Fire Doors26 4.3 Administrative Controls27 Standard Operating Procedures27 Required Laboratory Postings28 4.4 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)29 Laboratory Management Plan30 i The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Table of Contents 5.1 Laboratory Safety Guidelines30 5.1.1 Laboratory Safety Questions30 5.1.2 General Laboratory Safety Rules31 5.2 Housekeeping32 5.3 Chemical Inventories33 5.4 Safety Data Sheets33 5.5 Chemical Labeling Requirements34 5.6 Chemical Segregation34 5.7 Chemical Storage Requirements36 5.7.1 General Chemical Storage36 5.7.2 Flammable Liquids Storage37 5.7.3 Compressed Gases Storage38 5.7.4 Reactive Materials Storage39 5.7.5 Acutely Toxic Materials Storage40 5.7.6 Corrosive Materials Storage41 5.7.7 Oxidizers and Organic Peroxide Storage41 5.7.8 Refrigerators and Freezers Chemical Storage42 5.8 Compressed Gas Cylinder Safety43 5.9 Cryogenic Liquids Safety45 5.10 Nanoparticle Safety46 5.11 Sharps Handling Safety46 5.12 Equipment, Apparatus, and Instrument Safety47 5.12.1 Centrifuges47 5.12.2 Stirring and Mixing Equipment48 5.12.3 Heating Devices48 5.12.4 Distillation and Solvent Purification Systems49 5.12.5 Laboratory Glassware49 5.12.6 High Pressure Systems50 5.12.7 Vacuum Systems50 5.13 Research Samples and Chemicals Developed in the Lab52 5.14 Transporting Hazardous Chemicals53 5.14.1 Shipping Hazardous Chemicals off Campus53 5.14.2 Transporting Chemicals on Campus via Purdue Vehicle54 5.14.3 Transporting Chemicals on Campus via Foot55 5.15 Laboratory Security56 5.16 Laboratory Self-Inspections57 5.17 Laboratory Ergonomics58 5.18 Laboratory Electrical Safety58 Training58 Portable Electrical Equipment and Extension Cords58 Temporary Wiring Requirements60 Wet or Damp Locations60 Laboratory PPE Policy62 6.1 Purpose62 ii The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Table of Contents 6.2 Scope62 6.3 Hazard Assessment62 6.3.1 Task Evaluation Hazard Assessment63 6.3.2 Location Evaluation Hazard Assessment63 6.3.3 Job Title Evaluation Hazard Assessment64 6.4 Minimum PPE Requirements for Laboratories64 6.4.1 Head Protection65 6.4.2 Hearing Protection65 6.4.3 Respiratory Protection66 6.4.4 Eye and Face Protection66 6.4.5 Hand Protection66 6.4.6 Body Protection67 6.4.7 Foot Protection68 6.5 Minimum PPE Requirements for Support Staff and Visitors68 6.6 PPE Training Requirements68 6.7 Injuries, Illnesses, and Medical Examinations69 Hazardous Waste Management71 7.1 Introduction71 7.2 Waste Identification and Labeling72 7.3 Waste Storage Requirements73 7.4 Waste Containers74 7.5 Waste Disposal Procedures76 7.6 Unknown Chemical Waste77 7.6.1 Labeling Unknown Chemicals77 7.6.2 Identifying Unknown Chemicals77 7.6.3 Removing Unknown Chemicals from the Work Area78 7.6.4 Preventing Unknown Chemicals78 7.7 Sink and Trash Disposal79 7.8 Sharps Waste79 7.9 Liquid Chromatography Waste79 Chemical Spills81 8.1 Non-Emergency Chemical Spill Procedures81 8.2 Emergency Chemical Spill Procedures81 8.3 Chemical Spill Kits82 Training83 9.1 CHP Training83 9.1.1 Annual CHP Refresher Requirements83 9.2 PPE Training84 9.3 SOP Training84 9.4 Laboratory Chemical Safety Course (CHM 605)85 9.5 REM Researcher’s Guide85 Appendix A: CHP Awareness Certification Form86 Appendix B: OSHA Hazard Class Definitions89 B.1 Physical Hazards90 iii The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Table of Contents Flammable Liquids90 Flammable Solids90 Gases under Pressure91 Pyrophoric, Self-Heating, and Self-Reactive Materials91 Water-Reactive Materials92 Oxidizers92 Organic Peroxides92 Explosives93 B.2 Health Hazards93 Irritants93 Sensitizers93 Corrosives94 Hazardous Substances with Toxic Effects on Specific Organs94 Particularly Hazardous Substances94 B.2.5.1 Carcinogens95 B.2.5.2 Reproductive Toxins95 B.2.5.3 Substances with a High Acute Toxicity96 Appendix C: Peroxide Forming Chemicals97 Appendix D: University Chemical Management Committee CharterПомилка! Закладку не визначено. Appendix E: Incompatible ChemicalsПомилка! Закладку не визначено. Appendix F: PeroxidizablesПомилка! Закладку не визначено. Appendix G: Shock-Sensitive MaterialsПомилка! Закладку не визначено. Appendix H: Industrial Toxicology OverviewПомилка! Закладку не визначено. Appendix I: Laboratory Safety/Supply Checklist120 Appendix J: Chemicals Requiring Designated Areas122 Appendix K: Chemical Resistance Examples130 Appendix L: Glossary132 Appendix M: Materials Which Must Be Reported To REM148 Appendix N: Laboratory Specific Information156 Appendix O: Hazard Assessment and Hazard Assessment Certification Examples166 Appendix P: Training Documentation Sample Forms174 Appendix Q: Door Information Poster Template176 Appendix R: Additional Chemical Safety References178 iv The official version of this document will only be maintained online. CHP Document Acronyms List CHP Document Acronyms List ANSI ASTM CFR CHO CHP CLSC DOT EHS EPA GFCI GHS HBr HF HEPA HPLC IBC IDEM ISP LC LC50 LD50 LEL LSC MSDS NFPA OSHA PCB PHS PI PPE RCRA rDNA REM RSC SAA SDS SOP UEL American National Standards Institute American Society of Testing and Materials Code of Federal Regulations Chemical Hygiene Officer Chemical Hygiene Plan Chemical and Laboratory Safety Committee Department of Transportation Environmental Health and Safety Environmental Protection Agency Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals Hydrogen Bromide Hydrofluoric Acid High-Efficiency Particulate Air High Performance Liquid Chromatography Institutional Biosafety Committee Indiana Department of Environmental Management Integrated Safety Plan Liquid Chromatography Lethal Concentration 50% Lethal Dose 50% Lower Explosive Limit Laser Safety Committee Material Safety Data Sheet National Fire Protection Association Occupational Safety and Health Administration Polychlorinated Biphenyl Particularly Hazardous Substance Principal Investigator Personal Protective Equipment Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Recombinant Deoxyribonucleic Acid Radiological and Environmental Management Radiation Safety Committee Satellite Accumulation Area Safety Data Sheet Standard Operating Procedure Upper Explosive limit 1 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 1: Introduction Laboratory safety is an integral part of laboratory research and is essential to ensure that Purdue University’s compliance with all applicable environmental, health and safety laws, regulations and requirements are met. The risks associated with laboratory research (workplace injuries, environmental incidents, and property losses or damage) are greatly reduced or eliminated when proper precautions and practices are observed in the laboratory. To better manage and mitigate these risks, Purdue University has developed the Chemical Hygiene Plan (CHP), which is intended to be the cornerstone of your laboratory safety program and is designed to aid faculty, staff, and students in maintaining a safe environment in which to teach and conduct research. Each laboratory using hazardous materials is required to have a copy of the CHP readily available to all laboratory personnel. Each laboratory worker must be familiar with the contents of the CHP and the procedures for obtaining additional safety information needed to perform their duties safely. 1.1 Purpose Purdue University is committed to providing a healthy and safe work environment for the campus community. The Purdue University CHP establishes a formal written program for protecting laboratory personnel against health and safety hazards associated with exposure to hazardous chemicals and must be made available to all employees working with hazardous chemicals in a laboratory setting. The CHP describes the proper use and handling procedures to be followed by faculty, staff, and all other personnel working with hazardous chemicals in laboratory settings. 1.2 Scope The CHP applies to all laboratories that use, store, or handle hazardous chemicals and all personnel who work in these facilities. The information presented in the CHP represents best practices and provides a broad overview of the information necessary for the safe operation of laboratories that utilize hazardous chemicals. Laboratory use of hazardous chemicals is defined as handling or use of such chemicals in which all of the following conditions are met: 1. Chemical manipulations are carried out on a laboratory scale; 2. Multiple chemical procedures or chemicals are used; 3. The procedures involved are not part of a production process, nor in any way simulate a production process; and 2 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 1: Introduction 4. Protective laboratory practices and equipment are made available and in common use to minimize the potential for employee exposure to hazardous chemicals. The CHP was prepared in accordance with the requirements of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories Standard (Lab Standard) found in 29 CFR 1910.1450, and is based on best practices identified in, among other sources, the “Global Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals”; “Prudent Practices for Handling Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories”, published by the National Research Council, the American Chemistry Society Task Force on Laboratory Chemical and Waste Management’s “Laboratory Waste Management, A Guidebook”; the Princeton University “Laboratory Safety Manual”; and the University of California – Los Angeles “Chemical Hygiene Plan”. 1.3 CHP Use Instructions The information presented in the CHP represents best practices and provides a broad overview of the information necessary for the safe operation of laboratories that utilize hazardous chemicals. It is not intended to be all inclusive. Departments engaged in work with hazardous chemicals or hazardous operations that are not sufficiently covered by the CHP must customize this document by adding appropriate sections, in the form of standard operating procedures (SOPs), hazard assessments, and any other written lab-specific operating procedures that address the hazards and how to mitigate risks. The following instructions detail how this CHP template should be used and customized by each laboratory: • • • • • Review this template CHP provided by REM. Insert your lab-specific standard operating procedures (SOPs) into your customized CHP under Tab 1 located in the back of the CHP document. More details regarding SOPs can be found in Chapter 4 of the CHP. Insert all other documented lab-specific rules, requirements, and procedures (e.g., equipment protocols, internal lab inspections, etc.,) under Tab 2. Insert your lab-specific hazard assessments under Tab 3. More details regarding hazard assessments can be found in Chapter 6 of the CHP. Review, update (if necessary), and retrain all employees on the lab-specific CHP at least annually. 1.4 Employee Rights and Responsibilities As part of the OSHA Laboratory Standard, employees and other personnel who work in laboratories have the right to be informed about the potential hazards of the chemicals in their 3 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 1: Introduction work areas and to be properly trained to work safely with these substances. This includes custodial and maintenance personnel (support staff) who work to maintain laboratories. All personnel, including principal investigators, laboratory supervisors, laboratory technicians, student workers, and support staff have a responsibility to maintain a safe work environment. All personnel working with chemicals are responsible for staying informed on the chemicals in their work areas, safe work practices and SOPs, and proper personal protective equipment (PPE) required for the safe performance of their laboratory work. 1.4.1 Laboratory Supervisor Responsibilities The Laboratory Supervisor is the individual that is ultimately responsible for the overall laboratory operation, including the lab safety program and ensuring that the requirements of the CHP are followed by all staff members that work in the lab. For most research laboratories, the Principal Investigator (PI) is the Laboratory Supervisor. In cases where the PI has hired an individual such as a lab manager or postdoctoral scholar to manage the daily operations of the lab, the PI is still ultimately responsible for the overall operation of the lab and is considered to be the Laboratory Supervisor. The Laboratory Supervisor may delegate some safety duties to a qualified individual, but ultimately remains responsible for the safety of all personnel working in the laboratory. Specifically, the Laboratory Supervisor must: • • • • • • • Understand applicable environmental health and safety rules, including the contents of the CHP; Identify hazardous conditions or operations in the laboratory and establish SOPs and hazard assessments to effectively control or reduce hazards; Ensure that all laboratory personnel that work with hazardous chemicals receive appropriate training (refer to Chapter 9 for detailed training requirements); Maintain written records of laboratory-specific training (e.g., PPE training); Ensure that appropriate PPE (e.g., laboratory coats, gloves, eye protection, etc.,) and engineering control equipment (e.g., chemical fume hood) are made available, in good working order, and being used properly; Conduct periodic lab inspections and immediately take steps to abate hazards that may pose a risk to life or safety upon discovery of such hazards; and Actively enforce all applicable safety procedures and ensure that the CHP is followed by lab staff and all visitors, including having a progressive disciplinary process for lab staff members that do not comply with safety rules. Laboratory Supervisors must ensure that employees receive CHP training and information before any work with hazardous materials occurs. Laboratory Supervisors must also ensure 4 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 1: Introduction that all employees receive annual CHP refresher training. The Laboratory Supervisor can provide the training or delegate this task to a qualified individual (e.g., Laboratory Safety Officer, senior lab employee). The CHP training must be documented. See Appendix A for CHP Awareness Certification Form, which can be used to document CHP training. Failure to follow the requirements of the CHP could possibly result in injuries, fines from regulatory agencies such as OSHA, and/or disciplinary action. 1.4.2 Laboratory Employee Responsibilities All employees (e.g., lab technicians, graduate students, undergraduate students, postdoctoral researchers, and visiting scientists) in laboratories that use, handle, or store hazardous chemicals must: 1. Review and follow the requirements of the CHP; 2. Follow all verbal and written laboratory safety rules, regulations, and SOPs required for the tasks assigned; 3. Develop and practice good personal chemical hygiene habits such keeping work areas clean and uncluttered; 4. Plan, review, and understand the hazards of materials and processes in the laboratory prior to conducting work; 5. Utilize appropriate measures to control hazards, including consistent and proper use of engineering controls, administrative controls, and PPE; 6. Understand the capabilities and limitations of PPE; 7. Immediately report all accidents, near misses, and unsafe conditions to the laboratory supervisor; 8. Complete all required REM and/or other mandatory safety training and provide written documentation to the laboratory supervisor; 9. Participate in the REM managed medical surveillance program when required; and 10. Inform the Laboratory Supervisor of any work modifications ordered by a physician as a result of medical surveillance, occupational injury, or chemical exposure. 1.4.3 Laboratory Safety Officer Responsibilities Very often it is not practical for the Laboratory Supervisor (PI) to be present in the lab on daily basis to ensure that safe and compliant practices are being carried out by all lab staff. For this reason, it is highly recommended that each PI establish a Laboratory Safety Officer to manage the daily operations of the lab’s safety program. The PI should empower the Laboratory Safety Officer to make decisions on daily operations involving safety and compliance, including the authority to instruct other lab personnel to follow all safety 5 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 1: Introduction procedures (e.g., PPE use, hazardous waste procedures, etc.). This person should be familiar with how the lab operates and have demonstrated lab safety experience (e.g., senior graduate student, post-doc, lab manager). Having a Laboratory Safety Officer in each lab provides many benefits such as: • • • • Other lab personnel know who to contact with questions about daily operations involving safety and compliance; Empowers someone other than the PI to enforce lab safety rules; Provides consistency within the respective academic department; idea is that each Laboratory Safety Officer attends departmental safety committee meetings and reports issues back to the lab; and Provides good, marketable experience for the Laboratory Safety Officer to be involved in a safety leadership role. The role of the Laboratory Safety Officer should include: 1. Provide training to new lab personnel; ensure appropriate training is given and that the training is properly documented; 2. Enforce lab safety rules; 3. Attend departmental/college level safety committee meetings and report significant information back to the lab; and 4. Report safety issues back to the PI when necessary. 1.4.4 Non-Laboratory Personnel / Support Staff Responsibilities Custodians and maintenance staff (support staff) often must enter laboratories to perform routine tasks such as cleaning and equipment maintenance. Support staff members are expected to follow the posted safety rules of each laboratory. Minimum PPE requirements for support staff working in a laboratory are safety glasses, long pants, and closed-toe shoes. If additional PPE is required or if other unique safety requirements must be followed, it is the lab personnel’s responsibility to notify support staff. 1.4.5 Chemical Hygiene Officer Responsibilities The Chemical Hygiene Officer, who is the Director of the Purdue Radiological and Environmental Management Department, or designated individual(s), has the primary responsibility for ensuring the implementation of all components of the CHP. The Chemical Hygiene Officer must: 6 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 1: Introduction • • • • • • • • • 1.5 Inform Laboratory Supervisors of all health and safety requirements and assist with the selection of appropriate safety controls (engineering controls, administrative controls, and PPE); Ensure that Laboratory Supervisors have the necessary resources to maintain compliance with the CHP and that all lab staff receive appropriate training; Act as the liaison between the Laboratory Supervisors and the Chemical Laboratory Safety Committee; Conduct periodic lab inspections and immediately take steps to abate hazards that may pose a risk to life or safety upon discovery of such hazards; Ensure that SOPs and hazard assessments are being prepared; Maintain employee exposure-monitoring records, when applicable; Help to develop and implement appropriate environmental health and safety policies and procedures; Review and evaluate the effectiveness of the CHP program at least annually and update it as appropriate; and Actively enforce all applicable safety procedures and ensure the contents of the CHP are followed; take appropriate actions when safety procedures are not followed. Radiological & Environmental Management Department The Radiological and Environmental Management Department (REM) serves as the environmental health and safety department for Purdue University. REM’s primary role is to manage regulatory compliance with all federal, state, and Purdue regulations involving environmental health and safety issues. REM facilitates a number of programs that apply to laboratory safety, a few of which include biological safety, laser safety, personal protective equipment program, radiation safety, development of standard operating procedures, as well as the CHP. REM also performs numerous safety inspections of facilities throughout the year to monitor compliance with regulatory requirements. REM provides a variety of services such as training, chemical, biological, and radioactive waste pickups, and safety consultation. More detailed information regarding all of REM’s resources and services can be found on the REM website. (http://www.purdue.edu/rem/) 1.6 Integrated Safety Plan It is the policy of Purdue University to integrate environmental health and safety into all operations. The Integrated Safety Plan (ISP) is Purdue University’s safety program, which is facilitated by REM, and was developed to provide a framework for laboratories to comply with environmental health and safety (EHS) regulations. The ISP assists in communication of EHS 7 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 1: Introduction issues across the organization and calls for departmental level safety committees and individual self-audits. The ISP provides indemnification from regulatory fines for units with a certified safety program. An ISP certified safety program must have the following elements: • • • • • • • Regular safety committee meetings; Means of communicating safety issues to the department in a timely manner; Upper administrative support for safety; Self-audits checklists, which is a self-inspection program, must be completed for all areas; Abatement of deficiencies found during the self-audits; An annual safety program audit and walk-through by REM; and Recommendation for ISP certification renewal from REM More information about the ISP program can be found on the REM website (http://www.purdue.edu/rem/home/files/ispinfo.htm). 1.7 Chemical and Laboratory Safety Committee Purdue University has established the Chemical and Laboratory Safety Committee (CLSC) with the responsibility to promote safe and proper chemical management at all Purdue University Campuses and related facilities. Chemical management includes, but is not limited to, the procurement and the safe handling, use, storage, and disposal of chemicals. The CLSC reviews lab safety programs and makes recommendations to the Provost as appropriate. The CLSC consists of members appointed from the faculty and staff of the major research, teaching, and service areas where chemicals are handled or used. Although REM facilitates the content of the CHP, it is ultimately the responsibility of the CLSC to approve changes and updates to the CHP. 8 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 2: Chemical Classification Systems Chapter 2: Chemical Classification Systems Chemical classification systems are designed to communicate hazards. The three most widely used classification systems are the OSHA Globally Harmonized System for Classifying and Labeling Chemicals (recently adopted and implemented under the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard), the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) system of classifying the severity of hazards, and the Department of Transportation (DOT) hazard classes. These classification systems are used by chemical manufacturers when creating safety data sheets and chemical labels, therefore it is important that Purdue lab employees understand the basic elements of each classification system. 2.1 Globally Harmonized System for Classifying Chemicals The Globally Harmonized System (GHS) is a world-wide system adopted by OSHA for standardizing and harmonizing the classification and labeling of chemicals. The objectives of the GHS are to: • • • Define health, physical, and environmental hazards of chemicals; Create classification processes that use available data on chemicals for comparison with the defined hazard criteria (numerical hazard classification is based on a 1 – 5 scale, 1 being the most hazardous and 5 being the least hazardous); and Communicate hazard information, as well as protective measures, on labels and Safety Data Sheet (SDS), formerly known as Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS). 2.1.1 Safety Data Sheets The SDS provides comprehensive information that is imperative for the safe handling of hazardous chemicals. Laboratory personnel should use the SDS as a resource to obtain information about hazards and safety precautions. SDSs cannot provide information for hazards in all circumstances. However, the SDS information enables the employer to develop an active program of worker protection measures such as training on hazard mitigation. Chemical manufacturers are required to use a standard format when developing SDSs. The SDS will contain 16 headings which are illustrated in Figure 2.1. 9 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 2: Chemical Classification Systems 1. Identification of the substance or mixture and of supplier 9. Physical and chemical properties 2. Hazards Identification 10. Stability and reactivity 3. Composition/information on ingredients 11. Toxicological information 4. First aid measures 12. Ecological information 5. Firefighting measures 13. Disposal considerations 6. Accidental release measures 14. Transport considerations 7. Handling and storage 15. Regulatory information 8. Exposure controls/personal protection 16. Other information Figure 2.1 – GHS Required Sections of a Safety Data Sheet 2.1.2 Chemical Labeling The GHS standardized label elements, which are not subject to variation and must appear on the chemical label, contain the following elements: • • • • Symbols (hazard pictograms) are used to convey health, physical and environmental hazard information, assigned to a GHS hazard class and category; Signal Words such as “Danger" (for more severe hazards) or "Warning" (for less severe hazards), are used to emphasize hazards and indicate the relative level of severity of the hazard assigned to a GHS hazard class and category; Hazard statements (e.g., “Danger! Extremely Flammable Liquid and Vapor”) are standard phrases assigned to a hazard class and category that describe the nature of the hazard; and Precautionary statements are recommended measures that should be taken to minimize or prevent adverse effects resulting from exposure to the hazardous chemical. GHS also standardizes the hazard pictograms that are to be used on all hazard labels and SDSs. There are 9 pictograms that represent several defined hazards, and include the harmonized hazard symbols which are intended to convey specific information about each hazard. Figure 2.2 illustrates these GHS hazard pictograms. 10 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 2: Chemical Classification Systems Carcinogen, Respiratory Flammable, Pyrophoric, SelfSensitizer, Reproductive Heating, Emits Flammable Gas, Toxicity, Target Organ Toxicity, Organic Peroxide Mutagenicity Irritant, Dermal Sensitizer, Acute Toxicity (harmful), Narcotic Effects Gas Under Pressure Corrosive Explosive, Organic Peroxide, Self-Reactive Oxidizer Environmental Toxicity Acute Toxicity (Severe) Figure 2.2 – GHS Hazard Pictograms GHS labeling requirements are only applicable to chemical manufacturers, distributors, and shippers of chemicals. GHS labeling requirements are not required for chemicals being stored in a laboratory. However, since most chemicals stored in the laboratory have been purchased from a chemical manufacturer, the GHS labeling and pictogram requirements are very relevant and must be understood by laboratory employees. Figure 2.3 illustrates the GHS label format showing the required elements. 11 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 2: Chemical Classification Systems PRODUCT IDENTIFIER ACETONE HAZARD PICTOGRAMS Code: Product Name: SUPPLIER IDENTIFICATION Company Name: SIGNAL WORD Street Address: Danger City: State: Postal Code: HAZARD STATEMENT Phone Number: Highly flammable liquid and vapor. Causes mild skin irritation. PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENTS Keep away from heat, sparks, open flames, hot surfaces – No smoking. Causes serious eye irritation. May cause drowsiness or dizziness. Avoid breathing dust, fumes, gas, mist, vapors, and spray. IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing. Repeated exposure may cause skin dryness and cracking. In Case of Fire: Use water spray, alcoholresistant foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. First Aid: Move out of dangerous area. Consult a physician. If inhaled, move person to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. In case of skin contact, wash with soap and plenty of water. In case of eye 12 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 2: Chemical Classification Systems ACETONE contact, rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. If swallowed, do not induce vomiting. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Rinse mouth with water, consult a physician. Figure 2.3 – GHS Label Format As mentioned earlier, one of the objectives of GHS was to create a quantitative hazard classification system (numerical hazard classification is based on a 1 – 5 scale, 1 being the most hazardous and 5 being the least hazardous) based on physical characteristics such as flash point, boiling point, lethal dose of 50% of a population, reactivity, etc. Table 2.1 illustrates how the numerical hazard classification works for flammable liquids. More detailed information on GHS can be found on the OSHA website. (https://www.osha.gov/dsg/hazcom/ghs.html) Table 2.1 – GHS Hazard Classification System for Flammable Liquids Category Criteria Pictogram Signal Word Hazard Statement Flash point < 23 °C 1 Danger Extremely flammable liquid and vapor Danger Highly flammable liquid and vapor Boiling point < 35 °C Flash point < 23 °C 2 Boiling point > 35 °C 3 Flash point > 23 °C and < 60 °C Warning Flammable liquid and vapor 4 Flash point > 60 °C and < 93 °C Warning Combustible liquid 5 There is no Category 5 for flammable liquids 2.2 National Fire Protection Association Rating System The NFPA system uses a diamond-shaped diagram of symbols and numbers to indicate the degree of hazard associated with a particular chemical. This system was created to easily and quickly communicate hazards to first responders in the event of an emergency situation. These diamond-shaped symbols are placed on chemical containers to identify the degree of hazard associated with the specific chemical or chemical mixture. The NFPA system is a common way to identify chemical hazards and should be understood by laboratory employees. The NFPA 704 13 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 2: Chemical Classification Systems numerical rating system is based on a 0 – 4 system; 0 meaning no hazard and 4 meaning the most hazardous (note: this in contrast to the GHS system where 1 is the most hazardous and 4 is the least hazardous). Figure 2.4 illustrates the NFPA hazard rating system and identifies both the hazard categories and hazard rating system. Fire Hazard Health Hazard Reactivity Hazard Specific Hazard Health Hazard Fire Hazard Reactivity Hazard Specific Hazard 4 - FP* < 73° F 4 - Deadly 3 - FP < 100° F 4 - May Detonate ACIDAcid 3 - Extreme Danger 2 - 100° F < FP < 200° F ALKAlkali 2 - Hazardous 1 - FP > 200° F 3 - Shock/Heat May Detonate 2 - Violent Chemical CORCorrosive Figure 2.4 – NFPA Hazard Rating System 2.3 Department of Transportation Hazard Classes The DOT regulates the transportation of all hazardous materials in the United States, and defines a hazardous material as any substance that has been determined to be capable of posing an unreasonable risk to health, safety, or property when transported in commerce. There are several methods that can be employed to determine whether a chemical is hazardous for transport, a few of which included: 14 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 2: Chemical Classification Systems • • • • Reviewing the DOT Hazardous Materials Table (49 CFR 172.101); Reviewing the SDS, specifically Section 2: Hazardous Identification and Section 14: Transport Considerations, for the chemical being shipped, as detailed above in Section 2.1.1 of the CHP; Reviewing the chemical label and looking for hazard information detailed above in Section 2.1.2 of the CHP; and Understanding the chemical and physical properties of the chemical. All hazardous chemicals must be properly labeled by the chemical manufacturer or distributor before transportation occurs. Chemical containers stored in laboratories are not required to be labeled per DOT standards; however the DOT 9 hazard classes are often seen on chemical containers and are discussed in Section 14 of GHS-formatted SDSs. The DOT 9 hazard classes are illustrated below in Figure 2.5. It should be noted that Figure 2.5 only lists the primary hazard classes, the sub classes (e.g., Organic Peroxides, DOT Class 5.2) were omitted for stylistic purposes. 15 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 2: Chemical Classification Systems DOT Class 1 DOT Class 2 DOT Class 3 Explosives Compressed Gases Flammable Liquids DOT Class 4 DOT Class 5 DOT Class 6 Flammable Solids Oxidizers Poisons DOT Class 7 DOT Class 8 DOT Class 9 Radioactive Materials Corrosives Miscellaneous Figure 2.5 – NFPA Hazard Rating System 16 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 2: Classes of Hazardous Chemicals Chapter 3: Classes of Hazardous Chemicals Chemicals can be divided into several different hazard classes. The hazard class provides information to help determine how a chemical can be safely stored and handled. Each chemical container, whether supplied by a chemical manufacturer or produced in the laboratory, must have a label that clearly identifies the chemical constituents. In addition to a specific chemical label, more comprehensive hazard information can be found by referencing the SDS for that chemical. The OSHA Laboratory Standard defines a hazardous chemical as any element, chemical compound, or mixture of elements and/or compounds which is a physical or health hazard. This definition of a hazardous chemical and the GHS primary classes of chemicals are briefly discussed below. 3.1 Physical Hazards A chemical is a physical hazard if there is scientifically valid evidence that it is flammable, combustible, compressed gas, explosive, organic peroxide, oxidizer, pyrophoric, self-heating, self-reactive, or water-reactive. Each physical hazard is briefly defined below. Refer to Appendix B (section B.1) for detailed information on each physical hazard. • • • • • • • Explosives: A liquid or solid which is in itself capable by chemical reaction of producing gas at such a temperature and pressure and at such a speed as to cause damage to the surroundings. Flammable Liquids: Materials which under standard conditions can generate sufficient vapor to cause a fire in the presence of an ignition source and have a flash point no greater than 93 °C (200 °F). Flammable Solid: A solid which is readily combustible, or may cause or contribute to a fire through friction. Gases under Pressure: Gases which are contained in a receptacle at a pressure not less than 280 kPA at 20 °C or as a refrigerated liquid. Organic Peroxide: A liquid or solid which contains the bivalent -0-0- structure and may be considered a derivative of hydrogen peroxide, where one or both of the hydrogen atoms have been replaced by organic radicals. Oxidizer: A liquid or solid, while in itself is not necessarily combustible, may generally by yielding oxygen, cause or contribute to the combustion of other material. Pyrophoric Substance (also called Spontaneously Combustible): A liquid or solid that even in small quantities and without an external ignition source can ignite after coming in contact with the air. 17 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 2: Classes of Hazardous Chemicals • • • 3.2 Self-Heating Substance: A liquid or solid, other than a pyrophoric substance, which, by reaction with air and without energy supply, is liable to self-heat. Self-Reactive Substance: A liquid or solid that is liable to undergo strong exothermic thermal decomposition even without participation of oxygen (air). Water-Reactive Substance: A liquid or solid that reacts violently with water to produce a flammable or toxic gas, or other hazardous conditions. Health Hazards A chemical is a health hazard if there is statistically significant evidence based on at least one study conducted in accordance with established scientific principles that acute or chronic health effects may occur in exposed employees. Each health hazard is briefly defined below. Refer to Appendix B (section B.2) for detailed information on each health hazard. • • • • • • • Carcinogens: Substances that cause cancer. Generally they are chronically toxic substances; that is, they cause damage after repeated or long-duration exposure, and their effects may only become evident after a long latency period. Carcinogens are separated into two classes: select carcinogens and regulated carcinogens. Corrosives: Substances that cause destruction of living tissue by chemical corrosion at the site of contact and can be either acidic or caustic (basic). Hazardous Substances with Toxic Effects on Specific Organs: Substances that pose adverse health effects to specific organs such as the liver, kidneys, lungs, etc. High Acute Toxicity Substances: Substances that may be fatal or cause damage to target organs as the result of a single exposure or exposures of short duration. Acute toxins are quantified by a substance’s lethal dose-50 (LD50) or lethal concentration-50 (LC50), which is the lethal dose of a compound to 50% of a laboratory tested animal population (e.g., rats, rabbits) over a specified time period. Irritant: Substances that cause reversible inflammatory effects on living tissue by chemical action at the site of contact. Reproductive Toxins: Substances that may affect the reproductive capabilities, including chromosomal damage (mutations) and effects on fetuses (teratogens). Sensitizer (also called allergen): A substance that causes exposed individuals to develop an allergic reaction in normal tissue after repeated exposure to the substance. 18 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 2: Classes of Hazardous Chemicals 3.3 Biological Hazards The Purdue University Institutional Biosafety Committee (IBC) is the campus-based committee that has the responsibility for reviewing and approving all proposals, activities, and experiments involving an organism or product of an organism that presents a risk to humans, plants, animals, or the environment. The PI must submit to the IBC an application to use rDNA, synthetic nucleic acids, potential pathogens, human tissue, fluids, and/or cell lines in their research. The IBC review is conducted in accordance with the guidance and requirements of National Institutes of Health, the Centers for Disease Control, and Purdue University policies, and the Biosafety Manual. All PIs have an obligation to be closely familiar with EHS guidelines applicable to their work and to adhere to them. More detail regarding the IBC process can be found on the Purdue Office of the Vice President for Research webpage: (http://www.purdue.edu/research/vpr/rschadmin/rschoversight/rdna/forms.php). 3.4 Radioactive Material Hazards The Purdue University Radiation Safety Committee (RSC) is the campus-based committee that has the responsibility for reviewing and approving all proposals, activities, and experiments involving radioactive material and radiation producing devices. The PI must submit to the RSC through REM, an application to use radioactive material or radiation-producing devices. Use of radioactive materials at Purdue University is authorized under a license issued by the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission or a registration with the Indiana State Department of Health and all work must comply with applicable regulations. The policies and procedures for handling radioactive materials are contained in the Purdue University Radiation Safety Manual. (http://www.purdue.edu/rem/home/booklets/radman.pdf) 3.5 Laser Hazards The Purdue University Laser Safety Committee (LSC) is the campus-based committee that has the responsibility for reviewing and approving all proposals, activities, and experiments involving laser radiation devices. PIs must submit to the LSC through REM, an application to use Class 3B and Class 4 lasers or laser devices. The use of lasers is subject to OSHA regulations and utilizes current ANSI standards to develop guidance. The policies and procedures for handling lasers are contained in the Purdue University Laser Safety Guidelines. (http://www.purdue.edu/rem/home/booklets/laserguide.pdf) 19 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 4: Laboratory Safety Controls Chapter 4: Laboratory Safety Controls Laboratory safety controls include engineering controls, administrative controls, and PPE. Elements of these three categories should be used in a layered approach to minimize employee exposure to hazardous chemicals. The hierarchy of controls prioritizes hazard mitigation strategies on the premise that the best way to control a hazard is to systematically eliminate it from the workplace or substitute a less hazardous technique, process, or material. If elimination or substitution are not feasible options, administrative controls, engineering controls, and PPE must be used to provide the necessary protection. The laboratory employee’s responsibility is to follow administrative controls, use engineering controls, and wear PPE correctly and effectively. 4.1 Routes of Exposure There are four primary routes of exposure in which hazardous substances can enter the body: inhalation, absorption, ingestion, and injection. Of these, the most likely routes of exposure in the laboratory are by inhalation and/or skin absorption. Many hazardous chemicals may affect people through more than one of these exposure modes, so it is critical that protective measures are in place for each of these exposure routes. 4.2 Engineering Controls and Safety Equipment Exposure to hazardous materials must be controlled to the greatest extent feasible by use of engineering controls. Engineering controls to reduce or eliminate exposures to hazardous chemicals include: • • • Substitution with less hazardous equipment, chemicals, or processes (e.g., safety cans for glass bottles); Isolation of the operator or the process (e.g., use of a glove box when handling air- or water-sensitive chemicals); and Use of forced ventilation systems (e.g., chemical fume hood, biological safety cabinet). 4.2.1 Chemical Fume Hoods A chemical fume hood is a type of local ventilation installation that is designed to limit exposure to hazardous or toxic fumes, vapors, or dusts. To determine if a chemical is required to be used inside of a chemical fume hood, first check the SDS for that chemical. Statements found in Section 2 on a SDS such as “do not breathe dust, fumes, or vapors” or 20 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 4: Laboratory Safety Controls “toxic by inhalation” indicate the need for ventilation. As a best practice, always use a chemical fume hood for all work involving the handling of open chemicals (e.g., preparing solutions) whenever possible. If a chemical fume hood is required or recommended to be used, the following guidelines must be followed at all times: • Chemical fume hoods must be marked to indicate the proper sash position for optimum hood performance as illustrated in Figure 4.1. The chemical fume hood sash should be positioned at this height whenever working with hazardous chemicals that could generate toxic aerosols, gases, or vapors. In general, the sash height should be set at a level where the operator is shielded to some degree from any splashes, explosions, or other violent reactions which could occur and where optimum air flow dynamics are achieved. Most chemical fume hoods are not intended to be used with the sash fully open. The sash should only be fully opened to add or remove equipment from the chemical fume hood. Figure 4.1 – Chemical Fume Hood Sash Approved Working Height • Chemical fume hoods must be equipped with a continuous reading monitoring device to indicate adequacy of flow. All lab employees must know how to read and interpret this gauge and check that the chemical fume hood is operating properly before using hazardous chemicals in the fume hood. There are many different types of chemical fume hoods on campus, so it is important that the lab employee understands the specific functions of each chemical fume hood used. 21 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 4: Laboratory Safety Controls • • • Only apparatus and chemicals essential to the specific procedure or process should be placed in the chemical fume hood. Extraneous materials from previous experiments should be removed and stored in a safe location outside the chemical fume hood. Chemical fume hoods used for experimental work should not be used for chemical or material storage. Chemical fume hoods used for chemical storage should be dedicated to chemical storage. No experimental work should be conducted in storage chemical fume hoods. All chemical containers used in chemical fume hoods, including secondary containers (e.g., beakers, flasks, reaction vessels, vials, etc.) must be labeled. If is not practical to label a secondary container that is in process (e.g., reaction vessel, flask), a temporary label can be used as shown in Section 5.7 of the CHP. Reaction vessels in chemical fume hoods must be labeled as well. If labeling the vessel itself is not practical, the hood sash or wall may be labeled as illustrated in Figure 4.2. Figure 4.2 – Alternative Labeling of Chemical Fume Hood Reaction Vessels • • • Do not allow the vents or air flow baffles to be blocked. Never put your head inside of an operating chemical fume hood. All chemical fume hoods should be routinely checked for airflow by measuring the face velocity, which should be between 70 – 125 feet per minute. REM conducts face velocity readings on a routine basis and records this information on the hood label. Contact REM with questions regarding chemical fume hoods (765) 49-46371. 22 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 4: Laboratory Safety Controls 4.2.2 Glove Boxes A glove box, as illustrated in Figure 4.3, is a sealed container that is designed to allow one to handle material in a defined atmosphere (typically inert). Glove boxes can be used to protect sensitive items inside or the user on the outside, or both. The following recommendations should be followed by all personnel using a glove box: Figure 4.3 – Glove Box • • • • • All personnel must receive documented training from the PI or delegate before any work in a glove box occurs. All trained personnel must understand the design features and limitations of a glove box before use. The training must include detailed instruction on elements such as the ventilation and vacuum controls that maintain a pressure differential between the glove box and outside atmosphere, atmospheric controls (e.g., controlling oxygen concentrations and moisture), etc. Prior to use, a visual glove inspection must be performed. Changing of a glove must be documented (date, manufacturer, model of glove, and person performing change). Gloves should not be used until they fail; they should be changed according to the glove box manufacturer’s recommendations or whenever necessary. Plugging ports that are never or infrequently used is recommended. A properly plugged port should have a stub glove and a glove port cap installed. Chemical resistant gloves (e.g., disposable nitrile gloves) should be used under the glove box gloves to protect from contamination. The glove box pressure must be checked every day, before use and immediately after gloves are changed. The pressure check must be documented. 23 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 4: Laboratory Safety Controls • • • • Keep sharps in an approved container while in the glove box. Do not work in the glove box unless the lighting is working. Follow all safe work practices for using and handling compressed gas that may be associated with working in the glove box. All equipment and chemicals in the glove box must be organized and all chemicals must be labeled. Do not allow items, particularly chemicals to accumulate in the glove box. 4.2.3 Laminar Flow Clean Benches A laminar flow clean bench, as shown in Figure 4.4, is an enclosed bench designed to prevent contamination of semiconductor wafers, samples, or any particle sensitive device. Air is drawn through a filter and blown in a very smooth, laminar flow towards the user. Therefore it is critical that absolutely no hazardous chemicals, infectious and/or radioactive materials ever be used in a laminar flow clean bench, as the vapors are blown directly towards the user. Applications that involve the use of chemicals should be conducted in chemical fume hoods. Figure 4.4 – Laminar Flow Clean Bench 4.2.4 Biological Safety Cabinets A biological (or biosafety) safety cabinet, as shown in Figure 4.5, is an enclosed, ventilated laboratory workspace for safely working with materials contaminated with (or potentially contaminated with) infectious materials. The primary purpose of a biosafety cabinet is to serve as a means to protect the laboratory worker and the surrounding environment from 24 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 4: Laboratory Safety Controls pathogens. All exhaust air is filtered as it exits the biosafety cabinet, removing harmful particles. Biological safety cabinets are not designed to be used with chemical applications so the use of chemicals should be kept to a minimum. Applications that involve the use of chemicals should be conducted in chemical fume hoods. Figure 4.5 – Biological Safety Cabinet 4.2.5 Safety Showers and Eyewash Stations All laboratories using hazardous chemicals must have immediate access to safety showers and eye wash stations. Safety showers must have a minimum clearance of 24 inches from the centerline of the spray pattern in all directions at all times. Identify the safety station with a highly visible sign and maintain an unobstructed path to it. All lab personnel must be aware of the location and know how to properly use the safety shower and eyewash stations. If lab personnel are exposed to a hazardous chemical, they should dial 911 (or someone else in the lab that is not exposed should dial 911) and use the safety shower and/or eye wash unit for 15 minutes or until emergency response have personnel arrive and begin treatment. If an uninjured individual is present, this person should assist with the decontamination of the affected individual. All eyewash stations must be flushed by laboratory personnel on a weekly basis to ensure proper working order. This will keep the system free of sediment and prevent bacterial growth from reducing performance. REM performs annual inspections of all campus safety shower and eyewash stations. This inspection evaluates the basic mechanical functionality of each station. Any deficiencies are repaired either by REM staff or by Purdue Physical 25 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 4: Laboratory Safety Controls Facilities maintenance staff. If the safety shower or eye wash unit becomes inoperable, notify your building deputy immediately. 4.2.6 Fire Extinguishers All fire extinguishers should be mounted on a wall in an area free of clutter. Each fire extinguisher on campus is inspected on an annual basis by the Purdue Fire Department. All laboratory personnel should be familiar with the location, use, and classification of the extinguishers in their laboratory. Ensure that the fire extinguisher being used is appropriate for the type of material on fire before attempting to extinguish any fire. Table 4.1 illustrates the fire classification system, which should be used to determine the most suitable fire extinguisher for a particular area. Laboratory personnel are not required to extinguish fires that occur in their work areas and should not attempt to do so unless: • • • It is a small, contained fire that can be quickly and safely extinguished (e.g., small trash can sized fire); Appropriate training has been received and the individual feels the fire can be safely extinguished; and It is necessary to extinguish a fire in order to exit an area (e.g., fire is blocking an exit). If a fire occurs in the laboratory and is extinguished by lab personnel, the Purdue University Fire Department must still be contacted immediately by dialing 911. Table 4.1 – Fire Classifications System Classification Fire Type Class A Class B Class C Class D Class K Ordinary fire (wood and paper) Flammable liquids and gases Electric fire Combustible metal fire Kitchen fire 4.2.7 Fire Doors Many laboratories may contain fire doors as part of the building design. These doors are an important element of the fire containment system and should remain closed unless they are on a magnetic self-closure or other automated self-closing system. Never disable an automatic door closure device (e.g., placing a block under the door). If you are unsure of whether a door is fire rated or not, contact REM at (765) 49-46371 and a staff member will come to the area to evaluate the specific door in question. 26 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 4: Laboratory Safety Controls 4.3 Administrative Controls Administrative controls are procedural measures which can be taken to reduce or eliminate hazards associated with the use of hazardous materials. Administrative controls include the following: • • • • • • • • Ensuring that employees are provided adequate documented training for safe work with hazardous materials Careful planning of experiments and procedures with safety in mind. Planning includes the development of written SOPs and hazard assessments (discussed in detail in Chapter 6) for safe performance of the work Restricting access to areas where hazardous materials are used Using safety signs or placards to identify hazardous areas (designated areas) Labeling all chemicals Substitution of toxic materials with less toxic materials, when possible Good housekeeping and good personal hygiene such as routine hand washing and regular decontamination of areas that are possibly chemically contaminated such as bench-tops and fume hoods Prohibiting eating and drinking where chemicals are used or stored 4.3.1 Standard Operating Procedures SOPs are written instructions that detail the steps that will be performed during a given procedure and include information about potential hazards and how these hazards will be mitigated. SOPs must be prepared by laboratory personnel who are the most knowledgeable and involved with the experimental process. However, the Laboratory Supervisor is ultimately responsible for approving SOPs regardless of who prepares them. The OSHA Lab Standard required SOPs to be developed for all high-hazard tasks that are performed in the lab. High hazard tasks include any work with the following types of chemicals: • • • • Explosives Water-reactive, pyrophoric, self-heating, or self-reactive chemicals Particularly hazardous substances, which includes carcinogens, reproductive toxins, and acutely toxic substances Compressed gases 27 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 4: Laboratory Safety Controls • • Work involving more than 1 liter of flammable liquids, flammable solids, corrosives, oxidizers, or organic peroxides at one time High-hazard tasks can also include work with equipment that creates particularly hazardous conditions. Examples include solvent distillation, work with high-pressure systems, hydrogenation, work with cryogenic chemicals such as liquid nitrogen, etc. REM develops SOP templates that can be used by laboratories. These SOPs are not complete as is; they are templates that must be customized by each laboratory before they are considered complete. Instructions for completion are included in each SOP template. Laboratories are encouraged to use this template format to develop their own SOPs. Contact REM at (765) 49-40121 if assistance is needed with developing lab-specific SOPs. For the up to date list of SOP templates, visit the REM website. (http://www.purdue.edu/rem/home/files/sop.htm) 4.3.2 Required Laboratory Postings The following forms and labels are required to be posted in most campus laboratories: • • • The Emergency Contact Door Posting is required for all laboratories and can be found on the REM webpage. (https://www.purdue.edu/rem/home/forms/doorpost.pdf) The Certification of Hazard Assessment Form is required for all laboratories. Detailed information regarding the hazard assessment process is presented in Section 6.3 of the CHP. The Carcinogens, Reproductive Toxins, or Extremely Toxic Chemicals label (Toxic Chemicals Label), which is illustrated in Figure 4.6 is required if a lab uses or stores any chemicals on the list linked below. Contact REM (765) 49-46371 to request Toxic Chemicals Labels. (http://www.purdue.edu/rem/home/booklets/crdalist.pdf) Figure 4.6 – Toxic Chemicals Label 28 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 4: Laboratory Safety Controls • The Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Chemical Formulas list is required for all labs that use abbreviations, acronyms, and/or chemical formulas as a means to label chemical containers, including secondary containers such as beakers, flasks, and vials. This list, which can be found on the REM webpage, is not all inclusive and any abbreviations not listed must be added by laboratory personnel. (http://www.purdue.edu/rem/home/files/guide.htm) There are several other lab postings that may also be required that are not discussed in the CHP, particularly if radioisotopes and/or biological agents are used in the lab. This information should be obtained by reviewing the Radiation Safety Manual and/or Biological Safety Manual. Additional information regarding lab postings and labels can be found on the REM webpage. (http://www.purdue.edu/rem/home/files/contlabl.htm) 4.4 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Personal protective equipment (PPE) should be used to supplement engineering controls. However, PPE should never be used as a substitute for engineering controls when engineering controls are required. PPE must be worn at all time in the laboratory when handling hazardous chemicals. Proper PPE selection can be determined in the following ways: • • • Ask the Laboratory Supervisor about proper PPE selection. Review the SOP and associated hazard assessment for the task to be performed. Review Section 8, “Exposure Controls/Personal Protection” of the SDS for the chemical(s) being used. This will provide basic information on the PPE recommended for use with the particular chemical. The SDS addresses "worst case" conditions; therefore, all the equipment described may not always be necessary for a specific job. In addition, the SDS may not provide sufficient information concerning a specific respirator or type of glove appropriate for the chemical. Additional PPE requirements are detailed in the Laboratory PPE Policy in Chapter 6 and Chapter 9 of the CHP. 29 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 5: Laboratory Management Plan Chapter 5: Laboratory Management Plan An effective laboratory management plan is essential to operating a safe lab environment. Requirements on topics such as lab housekeeping, chemical inventories, proper handling, storage, segregation, and labeling of chemicals, and equipment safety must be established and known by all laboratory personnel. This chapter details how laboratories should be managed at Purdue. 5.1 Laboratory Safety Guidelines All laboratory employees must have a good understanding of the hazards associated with the chemicals being used and stored in the lab. Basic factors such as the physical state (gas, liquid, or solid) of the chemical and the type of facilities and equipment involved with the procedure should be considered before any work with hazardous materials occurs. 5.1.1 Laboratory Safety Questions Many factors are involved is laboratory safety. Asking and answering the following questions will help address many of the factors that should be considered when it comes to laboratory safety. • • • • • • • • • • Is the material flammable, explosive, corrosive, or reactive? Is the material toxic, and if so, how can I be exposed to the material (e.g., inhalation, skin or eye contact, accidental ingestion, accidental puncture)? What kind of ventilation do I need to protect myself? What kind of PPE (e.g., chemical-resistant gloves, respirator, and goggles) do I need to protect myself? Will the process generate other toxic compounds, or could it result in a fire, explosion, or other violent chemical reaction? What are the proper procedures for disposal of the chemicals? Do I have the proper training to handle the chemicals and carry out the process? Are my storage facilities appropriate for the type of materials I will be using? Can I properly segregate incompatible chemicals? What possible accidents can occur and what steps can I take to minimize the likelihood and impact of an accident? What is the worst incident that could result from my work? 30 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 5: Laboratory Management Plan 5.1.2 General Laboratory Safety Rules It is extremely important that all laboratory safety rules are known and followed by lab personnel. Not only is it important that the rules are understood and followed, it is also important that the Laboratory Supervisor enforce all lab safety rules. A culture of safety must be adopted by all employees before a lab safety program can be successful. The following general laboratory safety rules should be followed at all times: • • • • • • • • • • • Prior to beginning work in the lab, be prepared for hazardous materials emergencies and know what actions to take in the event of an emergency. Plan for the worst-case scenario. Be sure that necessary supplies and equipment are available for handling small spills of hazardous chemicals. Know the location of safety equipment such as the nearest safety shower and eyewash station, fire extinguisher, spill kit, and fire alarm pull station. Do not work alone in the laboratory if you are working with high hazard materials (e.g., acutely toxics, reactives, or processes that involve handling a large volume of flammable materials, > 1 liter). If working with a high-hazard chemical, ensure that others around you know what you are working with and understand the potential hazards. Limit access to areas where chemicals are used or stored by posting signs and/or locking doors when areas are unattended. Purchase the minimum amount of hazardous materials necessary to efficiently operate the laboratory. Ensure that adequate storage facilities (e.g., chemical storage rooms, flammable safety cabinets) and containers are provided for hazardous materials. Ensure that hazardous materials are properly segregated by chemical compatibility. Ensure that ventilation is adequate for the chemicals being used. Understand how chemical fume hoods function and be able to determine if the hood is not functioning properly. Use good personal hygiene practices. Keep your hands and face clean; wash thoroughly with soap and water after handling any chemical. Smoking, drinking, eating, and the application of cosmetics are forbidden in areas where hazardous chemicals are in use. Confine long hair and loose clothing. Never smell or taste a hazardous chemical. Never use mouth suction to fill a pipette. When using equipment that creates potential hazards (e.g., centrifuge), ensure that the equipment is being used following the manufacturer’s guidelines and instructions. If equipment requires routine maintenance (e.g., HEPA filters need to be changed), ensure the maintenance is performed by a qualified individual. 31 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 5: Laboratory Management Plan • 5.2 Use required PPE as instructed by the PPE Policy detailed in Chapter 6. Housekeeping Housekeeping is an important element to a laboratory safety program. A clean, well-maintained lab improves safety by preventing accidents and can enhance the overall efficiency of the work being performed. The following laboratory housekeeping guidelines should be followed: • • • • • • • • • • • • • All doorways and hallways must be free of obstructions to allow clear visibility and exit. The laboratory should be uncluttered without excessive storage of materials that could cause or support a fire (e.g., paper, cardboard, flammable liquids, etc.). Fire protection sprinklers must be unobstructed; a minimum of 18 inches of clearance is required below the sprinkler head. If the laboratory does not have fire protection sprinklers, there must be a minimum of 24 inches of clearance below the ceiling. Do not store items that block fire extinguishers or eyewash and safety shower stations. Do not store items in front of electrical boxes/panels in the lab. A routine cleaning schedule should be established. All work surfaces should be kept as clean as possible. All potentially chemically contaminated work area surfaces (e.g., chemical fume hood deck, countertops) should be cleaned routinely (e.g. daily, weekly). For operations where spills and contamination are likely (e.g., agarose gel electrophoresis/ethidium bromide applications), cover work spaces with a bench paper or liner. The soiled bench paper should be changed on a routine basis or as needed. All chemical spills must be cleaned up immediately. Refer to Chapter 8 of the CHP for detailed chemical spill cleanup procedures. Do not allow materials to accumulate in laboratory hoods and remove used tissues, foil, gloves, or other unnecessary objects immediately after use. The safety of the workspace and the hood ventilation may be compromised when excessive chemicals and equipment are kept in hoods. Ensure that all waste (e.g., trash, chemically contaminated waste, etc.) is placed in the appropriate containers. Do not overfill waste containers. All equipment should be cleaned and returned to storage after each use. Equipment should be stored in a safe and orderly manner that prevents it from falling. Chemical containers must be clean, properly labeled, and returned to storage upon completion or usage. Avoid storing liquids above eye level. Do not store heavy or frequently used items on top shelves. Locate items used daily close to the work area. 32 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 5: Laboratory Management Plan 5.3 Chemical Inventories It is a prudent practice to develop and maintain a chemical inventory. Taking a routine chemical inventory can reduce the number of unknown chemicals and the tendency to stockpile chemicals. REM recommends that all laboratories take a chemical inventory at least annually. Depending on the type of chemicals being used and stored in a laboratory, REM may require that a chemical inventory be prepared for a room, work unit, or department (e.g., Department of Homeland Security Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism Standards Inventory) on a routine basis. 5.4 Safety Data Sheets The SDS provides comprehensive information that is imperative for the safe handling of hazardous chemicals. Carefully read the label and SDS and make sure that you understand the information provided in this document before using a chemical. In some cases it may be necessary to do additional research. The Laboratory Supervisor should be consulted if necessary. It is important that all lab employees have access to SDS for all hazardous chemicals that are stored in the lab. Access can mean storing hard copies of SDS in the lab or some other easily accessible location (e.g., departmental main office), or can mean storing electronically by a means that is also accessible to all lab personnel (e.g., shared network drive). To obtain a copy of a SDS, contact the chemical manufacturer or REM at (765) 49-46371. Many manufacturers’ SDS can be found online at REM’s SDS webpage or other websites such as Siri MSDS Index. The links to these resources are included below: • • • REM SDS Search (http://www.purdue.edu/rem/ih/msds.htm) Siri MSDS Index (http://hazard.com/msds/) Sigma-Aldrich Product Search (http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/united-states.html) 33 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 5: Laboratory Management Plan 5.5 Chemical Labeling Requirements Every chemical container present in the laboratory, whether hazardous or not, must be properly labeled. All secondary chemical containers (e.g., wash bottles, beakers, flasks, sample vials, etc.) must also be properly labeled. Avoid using abbreviations, chemical formulae, or structure unless there is a complete and up-to-date legend (e.g., MeOH = Methanol) prominently posted in the lab. Most chemicals come with a manufacturer label that contains all of the necessary information, so care should be taken to not damage or remove these labels. It is recommended that each bottle also be dated when received and when opened to assist in determining which chemicals are expired and require proper disposal. Detailed information and strategies for the labeling of research samples is discussed in Section 5.9 of the CHP. These same strategies can be used when labeling secondary chemical containers as well. 5.6 Chemical Segregation All chemicals must be stored according to chemical compatibility. Once segregated by chemical compatibility, they can then be stored alphabetically. Information regarding chemical compatibility can be found in the SDS, primarily in Section 7, “Handling and Storage” and Section 10, “Stability and Reactivity”. If unsure of proper segregation procedures, contact the Laboratory Supervisor for assistance. Chemical segregation can be achieved by either isolation (e.g., organic solvents stored in a flammable cabinet), physical distance (e.g., acids and bases are stored on opposite sides of a chemical storage room), or secondary containment (e.g., placing oxidizing acids such as nitric acid into a secondary containment to segregate from organic acids such as formic acid as shown in Figure 5.7). In the most general terms, proper segregation can be achieved by: • • • Storing acids away from bases and toxics; Storing oxidizers away from organic chemicals; and Storing reactive and acutely toxic materials away from all other chemicals. Table 5.1 illustrates a more detailed chemical compatibility logic that can be used for chemical storage. Hazard classes marked by an X need to be segregated from each other (e.g., Acid, inorganic must be segregated from Base, inorganic). Contact REM at (765) 49-40121 with questions regarding chemical segregation. 34 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 5: Laboratory Management Plan 35 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 5: Laboratory Management Plan Table 5.1 – Chemical Compatibility Chart Acid, inorganic Acid, organic Acid, oxidizer Base, inorganic Base, organic Acid, inorganic Acid, organic Acid, oxidizer X X X X X X X X X X X X X Oxidizer X Toxic, inorganic Toxic, organic Reactive X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Reactive X X X X X X X Organic solvent X X Toxic, inorganic Toxic, organic 5.7 Base, organic X Oxidizer Organic solvent Base, inorganic X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Chemical Storage Requirements Proper storage of chemicals is an essential component to a laboratory safety program. Improper chemical storage practices can cause undesired chemical reactions, which may form hazardous products that can lead to employee exposure or possibly fires and property damage. All lab employees should carefully read each chemical’s SDS and container label before deciding how to store a chemical, as these will often indicate any special storage requirements that may be necessary. The following subsections describe chemical storage requirements in more detail. 5.7.1 General Chemical Storage The following general chemical storage guidelines must be followed in all laboratories: • • • Each chemical in the laboratory must be stored in a specific location and returned there after each use. Acceptable chemical storage locations may include flammable cabinets, corrosive cabinets, laboratory shelves, or appropriate laboratory refrigerators or freezers. Chemical containers must be in good condition and appropriate for the chemical that they contain and be free from exterior contamination. Fume hoods should not be used as permanent chemical storage areas, unless designated as such. Not only does this create potentially unsafe conditions by having extraneous chemicals stored near chemical reactions and processes, excess chemical 36 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 5: Laboratory Management Plan • • • • • bottles in the hood may also seriously impair the ventilating capacity of the hood. Only chemicals being used in the process or experiment being conducted in the hood are allowed to be stored in the hood and should be removed when the process or experiment is complete. Chemicals should not be permanently stored on bench tops. Avoid storing any chemical containers on the floor. Under no circumstance should chemical containers, or anything else, be stored in aisle ways, corridors, or in front of doors. Hazardous liquids should not be stored on shelves above eye-level unless there is a SOP detailing safe handling procedures. Chemicals should be stored at an appropriate temperature and humidity level and never be stored in direct sunlight. Periodic cleanouts of expired or unneeded chemicals should be conducted to minimize the volume of hazardous chemicals stored in the laboratory. Always follow the chemical manufacturer’s storage instructions, if provided. 5.7.2 Flammable Liquids Storage Flammable liquids include any liquid with a flash point no greater than 93 °C (200 °F). The following guidelines for storing flammable liquids must be followed in all laboratories: • • • • Flammable and combustible liquids should be stored in flammable storage cabinets, as shown in Figure 5.1, whenever possible. No more than 10 gallons of flammable liquid is permitted to be stored outside of a flammable storage cabinet unless it is stored in a flammable safety can equipped with a spring-loaded lid and an internal screen as shown in Figure 5.2. Domestic refrigerators or freezers must never be used to store flammable liquids. Flammable liquids can only be stored in refrigerators or freezers that are designed for flammable materials (most refrigerators are not intended for flammable storage). Flammable liquids must be stored in well-ventilated areas free from ignition sources. Some organic solvents (e.g., diethyl ether) have a shelf-life and can form organic peroxides over time while in storage. These “peroxide formers” must be dated when received from the chemical manufacturer and disposed of once expired. If any timesensitive chemicals are found to be past the manufacturer’s expiration date, they must be submitted to REM for hazardous waste disposal immediately. See Appendix C for a list of commonly found organic solvents that potentially form organic peroxides. 37 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 5: Laboratory Management Plan Figure 5.1 – Flammable Storage Cabinet Figure 5.2 – Flammable Safety Can 5.7.3 Compressed Gases Storage Compressed gases are defined as gases that are contained in a receptacle at a pressure not less than 280 kPA at 20 °C or as a refrigerated liquid. The following guidelines for storing compressed gases must be followed in all laboratories: • • • • Compressed gas cylinders (cylinders) must be stored in a secure, well ventilated location, and in an upright position at all times. All cylinders should be handled as if full and should never be completely emptied. Cylinders that are not in use (meaning that the cap is on) must be secured and have the safety cap. Multiple cylinders may be secured together (gang-chained), only if they are capped (not in use). Only capped cylinders can be secured with a single restraining device (gang chained) as shown in Figure 5.3. Cylinders that are in use, meaning there is a regulator attached, must be individually secured by a chain or strap as shown in Figure 5.4. Cylinder valves and regulators should be protected from impact or damage. 38 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 5: Laboratory Management Plan Figure 5.3 – Not In-Use Cylinders Figure 5.4 – In-Use Cylinders 5.7.4 Reactive Materials Storage Reactive materials include explosives, pyrophorics, self-heating and self-reacting compounds, and water-reactives. Many reactive materials are also toxic and are dissolved or immersed in a flammable solvent (e.g., lithium alkyl compounds dissolved in diethyl ether, sodium metal immersed in mineral oil). Other common hazards often associated with reactive chemicals include corrosivity, teratogenicity, or organic peroxide formation. The following guidelines for storing reactive materials must be followed in all laboratories: • • • • The amount of reactive materials stored in the lab must be kept to a minimum. Any expired or unnecessary reactive materials must be properly disposed of as hazardous waste. All reactive materials must be clearly labeled with the original manufacturer’s label, which should have the chemical name, hazard labels, and pictograms. The label should not be defaced in any way. All reactive materials should be placed into secondary containment as a best management practice. Suitable storage locations for reactive materials include inert gas-filled desiccators or glove boxes, flammable storage cabinets that do not contain aqueous or other incompatible chemicals, or intrinsically safe refrigerators or freezers that also do not contain aqueous or other incompatible chemicals. If possible, store all reactive chemicals in a small flammable cabinet dedicated only for reactives. Signs should be posted to indicate their presence and unique hazards as shown in Figure 5.5. 39 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 5: Laboratory Management Plan Figure 5.5 – Reactive Chemicals Storage • • Many reactive materials are water and/or air reactive and can spontaneously ignite on contact with air and/or water. Therefore, reactives must be handled under an inert atmosphere and in such a way that rigorously excludes air and moisture. If reactive materials are received in a specially designed shipping, storage, or dispensing container (such as the Aldrich Sure-Seal packaging system), ensure that the integrity of that container is maintained. Ensure that sufficient protective solvent, oil, kerosene, or inert gas remains in the container while reactive materials are stored. 5.7.5 Acutely Toxic Materials Storage Acutely toxic materials are defined as substances that may be fatal or cause damage to target organs as the result of a single exposure or exposures of short duration. The following guidelines for storing acutely toxic materials must be followed in all laboratories: • • • Suitable storage locations for acutely toxic materials include desiccators, glove boxes, flammable storage cabinets that do not contain incompatible chemicals (primarily strong acids), or non-domestic refrigerators or freezers. These locations should be clearly posted. Acutely toxic materials should be stored in secondary containment at all times as a best management practice. If possible, store all acutely toxic materials in a cabinet dedicated only for acutely toxic materials. Signs should be posted to indicate their presence and unique hazards. 40 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 5: Laboratory Management Plan • • The amount of acutely toxic material stored in the lab should be kept at a minimum. Any expired or unnecessary materials must be properly disposed of as hazardous waste. All acutely toxic materials should be clearly labeled with the original manufacturer’s label, which should have the chemical name, hazard labels, and pictograms. The label should not be defaced in any way. 5.7.6 Corrosive Materials Storage Corrosive materials are defined as substances that cause destruction of living tissue by chemical corrosion at the site of contact and can be either acidic or basic (caustic). The best storage method for corrosive materials is inside of a corrosive storage cabinet or lab cabinet where acids and bases are segregated at all times. Acids must also be segregated from chemicals where a toxic gas would be generated upon contact with an acid (e.g., reactive cyanide compounds). Organic acids (e.g., acetic acid, formic acid) must be stored away from oxidizing acids (e.g., nitric acid, perchloric acid), as these types of acids are incompatible with each other. Segregation can be achieved either by physical distance (preferred method) or by secondary containment as shown in Figure 5.6. Acetic Acid Nitric Acid Formic Acid Figure 5.6 – Segregation Using Secondary Containment 5.7.7 Oxidizers and Organic Peroxide Storage Oxidizing materials are defined as substances which, while in itself are not necessarily combustible, may generally by yielding oxygen, cause, or contribute to the combustion of other material. An organic peroxide is an organic substance which contains the bivalent -O- 41 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 5: Laboratory Management Plan O- structure and may be considered a derivative of hydrogen peroxide, where one or both of the hydrogen atoms have been replaced by organic radicals. The following guidelines for storing oxidizers and organic peroxides must be followed in all laboratories: • • • • Oxidizers (e.g., hydrogen peroxide, sodium nitrate) and organic peroxides (e.g., methyl ethyl ketone peroxide, benzoyl peroxide) must be stored in a cool, dry location and kept away from combustible materials such as wood, pressboard, paper, and organic chemicals (e.g., organic solvents and organic acids). If possible, store all strong oxidizing agents in a chemical cabinet dedicated only for oxidizers. The amount of oxidizers and organic peroxides stored in the lab should be kept at a minimum. All material must be clearly labeled; the original manufacturer’s label with the chemical name, hazard labels, and pictograms should not be defaced or covered. 5.7.8 Refrigerators and Freezers Chemical Storage A number of general precautions need to be taken when storing chemicals in refrigerators and/or freezers in the laboratory. When working with freezers or refrigerators, the following procedures must be followed: • • • • • • Domestic refrigerators or freezers must never be used to store flammable liquids. Flammable liquids are only allowed to be stored in refrigerators or freezers that are designed for flammable materials (most refrigerators are not intended for flammable storage). Lab refrigerators or freezers must never be used to store food or beverages for consumption. Lab refrigerators/freezers should be posted with a sign that states “No Food or Drink”. All chemicals stored in a refrigerator or freezer must be labeled. Ensure that the chemicals stored in a refrigerator or freezer is compatible with each other. For example, do not store an oxidizer such as hydrogen peroxide in a refrigerator with organic chemicals. There must not be any open chemicals in a refrigerator or freezer. All containers must be completely sealed or capped and safely stored. Chemicals should be allowed to warm to room temperature before sealing to prevent pressure buildup. 42 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 5: Laboratory Management Plan • • • • • • 5.8 Shelves in refrigerators or freezers should all have suitable plastic trays for secondary containment in the refrigerator and freezer compartments. If plastic trays are not available, liquid chemicals should be placed in secondary containers to contain spills. Remember that power outages and technology failures can cause internal temperatures to rise, which can impact chemical contents. Be aware of unusual odors, vapors, etc., when opening the refrigerator or freezer. An inventory should be posted on the refrigerator door. Chemical refrigerator or freezers should be located away from laboratory exits. Refrigerators and freezers should be cleaned-out and manually defrosted as necessary. When defrosting a freezer, consideration should be taken regarding potential chemical contamination of the water. If the water draining from a defrosted refrigerator may be chemically contaminated, contact REM at (765) 49-40121 for further assistance. Compressed Gas Cylinder Safety Compressed gas storage requirements are discussed above in Section 5.7.3. However, there are additional important safety requirements for use of compressed gases in laboratories detailed below: • • • • • • • Gas cylinder connections and fittings must be inspected frequently for deterioration. Never use a leaking, corroded, or damaged cylinder and never refill compressed gas cylinders. When stopping a leak between cylinder and regulator, always close the valve before tightening the union nut. The regulator must be replaced with a safety cap when the cylinder is not in use. The safety cap must be in place when a gas cylinder is moved. For large gas cylinders (>27 inches), an approved gas cylinder cart should be used. The cylinder must be strapped to the cart and the protective cap must be in place before moving the cylinder. A cylinder should never be moved or transported without the protective cap. The proper way to move a large gas cylinder is illustrated in Figure 5.7. Never dispense from a cylinder if it is on a gas cylinder cart. 43 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 5: Laboratory Management Plan Figure 5.7 – Gas Cylinder Cart A few compressed gas cylinders have a shelf-life and can become more hazardous as time goes on. It is extremely important that these chemicals are identified and managed properly. If any time-sensitive gases are found to be past the manufacturer’s expiration date, they must be submitted to REM for hazardous waste disposal immediately. The following is a list of timesensitive compressed gases: • • • • • Hydrogen Fluoride, anhydrous Hydrogen Bromide, anhydrous Hydrogen Sulfide, anhydrous Hydrogen Cyanide, anhydrous Hydrogen Chloride, anhydrous The compressed gases listed above have a shelf-life provided by the manufacturer that must be strictly followed. There have been numerous incidents involving these compounds related to storage past the expiration date. For example, hydrogen fluoride (HF) and hydrogen bromide (HBr) cylinders have a shelf-life of one to two years, depending on the vendor. Over time, moisture can slowly enter the cylinder, which initiates corrosion. As the corrosion continues, HF and/or HBr slowly react with the internal metal walls of the cylinder to produce hydrogen. The walls of the cylinder weaken due to the corrosion, while at the same time the internal pressure increases due to the hydrogen generation. Ultimately, these cylinders fail and create extremely dangerous projectiles and a toxic gas release. Figure 5.8 shows a 30-year old HF lecture bottle cylinder that exploded in a Purdue University laboratory in 2011. 44 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 5: Laboratory Management Plan Figure 5.8 – HF Cylinder Incident at Purdue University in 2011 5.9 Cryogenic Liquids Safety A cryogenic liquid is defined as a liquid with a normal boiling point below -150 °C (-240 °F). The most common cryogenic liquid used in a laboratory setting is liquid nitrogen. By definition, all cryogenic liquids are extremely cold. Cryogenic liquids and their vapors can rapidly freeze human tissue and can also pose an asphyxiation hazard if handled in confined spaces. The following precautions should be taken when handling cryogenic liquids: • • • • • Use and store cryogenic liquids in well ventilated areas only. Wear appropriate PPE while handling cryogenic liquids. Proper PPE for handling cryogenic liquids includes chemical splash goggles, a face shield, cryogenic-safe gloves, long sleeves, long pants, and closed-toe shoes. Cryogenic liquids will vent (boil off) from their storage containers as part of normal operation. Containers are typically of a vacuum jacketed design to minimize heat loss. Excessive venting and/or an isolated ice build-up on the vessel walls may indicate a fault in the vessel’s integrity or a problem in the process line. A leaky container should be removed from service and taken to a safe, well-ventilated area immediately. All systems components piping, valves, etc., must be designed to withstand extreme temperatures. Pressure relief valves must be in place in systems and piping to prevent pressure build up. Any system section that could be valved off while containing cryogenic liquid must 45 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 5: Laboratory Management Plan • • • • have a pressure relief valve. The pressure relief valve relief ports must be positioned to face toward a safe location. Transfer operations involving open cryogenic containers, such as Dewars must be done slowly, while wearing all required PPE. Care must be taken not to contact non-insulated pipes and system components. Open transfers will be allowed only in well-ventilated areas. Do not use a funnel while transferring cryogenic liquids. Use tongs or other similar devices to immerse and remove objects from cryogenic liquids; never immerse any part of your body into a cryogenic liquid. 5.10 Nanoparticle Safety The American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) Committee on Nanotechnology has defined a nanoparticle as a particle with lengths in two or three dimensions between 1 and 100 nanometers (nm). Nanoparticles can be composed of many different base materials and may be of different shapes including: nanotubes, nanowires, and crystalline structures such as fullerenes and quantum dots. Nanoparticles present a unique challenge from an occupational health perspective as there is a limited amount of toxicological data currently available for review. However, some studies have shown that existing exposure control technologies have been effective in reducing exposure to nanoparticles. Refer to the REM webpage for detailed procedures and guidance regarding the safe handling of nanoparticle. (http://www.purdue.edu/rem/home/booklets/nanopolicy.pdf) 5.11 Sharps Handling Safety Sharps are defined as items capable of puncturing, cutting, or abrading the skin such as glass or plastic pipettes, broken glass, test tubes, petri dishes, razor blades, needles, and syringes with needles. Sharps are often contaminated with hazardous chemicals and/or infectious agents, so multiple hazards are often encountered. Employees that routinely work with sharps must be aware of the risk of being punctured or lacerated. It is important for these employees to take precautions and properly handle sharps in order to prevent injury and potential disease transmission. These employees should use appropriate PPE (e.g., puncture-resistant gloves), tools, barrier protection, sharps waste containers, and engineering controls to protect themselves. Refer to the REM webpage for detailed procedures regarding sharps handling and disposal procedures. (https://www.purdue.edu/rem/home/booklets/sharps.pdf) 46 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 5: Laboratory Management Plan 5.12 Equipment, Apparatus, and Instrument Safety 5.12.1 Centrifuges The following safety guidelines should be followed when operating centrifuges: Before centrifugation: • • • • • • • • • • • Centrifuges must be properly installed and operated only by trained personnel. Centrifuges cannot be placed in the hallway of a building; they must remain inside of the laboratory. Train each operator on proper operating procedures, review the user manual. Use only rotors compatible with the centrifuge. Check the expiration date for ultracentrifuge rotors. Check tubes, bottles, and rotors for cracks and deformities before each use. Make sure that the rotor, tubes, and spindle are dry and clean. Examine O-rings and replace if worn, cracked, or missing. Never overfill centrifuge tubes (don't exceed ¾ full). Always cap tubes before centrifugation. Always balance buckets, tubes, and rotors properly. Check that the rotor is seated on the drive correctly, close the lid on the centrifuge, and secure it. When using swinging bucket rotors, make sure that all buckets are hooked correctly and move freely. During centrifugation: • • • • Close lids at all times during operation. Never open a centrifuge until the rotor has stopped. Do not exceed safe rotor speed. The operator should not leave the centrifuge until full operating speed is attained and the machine appears to be running safely without vibration. Stop the centrifuge immediately if an unusual condition (noise or vibration) begins and check load balances. 47 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 5: Laboratory Management Plan After centrifugation: • • • • Allow the centrifuge to come to a complete stop before opening. Wear new pair of outer gloves to remove rotor and samples. Check inside of centrifuge for possible spills and leaks, clean centrifuge and rotor thoroughly if necessary. Wash hands after removing gloves. 5.12.2 Stirring and Mixing Equipment Stirring and mixing devices commonly found in laboratories include stirring motors, magnetic stirrers, and shakers. These devices are typically used in lab operations that are performed in a chemical fume hood, and it is important that they be operated in a way that prevents the generation of electrical sparks. Only sparkfree induction motors should be used in power stirring and mixing devices or any other rotating equipment used for laboratory operations. Because stirring and mixing devices, especially stirring motors and magnetic stirrers, are often operated for fairly long periods without constant attention, the consequences of stirrer failure, electrical overload or blockage of the motion of the stirring impeller should be considered. 5.12.3 Heating Devices Laboratories commonly use heating devices such as ovens, hot plates, heating mantles, oil baths, salt baths, sand baths, air baths, hot-tube furnaces, hot-air guns, and microwave ovens. Steam heated devices are generally preferred whenever temperatures of 100 °C or less are required because they do not present shock or spark risks and can be left unattended with assurance that their temperature will never exceed 100 °C. Ensure the supply of water for steam generation is sufficient prior to leaving the reaction for any extended period of time. A number of general precautions need to be taken when working with heating devices in the laboratory. When working with heating devices, consider the following: • The actual heating element in any laboratory heating device should be enclosed in such a fashion as to prevent a laboratory worker or any metallic conductor from accidentally touching the wire carrying the electric current. 48 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 5: Laboratory Management Plan • • • If a heating device becomes so worn or damaged that its heating element is exposed, the device should be either discarded or repaired before it is used again. The external cases of all variable autotransformers have perforations for cooling by ventilation and, therefore, should be located where water and other chemicals cannot be spilled onto them and where they will not be exposed to flammable liquids or vapors. Fail-safe devices can prevent fires or explosions that may arise if the temperature of a reaction increases significantly because of a change in line voltage, the accidental loss of reaction solvent, or loss of cooling. Some devices will turn off the electric power if the temperature of the heating device exceeds some preset limit or if the flow of cooling water through a condenser is stopped owing to the loss of water pressure or loosening of the water supply hose to a condenser. 5.12.4 Distillation and Solvent Purification Systems The process of thermal solvent distillation is inherently dangerous. If not handled properly, fire, explosion, and/or personnel exposure can result. A few common chemicals distilled in laboratories include tetrahydrofuran, methylene chloride, diethyl ether, toluene, dimethylformamide, benzene, and hexanes. The guidelines below should be followed while thermal distillation of organic solvents is conducted in the lab: • • • • • The thermal solvent distillation system should be installed inside of a chemical fume hood if possible. Ensure that all heat generating equipment has a shut-off device installed. Ensure that all water connections on the condenser are clamped securely. Inspect all glassware for defects before setting them up in the experiment. Keep all air and water-sensitive drying agents under inert atmosphere. Make consistent efforts to not store or use other flammable or hazardous chemicals inside the fume hood where distillation is taking place. 5.12.5 Laboratory Glassware Broken laboratory glassware is dangerous. Glassware‐related injuries ranging from small cuts to multiple stitches and eye damage are common to lab workers. In order to reduce the risk of accidents, the following guidelines should be followed: 49 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 5: Laboratory Management Plan • • • • • Temperature changes can shatter any laboratory glassware. Never flash‐cool glassware with cold water, especially after autoclaving or exposure to any high temperatures. Only round-bottomed or thick-walled (e.g., Pyrex) evacuated reaction vessels specifically designed for operations at reduced pressure should be used. Inspect glassware for any small imperfections before using. Sometimes a hairline crack may be present. Tap the glassware with a pen and listen to the tone to tell if there is a defect. A ringing tone indicates the glassware is fine, while a dull “thud” indicates there is a flaw present. Don’t keep cracked glassware. If the bottom of a graduated cylinder is chipped or broken, properly dispose of it. Always wear appropriate PPE when working with glassware and varying temperatures. Always wear safety glasses. 5.12.6 High Pressure Systems Working with high pressure systems in a laboratory can result in over-pressurization, explosion, and the possible hazards of flying glass, chemical exposure, and fire. All high pressure systems must be set up and operated with careful consideration of potential risks. The following procedures should be followed when working with high pressure systems in the laboratory: • • • High-pressure operations should be performed only in pressure vessels appropriately selected for the operation, properly labeled and installed, and protected by pressure-relief control devices. Vessels, connecting hoses, and any apparatus must be strong enough to withstand the stresses encountered at the intended operating temperatures and pressures and must not corrode or otherwise react when in contact with the materials it contains. All pressure equipment should be visually inspected before each use. 5.12.7 Vacuum Systems Vacuum work can result in an implosion and the possible hazards of flying glass, splattering chemicals, and fire. All vacuum operations must be set up and operated with careful consideration of the potential risks. The following guidelines should be followed when using vacuum apparatus in the laboratory: 50 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 5: Laboratory Management Plan • • • • • • Do not allow water, solvents, or corrosive gases to be drawn into vacuum systems. Protect pumps with cold traps and vent their exhaust into an exhaust hood. Assemble vacuum apparatus in a manner that avoids strain, particularly to the neck of the flask. Avoid putting pressure on a vacuum line to prevent stopcocks from popping out or glass apparatus from exploding. Place vacuum apparatus in such a way that the possibility of being accidentally hit is minimized. If necessary, place transparent plastic around it to prevent injury from flying glass in case of an explosion. When using a rotary evaporator, the glass components of the rotary evaporator should be made of Pyrex or similar glass. Glass vessels should be completely enclosed in a shield to guard against flying glass should the components implode. Increase in rotation speed and application of vacuum to the flask whose solvent is to be evaporated should be gradual. When using a vacuum source, it is important to place a trap between the experimental apparatus and the vacuum source. The vacuum trap protects the pump and the piping from the potentially damaging effects of the material, protects people who must work on the vacuum lines or system, and prevents vapors and related odors from being emitted back into the laboratory or system exhaust. The following vacuum trapping guidelines should be followed: o Make sure the flask is properly clamped and secured. o Make sure the vacuum hose is connected to the vacuum line, not the gas line. o To prevent contamination, all lines leading from experimental apparatus to the vacuum source should be equipped with filtration or other trapping device as appropriate. o For particulates, use filtration capable of efficiently trapping the particles in the size range being generated. o For most aqueous or non-volatile liquids, a filter flask at room temperature is adequate to prevent liquids from getting to the vacuum source. o For solvents and other volatile liquids, use a cold trap of sufficient size and cold enough to condense vapors generated, followed by a filter flask capable of collecting fluid that could be aspirated out of the cold trap. 51 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 5: Laboratory Management Plan o For highly reactive, corrosive, or toxic gases, use a sorbent canister or scrubbing device capable of trapping the gas. 5.13 Research Samples and Chemicals Developed in the Lab Research samples and chemicals developed in the lab (samples) must be managed responsibly. Samples often accumulate in labs for years and are difficult to identify and dispose of and can create unsafe and non-compliant conditions if not managed properly. The following requirements apply to samples developed in the laboratory: • • • • • • All samples must be kept closed except when in use. Storage in beakers or flasks should be temporary. If temporarily storing samples in beakers or flasks, a cork, Parafilm®, or some other closure device must be used. All samples must be labeled with the chemical name, date the sample was developed/received, and the name of generator. Chemical structure or a labeling system that is only known to lab personnel is not acceptable as the only means of labeling samples. Acronyms can be used as a labeling system as long as an up-to-date legend is posted in the lab. Samples should be disposed of within 6 months unless actively being used for analysis. Stockpiling unusable samples in not an acceptable practice. All samples that are no longer necessary must be properly disposed of in a timely manner using REM’s hazardous waste program. Samples must be stored according to the primary hazard class; this should be done to the best of your ability considering the properties that are known or assumed such as toxicity. If the hazard(s) of a sample are unknown, the Laboratory Supervisor must attempt to determine whether it is hazardous or not. Assume all samples are toxic unless otherwise demonstrated. This can be accomplished by literature review or reviewing the hazards of other similar compounds. At a minimum, the Laboratory Supervisor should be able to determine if a chemical is flammable, corrosive, oxidant, or reactive. Call REM at (765) (765) 49-40121 for assistance with identifying the hazards of samples. If samples are consolidated for storage (e.g., vial boxes), it is not always necessary to label every sample container. For example, a box containing sample vials which are all in the same hazard class (e.g., miscellaneous pharmaceutical compounds considered to be 52 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 5: Laboratory Management Plan • toxic) can have one label on the outside of the box stating “Miscellaneous Toxic Pharmaceutical Compounds” or a similar description. A label such as the one shown in Figure 5.9 can be used to identify consolidated samples, and should only be used on a temporary basis. This type of information communicates the hazards to emergency responders, as well as gives REM the information necessary for proper disposal. If the chemical substance is produced for another user outside of the lab, the Laboratory Supervisor must comply with the Hazard Communication Standard including the requirements for preparation of SDSs and container labeling. Figure 5.9 – Example Temporary Sample Container Label 5.14 Transporting Hazardous Chemicals Transporting chemicals is a potentially hazardous process that must be done properly to avoid accidents and potential injuries. The following subsections discuss how to properly ship chemical off campus using a shipping company, how to transport chemicals on campus using a Purdue-owned vehicle, and how to safely move chemicals by foot across campus. 5.14.1 Shipping Hazardous Chemicals off Campus Shipping chemicals, research samples, or other similar materials off campus is potentially regulated by the Department of Transportation (DOT) and/or other regulatory agencies. Chemicals regulated for shipping require very specific types of packaging, labeling, and documentation and must be prepared by trained personnel. REM makes the determination 53 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 5: Laboratory Management Plan on whether a chemical is classified as hazardous for transportation purposes. Unless the researcher is DOT trained, they are not authorized to make this determination. Shipments that are not prepared by trained personnel can result in delays, loss of research samples, and potential regulatory fines. REM can provide assistance by either providing shipment services, or if necessary, training personnel on the proper shipping procedures. More information about shipping chemicals can be found on the REM webpage. (http://www.purdue.edu/rem/hmm/shiphm.htm) As previously stated, REM prepares all regulated chemicals for shipment according to DOT requirements. However, laboratory personnel prepare the inner container (e.g., vial, jar) and provide it to REM for shipment. When selecting an inner container to be given to REM for an off-campus hazardous materials shipment, the following guidelines must be followed: • • • The chemical must be compatible with the container. For example, corrosive chemicals must not be placed in metal containers; hydrofluoric acid in any concentration must not be placed in glass containers. Chemical permeability should be considered when selecting a plastic container, especially for organic solvents. The container must be able to effectively contain the chemical during transportation under normal conditions. The container must have an appropriate lid that is able to close and seal, meaning the container will not leak during transportation under normal conditions. Any containers that do not properly seal (e.g., beaker, flask, test tube) will not be shipped off campus by REM. 5.14.2 Transporting Chemicals on Campus via Purdue Vehicle Purdue University is a state agency and therefore is exempt from Department of Transportation (DOT) hazardous materials regulations. However, the “intent” of the DOT regulations is still required when transporting chemicals on campus using a motor vehicle. This essentially means that all chemical containers must be properly packaged, labeled, and segregated according to hazard class. Do not attempt to move large volumes (e.g., greater than 5 gallons in total volume) of chemicals across campus. If a large volume of chemicals needs to be moved across campus, such as an entire lab move, contact REM (765) 49-40121 for further assistance. The following procedures must be followed in order to properly and legally transport chemicals across campus: • Only Purdue-owned vehicles are permitted to be used to transport chemicals. For liability and insurance purposes, no personal vehicles should ever be used to transport hazardous chemicals. 54 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 5: Laboratory Management Plan • • • • • • • • • • Ensure that each container has an appropriate, tight fitting lid. The lid should have the ability to contain the contents of the container even if it becomes inverted during transport. Examples of inappropriate lids include cracked caps, loosely fitting rubber stoppers, or Parafilm®. Chemicals should be segregated according to the primary hazard class. For example, do not place an oxidizer such as ammonium nitrate in the same container as an organic solvent such as acetone. All containers should be packaged upright. Chemical containers should be placed in some type of outer packing such as a box, bin or bucket. Containers should remain securely packaged during loading, transport, and unloading. Glass to glass contact should be avoided. Bubble wrap, newspaper, and vermiculite are good examples of packaging material that will prevent glass to glass contact. The outer containers should remain tightly secured during transport. Measures should be taken to avoid movement of the outer containers. For example, the containers should be secured using a strap or an empty box can be used to fill the gap between the last box and the sidewall of the vehicle. The outer container must be labeled in a manner that identifies the contents (e.g. corrosives, flammables). Transport with two or more people if possible. Be prepared for unseen accidents. At least one person should be knowledgeable of the materials being transported. An inventory with an estimated volume or weight per hazard should be recorded and available during transport (e.g., 5 gallons of flammable liquid and 10 pounds of toxic solids). Prepare a spill kit prior to transport. Material such as appropriate PPE, absorbent material, and an empty bucket is sufficient for most small spills. Carry a cell phone and know who to call in the event of an emergency. The Purdue Fire Department will respond to on-campus emergencies. Dial 911 from a Purdue phone or (765) 49-48221 from a cell phone to contact Purdue Police dispatch. 5.14.3 Transporting Chemicals on Campus via Foot Transporting small volumes of chemicals across campus via foot (e.g., from two neighboring campus buildings) is acceptable as long as it is done properly. Do not attempt to move large volumes (e.g., greater than 5 gallons in total volume) of chemicals across campus via foot. If a large volume of chemicals needs to be moved, such as an entire lab move, contact REM (765) 49-40121 for further assistance. The following procedures must be followed when moving chemicals on campus by way of foot: 55 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 5: Laboratory Management Plan • PPE must be worn when handling potentially contaminated surfaces. During the time which the chemicals are moved on campus via foot, PPE may not be necessary or even appropriate (e.g., employees should not wear chemical-resistant gloves in public areas). However, appropriate PPE and spill containment equipment should be brought along in the event of a spill or incident. • Purdue Stores’ stock room personnel shall not dispense or sell chemicals in breakable containers of any size unless the customer has an approved transport container in which to place the chemical for transporting before leaving the Stock Room. Chemical requisitioners may purchase a transport container from Purdue Stores. Approved transport container means a commercially available bottle carrier made of rubber, metal, or plastic with carrying handle(s) which is large enough to hold the contents of the Figure 5.10 – Chemical Bottle Carrier container if broken in transit. Carrier lids or covers are recommended, but not required. Rubber or plastic should be used for acids/alkalis; and metal, rubber, or plastic for organic solvents. An example of a bottle carrier is illustrated in Figure 5.10. Laboratory carts used to transport chemicals from one area to another shall be stable and in good condition. Transport only a quantity which can be handled easily. Plan the route ahead of time so as to avoid all steps or stairs. Freight elevators, not passenger elevators, should be used to transport hazardous chemicals whenever possible. The individual transporting the hazardous chemicals should operate the elevator alone if possible. Avoid getting on an elevator when a person is transporting hazardous chemicals. • • 5.15 Laboratory Security All laboratory personnel have a responsibility to protect university property from misuse and theft of hazardous materials, particularly those that could threaten human health. At a minimum, the following security measures should be employed in all campus laboratories: • The laboratory door should remain locked when not occupied. 56 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 5: Laboratory Management Plan • • • Always feel free to question anyone that enters the lab that you do not know and ask to see identification if necessary. If you see anything suspicious or someone displays suspicious behavior, immediately report it to the Purdue Police Department by dialing 911 (emergency) or (765) 494-8221 (non-emergency). Any sensitive information or particularly hazardous chemicals should not be stored out in the open where anyone can readily have access to them. These types of materials should be stored in a secure location and lab personnel should always be present when these materials are in use. 5.16 Laboratory Self-Inspections REM performs laboratory inspections for various purposes (e.g., routine building safety and compliance inspections). However, the Laboratory Supervisor a qualified designee should also inspect the laboratory for compliance with the requirements of the CHP at a minimum on an annual basis. Lab personnel have a much greater understanding of the unique hazards and issues that are encountered in their individual lab than REM does. The goal of these inspections is to identify and correct unsafe and non-compliant conditions that could potentially result in an injury to lab personnel or a fine from a regulatory agency (e.g., open hazardous waste container). All deficiencies found during the inspection should be reviewed and corrected. The following elements should be performed during these inspections: • • • • • Housekeeping practices should be reviewed. Chemicals should be stored appropriately and labeled. Evidence of spills and/or chemical contamination should be cleaned. All glassware and equipment should be stored appropriately, etc. Hazard assessments should be updated if process changes have occurred. For example, the lab is now performing organic synthesis and working with organometallic compounds. Training records should be updated and documented if new lab personnel have not yet been trained or if any processes have changed. Excess or outdated chemicals should be properly disposed of by REM. Safety supplies such as PPE and spill containment equipment should be replenished if necessary. A recommended template to use during laboratory self-inspections is the ISP Self-Audit Checklist, which can be found on the REM website. (https://www.purdue.edu/rem/home/forms/ispcheck.pdf) 57 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 5: Laboratory Management Plan 5.17 Laboratory Ergonomics Many tasks in laboratories require repetitive motions which may lead to cumulative trauma injuries of the body, these effects can be long term. Tasks like pipetting, weighing multiple samples, standing at the bench or hood and using microscopes for long periods of time can cause physical stress. Even time compiling data at a computer poses potential physical problems. Ergonomics is the study of interaction of the human body with the work environment. Ergonomics strives to fit the job to the body through proper body positioning, posture, movement, tools, workplace layout and design. Parts of the body commonly affected by poor ergonomics include: neck, shoulders, back, hands, wrists, elbows, legs, and feet. REM has resources available to improve ergonomic conditions and help reduce cumulative trauma injuries to laboratory workers. Often simple adjustments are all that is required to improve conditions. Refer to the REM webpage for detailed information regarding REM’s laboratory ergonomics program. (http://www.purdue.edu/rem/safety/ergo.htm) 5.18 Laboratory Electrical Safety 5.18.1 Training Laboratory employees shall be trained to understand the specific hazards associated with electrical energy. See the written Electrical Safety Program on the REM website for more detailed information. (http://www.purdue.edu/rem/home/booklets/elsp.pdf) Employees who need access to operate circuit breakers and fused switches in electrical panels may require additional training to be designated by their supervisor as qualified for the task. 5.18.2 Portable Electrical Equipment and Extension Cords The following requirements apply to the use of cord-and-plug-connected equipment and flexible cord sets (extension cords): • • Extension cords may only be used to provide temporary power and must be used with Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI) protection during maintenance and construction activities and in damp or wet locations. Portable cord and plug connected equipment and extension cords must be visually inspected before use for external defects such as loose parts, deformed and missing pins, or damage to outer jacket or insulation, and for possible internal damage such 58 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 5: Laboratory Management Plan • • • • • • • • • • • as pinched or crushed outer jacket. Any defective cord or cord-and-plug-connected equipment must be removed from service and no person may use it until it is repaired and tested to ensure it is safe for use. Extension cords must be of the three-wire type. Extension cords and flexible cords must be designed for hard or extra hard usage. The rating or approval must be visible. Portable equipment must be handled in a manner that will not cause damage. Flexible electric cords connected to equipment may not be used for raising or lowering the equipment. Extension cords must be protected from damage. Sharp corners and projections must be avoided. Flexible cords may not be run through windows or doors unless protected from damage, and then only on a temporary basis. Flexible cords may not be run above ceilings or inside or through walls, ceilings or floors, and may not be fastened with staples or otherwise hung in such a fashion as to damage the outer jacket or insulation. Extension cords used with grounding type equipment must contain an equipmentgrounding conductor; the cord must accept a three-prong, or grounded, plug. Operating equipment with extension cords without a grounding plug is prohibited. Attachment plugs and receptacles may not be connected or altered in any way that would interrupt the continuity of the equipment grounding conductor. Additionally, these devices may not be altered to allow the grounding pole to be inserted into current connector slots. Clipping the grounding prong from an electrical plug is prohibited. Flexible cords may only be plugged into grounded receptacles. Adapters that interrupt the continuity of the equipment grounding connection may not be used. All portable electric equipment and flexible cords used in highly conductive work locations, such as those with water or other conductive liquids, or in places where employees are likely to contact water or conductive liquids, must be approved for those locations. Employee's hands must be dry when plugging and unplugging flexible cords and cord and plug connected equipment if energized equipment is involved. If the connection could provide a conducting path to the employee’s hands (e.g. if a cord connector is wet from being immersed in water), the energized plug and receptacle connections must be handled only with insulating protective equipment. Lamps for general illumination must be protected from breakage, and metal shell sockets must be grounded. Temporary lights must not be suspended by their cords unless they have been designed for this purpose. 59 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 5: Laboratory Management Plan • 5.18.3 Extension cords are considered to be temporary wiring, and must also comply with the section on “Requirements for Temporary Wiring” in this program. Temporary Wiring Requirements Temporary electrical power and lighting installations 600 volts or less, including flexible cords, cables and extension cords, may only be used during and for renovation, maintenance, repair, or experimental work. The following additional requirements apply: • • • • • • • Ground-fault protection (e.g. GFCI) must be provided on all temporary-wiring circuits, including extension cords, used for construction or maintenance activities. In general, all equipment and tools connected by cord and plug must be grounded. Listed or labeled double insulated tools and appliances need not be grounded. Receptacles must be of the grounding type. Flexible cords and cables must be of an approved type and suitable for the location and intended use. They may not be used as a substitute for the fixed wiring, where run through holes in walls, ceilings or floors, where run through doorways, windows or similar openings, where attached to building surfaces, or where concealed behind building walls, ceilings, floors, rugs or carpeting . Suitable disconnecting switches or plug connects must be installed to permit the disconnection of all ungrounded conductors of each temporary circuit. Lamps for general illumination must be protected from accidental contact or damage, either by elevating the fixture above 8 feet above the floor or other working surface or by providing a suitable guard. Hand lamps supplied by flexible cord must be equipped with a handle of molded composition or other approved material and must be equipped with a substantial bulb guard. Flexible cords and cables must be protected from accidental damage. Sharp corners and projections are to be avoided. Flexible cords and cables must be protected from damage when they pass through doorways or other pinch points. 5.18.4 Wet or Damp Locations Work in wet or damp work locations (i.e., areas surrounded or near water or other liquids) should not be performed unless it is absolutely critical. Electrical work should be postponed until the liquid can be cleaned up. The following special precautions must be incorporated while performing work in damp locations: • • Only use electrical cords that have GFCIs; Place a dry barrier over any wet or damp work surface; 60 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 5: Laboratory Management Plan • • • Remove standing water before beginning work. Work is prohibited in areas where there is standing water; Do not use electrical extension cords in wet or damp locations; and Keep electrical cords away from standing water. 61 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 6: Laboratory PPE Policy Chapter 6: 6.1 Laboratory PPE Policy Purpose The purpose of this Laboratory Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Policy is to ensure that all Purdue lab employees are aware of the PPE requirements and procedures to adequately protect themselves against chemical, radiological, biological, or mechanical hazards. This policy has been prepared in accordance with the requirements of the OSHA PPE regulations (29 CFR 1910.132 - 29 CFR 1910.140, 29 CFR 1910.95). As briefly discussed in Chapter 4 of the CHP, PPE should never be used in place of engineering and administrative controls. 6.2 Scope This Laboratory PPE Policy applies to all personnel that work with or around hazardous chemicals or other safety and health hazards. This policy is a part of the larger, allencompassing Purdue PPE Policy that applies to all areas (not just laboratories) of the West Lafayette Campus, regional campuses, research farms and agricultural centers and related facilities and operations. This Laboratory PPE Policy does not cover all potential hazards (e.g., confined space entry, welding operations, and high voltage) in all operations or settings. If a laboratory encounters hazards not covered in this Laboratory PPE Policy, then refer to the Purdue University personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Policy for more information or contact REM at (765) 49-46731 for assistance. (http://www.purdue.edu/rem/home/booklets/PPEPolicy.pdf) 6.3 Hazard Assessment The hazard assessment is a process of identifying the hazards associated with a defined task, and prescribing PPE along with other relevant protection measures that must be employed to minimize the risk from the hazards. Hazard assessments are performed by completing a certification of hazard assessment, which is a written document detailing the hazard assessment process for defined tasks. The Laboratory Supervisor is responsible for ensuring that hazard assessments are performed and the certification(s) is written, signed, dated, and readily available or posted in each location. The Laboratory Supervisor is also responsible for ensuring that all lab personnel receive documented training on applicable hazard assessments. The certification of hazard assessment should be reviewed at least annually and updated any time a process is modified or when a new task which presents a hazard is introduced into the lab. 62 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 6: Laboratory PPE Policy Hazard assessments can be organized using three formats: by individual task (e.g., pipetting hazardous liquids), by location (e.g., Chemistry Laboratory Room 1250), or by job title (e.g., Chemistry Lab Technician). Any of these formats is acceptable and often will be used in conjunction with each other to provide the safest laboratory work environment possible for employees. The following subsections describe each hazard assessment format in more detail. 6.3.1 Task Evaluation Hazard Assessment Task evaluation hazard assessments should be conducted for specific tasks such as preparing dilute hydrochloric acid solutions or an ozonolysis reaction and workup. These types of hazard assessments should be written in a very detailed manner. The following describes the steps that should be taken to perform a task evaluation hazard assessment: • • • • Describe the task. List hazards associated with each body part. Determine PPE requirements for each hazard. List other control measures required such as engineering and administrative controls. See the REM webpage for the task evaluation hazard assessment template. (http://www.purdue.edu/rem/home/files/forms.htm#ppe) 6.3.2 Location Evaluation Hazard Assessment Location evaluation hazard assessments should be conducted for specific areas/laboratories. These types of hazard assessments should be written in a comprehensive manner that includes the majority of hazards present in a specific location (e.g., flammable and corrosive liquids). This type of hazard assessment is the most commonly used in laboratories and should be posted in a location within the lab where it is easily accessed by personnel (e.g., posted near the front door of the lab). If employees perform specific tasks not covered by the laboratory hazard assessment, then it will be necessary to perform another type of hazard assessment such as the task evaluation assessment that does address the specific hazards of that task. The following describes the steps that should be taken to perform a task evaluation hazard assessment: • • • • Identify the hazards. List each task where hazard is present. Determine PPE requirements for each task. List other control measures required engineering and administrative controls. 63 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 6: Laboratory PPE Policy See REM webpage for the location evaluation hazard assessment template. (http://www.purdue.edu/rem/home/files/forms.htm#ppe) 6.3.3 Job Title Evaluation Hazard Assessment Job title evaluation hazard assessments should be conducted for specific positions. These types of hazard assessments should be written in a comprehensive manner that includes the majority of hazards that a specific job position (e.g., Animal Care Technician) routinely encounters during the normal course of work. This type of hazard assessment is commonly used for positions where the hazards encountered do not frequently change. If the employee encounters a hazard that is not covered by the job title evaluation hazard assessment, then it will be necessary to perform another type of hazard assessment such as the task evaluation hazard assessment that does address the specific hazards of that task. The following describes the steps that should be taken to perform a task evaluation hazard assessment: • • • • Identify hazards that the position title may encounter while performing normal duties. List each task where hazard is present. Determine PPE requirements for each task. List other control measures required. See the REM webpage for the job title evaluation hazard assessment template. (http://www.purdue.edu/rem/home/files/forms.htm#ppe) 6.4 Minimum PPE Requirements for Laboratories This section details the minimum PPE requirements for all laboratories using hazardous chemicals. These requirements do not apply to labs that involve solely mechanical, computer, laser or other non-ionizing radiation, or electrical operations. The requirements listed do not cover all operations in all laboratories. Some operations and procedures may warrant further PPE, as indicated by the SDS, the SOP for the chemical(s) being used, facility policies, or regulatory requirements. Figure 6.1 illustrates the minimum PPE required when using hazardous chemicals in a laboratory. 64 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 6: Laboratory PPE Policy Safety Glasses or Goggles Lab Coat Chemical Resistant Long Pants Closed Toe Shoes Figure 6.1 – Appropriate PPE for the Laboratory 6.4.1 Head Protection If there is a serious risk of chemical splash to the head, a chemical-resistant hoodie must be worn. Each affected employee must wear protective helmets when working in areas where there is a potential for injury to the head from falling objects or “bump” hazards. 6.4.2 Hearing Protection Hearing protection is not typically required in laboratory settings. However, if the lab seems excessively noisy (e.g., operating equipment that is loud, air handling unit is loud) and it is difficult to communicate with co-workers while in the lab, contact REM (765) 49-46371 for a noise level evaluation. 65 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 6: Laboratory PPE Policy 6.4.3 Respiratory Protection The use of respirators in the laboratory setting is not typically necessary since all work involving hazardous materials must be conducted in a chemical fume hood whenever possible. When ventilation is not adequate to provide protection against an inhalation hazard, respiratory protective equipment may be necessary. There is a variety of respiratory protective equipment available for use, but no one device will provide protection against all possible hazards. Respirator selection is based on the chemical and process hazard, and the protection factors required. Respirators are not to be used except in conjunction REM’s “Respiratory Protection Program”. This program includes a review of the process to ensure that proper equipment is selected for the job, training of all respiratory protective equipment users concerning the methods for proper use and care of such equipment, fitting of respirator users when required, and medical surveillance of respirator users when required. Contact REM at (765) 49-46371 with questions about the Respiratory Protection Program or visit the REM webpage. (http://www.purdue.edu/rem/home/booklets/RPP98.pdf) 6.4.4 Eye and Face Protection Each affected employee must use appropriate eye and face protection equipment when exposed to hazards from chemical splash, flying debris, or other exposures that may occur in the laboratory. Safety glasses must be worn at all times by all individuals that are occupying the laboratory area. Splash-proof safety goggles and/or a face shield may be more appropriate depending on the type of work being performed (e.g., transferring hazardous liquids outside of a chemical fume hood or glove box). All eye protection equipment must be American National Standards Institute (ANSI) approved and appropriate for the work being done. Eye and face protection may not be required in the lab if the employee is sitting at a workstation or desk that is away from chemical processes (e.g., working at a desktop computer, having a lab meeting at a table away from hazardous operations). 6.4.5 Hand Protection Each affected employee must wear appropriate hand protection when the hands may be exposed to skin contact of hazardous chemicals, cuts, abrasions, punctures, or harmful temperature extremes. Chemical-resistant gloves must be worn while handling any hazardous 66 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 6: Laboratory PPE Policy chemical container; regardless of whether the container is open or closed (it should be assumed that all chemical containers are contaminated). When selecting appropriate gloves, it is important to evaluate the effectiveness of the glove type to the specific hazardous chemical being handled. Some gloves are more suitable for certain hazardous chemicals than others. The SDS for the specific chemical being handled and the glove manufacturer’s glove chart should be consulted to select the most appropriate glove. Do not purchase gloves from a manufacturer that does not provide an adequate glove chart. It is recommended that each lab purchase a general purpose disposable nitrile glove (nitrile gloves are typically more versatile and provide resistance to a wider range of chemicals than latex gloves do) with a minimum of a 4 mil thickness that is suitable for general chemical handling. When handling chemicals with harmful temperature extremes such as liquid nitrogen or autoclaves, appropriate protection such as cryogenic gloves or heat-resistant gloves must be worn. The volume of hazardous chemical being handled should be considered as well. For example, if working with a small volume of a sodium hydroxide solution, disposable chemical-resistant gloves provide adequate protection. But if working with a large volume of sodium hydroxide as with a base bath for instance, a more durable glove such as a butyl rubber should be selected to provide adequate protection. Chemical-resistant gloves must not be worn outside of the laboratory (e.g., hallways, elevators, offices) to avoid contamination of public areas. Gloves should also be removed prior to handling any equipment that could likely result in cross-contamination (e.g., water fountains, telephones, computer work stations). Disposable gloves must never be reused. 6.4.6 Body Protection Each affected employee must wear protective clothing to protect the body from recognized hazards. All unprotected skin surfaces that are at risk of injury should be covered. Full length pants or full-length skirt must be worn at all times by all individuals that are occupying the laboratory area; shorts are not permitted. Lab coats, coveralls, aprons, or protective suits are required to be worn while working on, or adjacent to, all procedures using hazardous chemicals (e.g., chemical bottle is open and the chemical is being poured, transferred, pipetted, etc.). Laboratory coats must be appropriately sized for the individual and be fastened (snap buttons are recommended) to their full length. Laboratory coat sleeves must be of a sufficient length to prevent skin exposure 67 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 6: Laboratory PPE Policy while wearing gloves. Flame resistant laboratory coats must be worn when working with pyrophoric materials or flammable liquids greater than 1 liter in volume. It is recommended that 100% cotton (or other non-synthetic material) clothing be worn during these procedures to minimize injury in the case of a fire emergency. Laboratory coats should not be worn outside of a laboratory unless the individual is traveling directly to an adjacent laboratory work area. Laboratory coats should not be worn in common areas such as break rooms, offices, or restrooms. Each department is responsible for providing laundry services as needed to maintain the hygiene of laboratory coats. They may not be cleaned by staff members at private residences or public laundry facilities. Alternatives to laundering lab coats include routinely purchasing new lab coats for employees to replace contaminated lab coats, or using disposable lab coats. 6.4.7 Foot Protection Closed toe shoes must be worn at all times when in the laboratory; open toe shoes and/or sandals are not permitted in any circumstance. Each affected employee must wear protective footwear when working in areas where there is a high-risk of objects falling on or rolling across the foot, piercing the sole, and where the feet are exposed to electrical or chemical hazards. If there is a high risk of chemical contamination to the foot (e.g., cleaning up a chemical spill on the floor), then chemical-resistant booties may need to worn as well. 6.5 Minimum PPE Requirements for Support Staff and Visitors Support staff (e.g., custodians, maintenance workers) and visitors often must enter laboratories to perform routine tasks such as maintenance or take a tour of the lab. These individuals are present in the laboratory, but are not performing work with or directly adjacent to any work with hazardous chemicals. To be present in the laboratory, the minimum PPE requirements include safety glasses, long pants, and closed-toe shoe. If additional PPE is required or if other unique safety requirements must be followed, it is the lab personnel’s responsibility to notify support staff and/or visitors of the additional requirements. 6.6 PPE Training Requirements Laboratory Supervisors must ensure that all employees receive PPE training before any work with hazardous materials occurs. This training must be documented. Document PPE training 68 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 6: Laboratory PPE Policy using Certification of Training form (Appendix B of the Purdue University Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Policy: http://www.purdue.edu/rem/home/booklets/PPEPolicy.pdf) or access it directly from http://www.purdue.edu/rem/home/forms/CertT.pdf. Each lab employee must be trained to know at least the following: • • • • • When PPE is necessary; What PPE is necessary; How to properly don, doff, adjust, and wear PPE; The limitations of the PPE; and The proper care, maintenance, and useful life of PPE. Each affected employee must demonstrate an understanding of the training provided, and the ability to use the PPE properly, before performing any work requiring the use of PPE. When the supervisor has reason to believe that an affected employee who has already been trained does not have the understanding and skill required (e.g., employee is seen handling hazardous materials without wearing proper PPE), then the supervisor must ensure the employee is retrained. 6.7 Injuries, Illnesses, and Medical Examinations Employees must notify their Laboratory Supervisor of all injuries and illnesses regardless of how the magnitude. The laboratory supervisor must ensure that a First Report of Injury form is completed. Employees should report to a Purdue approved occupational medical provider (http://www.purdue.edu/hr/Benefits/wcimmediatecare.html#treatmentFacilities) if medical attention is required (Note: The Purdue University Student Hospital is not an approved occupational medical provider). If the injury is serious and presents an emergency situation, dial 911 and emergency responders (Purdue Fire Department if located on the West Lafayette Campus) will respond and transport the patient to a local hospital emergency room. For more information regarding the First Report of Injury reporting process, visit the REM webpage (http://www.purdue.edu/rem/injury/froi.htm). Departments must provide all employees who work with hazardous chemicals an opportunity to receive medical attention, including any follow-up examinations which the examining physician determines to be necessary, under the following circumstances: • • Whenever an employee develops signs or symptoms associated with a hazardous chemical to which the employee may have been exposed in the laboratory; Where exposure monitoring reveals an exposure level routinely above the action level (or in the absence of an action level, the permissible exposure limit) for an OSHA 69 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 6: Laboratory PPE Policy • regulated substance for which there are exposure monitoring and medical surveillance requirements, medical surveillance shall be established for the affected employee as prescribed by the particular standard; and Whenever an event takes place in the work area such as a spill, leak, explosion, or other occurrence resulting in the likelihood of a hazardous exposure, the affected employee shall be provided an opportunity for a medical examination. All medical examinations must be performed by or under the direct supervision of a licensed medical care provider and must be provided without cost to the employee. 70 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 7: Hazardous Waste Management Chapter 7: 7.1 Hazardous Waste Management Introduction Hazardous waste is generally defined as waste that is dangerous or potentially harmful to human health or the environment. Hazardous waste regulations are strictly enforced by both the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Indiana Department of Environmental Management. The laboratory supervisor is responsible for managing the hazardous waste program in a safe and compliant manner. No chemical waste should be poured down the drain or discarded in the trash unless it is certain that doing so does not violate hazardous waste regulations or the West Lafayette wastewater treatment plant’s requirements (see section 7.7 of this chapter for information and guidance for acceptable sink disposal practices). Hazardous wastes can be liquid, solid, gas, or sludge. They can be discarded chemicals or mixtures generated from research and teaching operations, commercial products (e.g., cleaning fluids or pesticides), or by-products of manufacturing processes. All hazardous waste falls into one of the following categories: • • • • Characteristic Wastes: includes wastes that are ignitable, corrosive, reactive, or toxic (Dlisted). Listed Wastes: includes wastes from common manufacturing and industrial processes (F-listed), wastes from specific industries (K-listed), and wastes from commercial chemical products (U- and P-listed). Universal Waste: includes certain batteries (primarily rechargeable batteries such lithium, nickel-cadmium, nickel metal hydride, and mercury oxide), mercury-containing equipment (e.g., thermometers, thermostats), and certain lamps (e.g., fluorescent bulbs). Note: alkaline batteries and incandescent bulbs are not considered Universal Wastes and can be legally disposed of as trash. Mixed Waste: hazardous waste mixed with radioactive waste. EPA-regulated hazardous waste should not be mistaken for biological or radiological wastes. A more detailed definition of hazardous waste, including the D, F, P, and U lists, is provided in Appendices 1 and 2 of the Hazardous Waste Disposal Guidelines. (http://www.purdue.edu/rem/home/booklets/hwdg.pdf) 71 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 7: Hazardous Waste Management 7.2 Waste Identification and Labeling All chemical constituents in a hazardous waste container must be identified by knowledgeable laboratory personnel. Not only is this required by the EPA, it also ensures that waste can be properly characterized and disposed of by REM. If there is uncertainty about the composition of a waste stream resulting from an experimental process, laboratory employees must consult the laboratory supervisor for assistance. In most cases, careful documentation and review of all chemical products used in the experimental protocol will result in accurate waste stream characterization. Additionally, review SDSs (specifically Section 2, “Hazard Identification” and Section 13, “Disposal Considerations”) to obtain information about hazardous constituents and characteristics. All waste should be properly labeled as soon the first drop of waste enters a waste container. Containers must be labeled and clearly marked with words that describe the contents of the waste and the words "Hazardous Waste". Hazardous waste should be listed completely on the label provided by REM in a percentage format as shown in Figure 7.1. Listing accurate percentages is not as important (+ 5% is acceptable and constituents less than 1% can be listed as “trace”) as listing all of the chemicals that makeup the waste. If a chemical is found in the laboratory and the composition is unknown, it should be assumed to be hazardous and labeled as “Hazardous Waste – awaiting proper characterization”. Figure 7.1 – Purdue University Hazardous Waste Label 72 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 7: Hazardous Waste Management 7.3 Waste Storage Requirements Hazardous waste containers in Purdue laboratories are stored in satellite accumulation area (SAA). SAAs are used to manage hazardous waste in laboratories and shops because doing so provides safe and effective means to accumulate hazardous waste before removal by REM. Additionally, SAAs provide the least restrictive regulatory option for the accumulation and storage of hazardous waste containers. The following SAA rules must be followed at all times when managing hazardous waste in a laboratory: • • • • • • • • • • • • All waste must be stored in containers. Containers must be in good condition and compatible with the waste they contain (no corrosive Hazardous Waste waste in metal containers). Satellite Containers must be kept closed at all times except Accumulation Area when adding or removing waste. Containers must be labeled or clearly marked with words that describe the contents of the waste (e.g., liquid chromatography waste) and the words "Hazardous Waste". Containers must be stored at or near the point of generation and under the control of the generator of the waste (wastes should remain in the same room they were generated in). A central waste collection room should not be established. The waste storage volume should never exceed 55 gallons per SAA. Containers should be segregated by chemical compatibility during storage (e.g., acids away from bases, secondary containment can be used as a means of segregation). Avoid halogenated and non-halogenated wastes in the same waste container. Avoid mixing incompatible waste streams in the same container (e.g., acids with bases, oxidizers with organic solvents) that will potentially create an exothermic reaction in the waste container. If mixing waste streams does create heat, allow the container to vent and cool in a chemical fume hood before sealing to avoid over pressurization of the container as illustrated in Figure 7.2. Collect all highly toxic, reactive, mercury and any exotic wastes (e.g., dioxin compounds, PCBs, controlled substances) separately even if they are chemically compatible with other waste streams. Failing to do so can result in costly disposal fees (e.g., mixing mercury with an organic solvent waste means that the entire waste stream must be treated as mercury waste). All spills and leaks should be cleaned up immediately. Identification of SAAs is not required by the EPA, but it is recommended as a good practice. CAUTION 73 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 7: Hazardous Waste Management Figure 7.2 – Container Failure Due to Mixing Incompatible Waste Streams 7.4 Waste Containers REM does not provide containers to campus. It is the responsibility of the generator of the waste to provide containers. Usually the original container of the main component of the waste can be used (e.g., 4-liter glass jar, 5-gallon green metal solvent can). Purdue Stores also offers waste containers such as 20-liter carboys as shown in Figure 7.3 for sale. If requested, reusable hazardous waste storage containers of 5 gallons or larger may be returned to the generator's area. Mark the container clearly with "Return to", the building, and room number as illustrated in Figure 7.4. Containers unsuitable for reuse will be properly disposed of and not returned. 74 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 7: Hazardous Waste Management Figure 7.3 – 20 Liter Carboy Figure 7.4 – Reusable Waste Container Purdue’s policy for the disposal of empty containers is implemented to protect Purdue facilities and the Physical Facilities Buildings and Grounds staff when removing trash. Please remember that some chemical residues have the potential to mix with other incompatible residues in the dumpster or compactor causing a reaction or fire. In addition, sealed containers may become pressurized during compaction, which may result in residues spraying onto workers. Please keep the following procedures and information in mind when disposing of empty containers: • • • • • • Triple rinse empty containers with a solvent capable of removing the original material. Collect the rinsate for disposal through REM. Identify triple-rinsed, dry, odorless, and empty containers by placing a “Safe for Disposal” label on the container (Figure 7.5). Contact REM at (765) 49-40121 to request a supply of these labels. Remove any cap that may cause the container to become pressurized when compacting. Arrange removal of these containers with the Building Services staff in your area or take these containers to the designated area beside the dumpster outside your building. Figure 7.5 – Safe for Disposal Label If unable to remove residual hazardous materials from containers, submit these to REM for pickup using the Hazardous Materials Pickup Request Form. 75 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 7: Hazardous Waste Management 7.5 Waste Disposal Procedures REM provides pickup services for all chemical waste generated on the West Lafayette campus. A Hazardous Materials Pickup Request Form must be completed and submitted by the generator of the waste to initiate pickup services. Once the pickup request has been processed, REM staff will come to your lab to pick up the waste. Average turnaround time is 3-5 days. The following procedures must be followed in order to have hazardous waste removed from campus locations: 1. Prior to pick up, all waste must be placed in a designated area within the room where the waste was generated. 2. All waste must be placed in an appropriate container(s). 3. All containers must be capped and labeled. 4. Complete and submit a Hazardous Materials Pickup Request Form (Figure 7.6). Visit the REM webpage to find the online Hazardous Material Pickup Request submission form. For further information regarding hazardous waste disposal, call REM at (765) 49-40121 or visit the REM webpage (http://www.purdue.edu/rem/hmm/hmm.htm). Figure 7.6 – Hazardous Materials Pickup Request 76 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 7: Hazardous Waste Management 7.6 Unknown Chemical Waste Unknown chemicals are a serious problem in laboratories. Mysterious chemicals are often stored in labs for years before lab personnel notice the unidentified items. However, steps can be taken to assist with proper management of unknowns. Unknown chemicals must be properly identified according to hazard class before proper disposal. The hazards that should be noted include: corrosive, flammable, oxidizer, reactive, toxic, and radioactive. The following subsections describe in detail how to properly manage unknown chemicals. 7.6.1 Labeling Unknown Chemicals Until the unknown chemical can be properly identified by either lab staff or REM, the container should be labeled with a Hazardous Waste Disposal Tag. The following information should be written on the label: “Unknown hazardous chemical, awaiting proper characterization by REM” as illustrated in Figure 7.7. Figure 7.7 – Properly Labeled Unknown Waste 7.6.2 Identifying Unknown Chemicals Every effort should be made by laboratory personnel to identify unknown chemicals. Here are a few steps that can be taken to help this effort: 77 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 7: Hazardous Waste Management 1. Ask other laboratory personnel if they are responsible for, or can help identify the unknown chemical. 2. The type of research conducted in the laboratory can be useful information for making this determination. Eliminating certain chemicals as a possibility helps narrow the problem as well. This is especially important for mercury, PCB, or dioxin compounds because they must be managed separately from other hazardous waste. 3. For trade products, contact the manufacturer or search online to obtain an SDS. REM staff can assist you in finding an SDS. 7.6.3 Removing Unknown Chemicals from the Work Area If it is not possible to identify the material, a "Hazardous Waste" label should be placed on the container as described above in Section 7.6.1 and a Hazardous Materials Pickup Request Form should be submitted which describes all of the available information (e.g., 4-liter container of clear liquid). Call REM at (765) 49-40121 if you have a question about an unknown. 7.6.4 Preventing Unknown Chemicals Here are a few tips that will help prevent the generation of unknown chemicals: • • • • • • Label all chemical containers, including beakers, flasks, vials, and test tubes. The label should be placed on the container, not the cap to avoid accidental mislabeling. Immediately replace labels that have fallen off or that are deteriorated. Label containers using chemical names. Do not use abbreviations, structure, or formulae. Archived research samples are often stored in boxes containing hundreds of small vials. Label the outside of the box with the chemical constituents paying special attention to regulated materials such as radioactive material, organic solvents, heavy metals and other toxics. If the samples are nonhazardous, label them as such. Submit frequent Hazardous Materials Pickup Request Forms to reduce the amount of chemicals in your laboratory. Employees should dispose of all of their waste before leaving/graduating from Purdue. The lab and/or department should come up with a system to ensure that all faculty, staff, and students properly dispose of hazardous waste, including unwanted research samples, before employees leave. 78 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 7: Hazardous Waste Management 7.7 Sink and Trash Disposal No chemical waste should be poured down the drain or discarded in the trash unless it is certain that doing so does not violate hazardous waste regulations or the West Lafayette wastewater treatment plant’s discharge requirements. In order to ensure improper disposal does not occur, the detailed instruction and guidelines for acceptable sink disposal is provided in the Purdue University Hazardous Waste Disposal Guidelines (Chapter 5.6, Appendix E, and Appendix F: http://www.purdue.edu/rem/home/booklets/hwdg.pdf). Please contact REM at (765) 49-40121 for further information regarding non-hazardous chemical waste disposal. 7.8 Sharps Waste Sharps are items capable of puncturing, cutting, or abrading the skin such as glass or plastic pipettes, broken glass, test tubes, petri dishes, razor blades, needles, and syringes with needles. Sharps waste contaminated with hazardous chemicals must be placed into puncture resistant containers (e.g., sharps container, plastic or metal container with lid) and properly labeled as detailed in Chapter 4 of the Purdue University Hazardous Waste Guidelines. All chemically contaminated waste should be inventoried on a Hazardous Materials Pickup Request Form and sent to REM for proper disposal. Clean uncontaminated broken glassware and plastic sharps should be placed in a corrugated cardboard box or other strong disposable container. Do not exceed 20 pounds. When ready for disposal, the box should be taped shut and prominently labeled as “Sharp Objects/Glass – Discard” or similar wording. The “Safe for Disposal” label (Figure 7.5) should also be affixed to the outside of the container. Contact your Physical Facilities Building Services department for specific non-hazardous waste disposal instructions. More detail regarding sharps, including biologically contaminated sharps, can be found at the found in the REM Sharps and Infectious Waste Handling and Disposal Guidelines. (http://www.purdue.edu/rem/home/booklets/sharps.pdf) 7.9 Liquid Chromatography Waste Liquid chromatography (LC) is an analytical technique used to separate, identify, quantify, and purify individual components of a mixture. This technique is very common in biological and chemical research. The most common type of LC at Purdue is High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Purdue has numerous LC instruments located in laboratories all over campus. Because organic solvents (e.g., methanol, acetonitrile) are commonly used in the process, most LC waste is regulated by the EPA as hazardous waste. Consequently, all containers collecting LC waste must remain closed while the LC unit is in operation. It is neither 79 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 7: Hazardous Waste Management acceptable to place a waste line running from the LC unit into an open waste container nor is it acceptable to use foil or Parafilm® as a means of closure as shown in Figure 7.8. Open Waste Foil Parafilm® Figure 7.8 – Improper LC Waste Collection Practices One of the following practices must be employed in order to comply with hazardous waste regulations for LC waste collection systems: 1. Purchase an engineered container and/or cap designed for LC waste collection. Figure 7.9 shows several examples of acceptable solutions for proper LC waste collection that can be purchased. Safety Cans Ported Cap (No Threads) 4 Port (threaded) Cap Solvent Bottle Cap Figure 7.9 – Proper LC Waste Collection Options for Purchase 2. An existing cap can be modified by the research lab for LC waste collection. To modify an existing cap, a hole can be drilled into a cap. The diameter of the hole should be similar to the diameter of the waste line; there should be a tight fit between the container opening and waste line. In addition, a hole should be drilled to accommodate any exhaust filter or air valve tube that may be required. It is recommended that either a 4-liter container or 5-gallon carboy be used for waste collection. The modified cap should be replaced with a regular, unmodified cap once the container is full and ready for REM pickup. See Figure 7.10 for examples of acceptable modified caps. 80 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 8: Chemical Spills Chapter 8: Chemical Spills Chemical spills in the laboratory can pose a significant risk to human health and the environment. All lab personnel must be trained on how to properly respond to chemical spills in order to minimize risk. In general, chemical spills can be placed into one of two categories: nonemergency chemical spills, or emergency chemical spills. 8.1 Non-Emergency Chemical Spill Procedures Non-emergency chemical spills are generally defined as less than 1 liter, do not involve a highly toxic or reactive material, do not present a significant fire or environmental hazard, and are not in a public area such as a hallway. These spills can be cleaned up by properly trained lab personnel using conventional lab PPE (e.g., safety glasses/goggles, lab coat, gloves) and the lab spill kit. In general, when a non-emergency spill occurs in the lab the area around the spill should be isolated, everyone in the lab should be made aware of the spill, and the spilled material should be absorbed and collected using either pads or some other absorbent material such as oil dry or kitty litter. Decontamination of the spill area should be conducted using an appropriate solvent (soap and water is often the most effective). Proper PPE should be worn at all times and only trained personnel should conduct the cleanup. Additionally, review the SDS(s) (specifically Section 6, “Accidental Release Measures”) to obtain chemical-specific cleanup information. 8.2 Emergency Chemical Spill Procedures Emergency chemical spills are generally defined as greater than 1 liter, involve a highly toxic or reactive compound, present an immediate fire or environmental hazard, or require additional PPE (e.g., respirator) and specialized training to properly cleanup. The following procedures should be followed in the event of an emergency chemical spill: • • Cease all activities and immediately evacuate the affected area (make sure that all personnel in the area are aware of the spill and also evacuate). If chemical exposure has occurred to the skin or eyes, the affected personnel should be taken to the nearest safety shower and eyewash station. 81 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 8: Chemical Spills • • Dial 911, which will initiate both the Purdue Police and Purdue Fire Department response, if the situation is, or could become an emergency (e.g., chemical exposure has occurred, a fire or explosion has occurred). The fire alarm should be pulled, which will initiate building evacuation, if any of the following occurs: o A fire and/or explosion has occurred (or there is a threat of fire and/or explosion); o The large spill (which is either highly toxic or presents an immediate fire or environmental hazard) is in a public area such as a hallway; o Toxic vapors are leaving the area where the spill has occurred, such as seeping from the laboratory into the hallway or neighboring rooms; o You are unsure of the hazards and feel that the spill could be harmful to building occupants. o Ensure that no one else is allowed to enter the area until the spill has been properly cleaned up by the Purdue Fire Department. 8.3 Chemical Spill Kits Each laboratory should have a spill response kit available for use. Lab spill kits can either be purchased from a vendor or created by lab personnel, but each spill kit should be equipped to handle small spills of the most common hazards in the laboratory. The kit should be equipped with response and cleanup materials such as: • • • • • Absorbent materials such as pads, booms, oil dry or kitty litter, booms, or pillows Neutralizing agents (e.g., Neutrasorb®) for acids and/or bases if high volume of acids and/or bases are stored in the laboratory Containers such as drums, buckets, and/or bags to containerize spilled material and contaminate debris generated during the cleanup process PPE such as gloves, safety glasses and/or goggles, lab coat or apron, chemical-resistant booties Caution tape or some other means to warn people of the spill 82 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 9: Training Chapter 9: Training Effective training is crucial to a successful laboratory safety program. Laboratory Supervisors must actively participate in the training process to ensure that all lab employees are effectively trained before any work with hazardous materials occurs. This chapter details the minimum training requirements for all Purdue laboratories. It should be noted that depending on the type of research being conducted and associated hazards, there may be additional training requirements that are not detailed in this chapter. For more information, contact REM at (765) 49-6371 or visit the REM Training webpage. (http://www.purdue.edu/rem/home/files/training.htm) 9.1 CHP Training As discussed in Chapter 1 of the CHP, all laboratory employees (PIs, graduate students, lab technicians/managers, post-docs, visiting scientists, etc.) must receive documented CHP training before any work with hazardous materials occurs. The Laboratory Supervisor is responsible for providing CHP training. Initial CHP training should include the following: • • • • Review the lab-specific CHP in its entirety Review lab-specific hazard assessments Review lab-specific SOPs Review any other lab-specific protocol or requirements Refer to Appendix A for the CHP Awareness Certification Form, which can be used to document CHP training. 9.1.1 Annual CHP Refresher Requirements After receiving the initial documented CHP training, all lab employees must receive annual CHP refresher training as well. This annual refresher training can be a condensed version of the initial CHP training, but should include at least the following elements: • • • • Review of the lab-specific hazard assessments (review of PPE requirements) Review of the lab-specific SOPs Review of any additional lab-specific rules and requirements Review of chemical spill and lab emergency procedures 83 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 9: Training 9.2 PPE Training As discussed in Chapter 6 of the CHP, Laboratory Supervisors must ensure that all lab employees receive documented PPE training before any work with hazardous materials occurs. Document PPE training using the Certification of Training form (Appendix B of the Purdue University Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Policy: http://www.purdue.edu/rem/home/booklets/PPEPolicy.pdf) or get it directly from http://www.purdue.edu/rem/home/forms/CertT.pdf. Each lab employee must be trained to know at least the following: • • • • • When PPE is necessary What PPE is necessary How to properly don, doff, adjust, and wear PPE The limitations of the PPE The proper care, maintenance, and useful life of PPE Each affected employee must demonstrate an understanding of the training provided, and the ability to use the PPE properly, before performing any work requiring the use of PPE. 9.3 SOP Training As discussed in Chapter 4 of the CHP, SOPs are written instructions that detail the steps that will be performed during a given procedure and include information about potential hazards and how these hazards will be mitigated. SOPs must be developed for all high-hazard tasks that are performed in the lab, which is defined as work with: • • • • • • Explosives Water-reactive, pyrophoric, self-heating, or self-reactive chemicals Particularly hazardous substances, which includes carcinogens, reproductive toxins, and acutely toxic substances Compressed gases Work involving more than 1 liter of flammable liquids, flammable solids, corrosives, oxidizers, or organic peroxides at one time High-hazard tasks can also include work with equipment that creates particularly hazardous conditions. Examples include solvent distillation, work with high-pressure systems, hydrogenation, work with cryogenic chemicals such as liquid nitrogen, etc. 84 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Chapter 9: Training Laboratory Supervisors must ensure that all applicable personnel receive documented training on lab-specific SOPs. More information regarding SOPs can be found on the REM website. (http://www.purdue.edu/rem/home/files/sop.htm) 9.4 Laboratory Chemical Safety Course (CHM 605) The Purdue Department of Chemistry offers a graduate level, zero credit fall-semester course (CHM 605) that covers the fundamentals of laboratory chemical safety practices. CHM 605 includes a strong focus on learning how to find, read, interpret and use the information in safety data sheets, chemical labels, and other printed chemical safety information. Other topics covered include fire protection/prevention, electrical safety, laser and ionizing radiation safety, machine safety (pumps, autoclaves, centrifuges), and non-PPE safety equipment (hoods, extinguishers, fire protection systems and building elements, general ventilation, showers, eyewashes), and an understanding of administrative controls, engineering controls, and how to select, use, maintain and decide to retire/replace PPE necessary for laboratory work with chemicals. Regulatory agency familiarity and compliance topics including OSHA, EPA, DOT, and NRC are also included. CHM 605 is open to all departments and is a required course for some departments. All graduate students working in a laboratory environment are strongly encouraged to take CHM 605. 9.5 REM Researcher’s Guide The CHP focuses on work with hazardous chemicals in the laboratory. However, other common types of hazards are present in many research labs as well (e.g., biological hazards, lasers, etc.). REM has developed the Researcher’s Guide as a tool to assist researchers with compliance and training requirements for a broad range of common hazards and regulatory programs found in the laboratory. Visit the REM Researcher’s Guide for more detailed information. (http://www.purdue.edu/rem/home/files/researchers.htm) 85 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Appendix A: CHP Awareness Certification Form Appendix A: CHP Awareness Certification Form 86 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Appendix A: CHP Awareness Certification Form PURDUE UNIVERSITY Chemical Hygiene Plan and Hazardous Materials Safety Manual Awareness Certification (Please Type or Print Legibly) For: CHP of Dr. Paul Shepson, BRWN 5159, 5165C Principal Investigator, Building, and Room(s) After reading the "Purdue Chemical Hygiene Plan”, complete and return a copy of this form to WTHR 173 Chemistry raining Records. Your supervisor may want copies kept in the group as well. By signing below you acknowledge that you are aware of the Chemical Hygiene Plan and the policies and procedures applicable to the OSHA Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories Standard (29 CFR 1910.1450). Your supervisor will provide additional information and training as appropriate. Name: Work Telephone: Email Address: Department: Job Title: Employee Signature: Date: Filing: 87 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Appendix A: CHP Awareness Certification Form Completed Chemical Hygiene Plan Awareness Certifications are to be filed in a central administrative location within each staff member’s department. These and all other safety training records should be organized in a way that allows original records to be retrieved quickly and efficiently on request by an OSHA inspector or a REM staff member, and to be retrieved for a single staff member or for an entire work group (identified by PI/supervisor). 88 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Appendix B: OSHA Hazard Class Definitions Appendix B: OSHA Hazard Class Definitions 89 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Appendix B: OSHA Hazard Class Definitions B.1 Physical Hazards B.1.1 Flammable Liquids Flammable hazards are materials which under standard conditions can generate sufficient vapor to cause a fire in the presence of an ignition source. Flammable liquids (e.g., hexane, ethyl acetate, xylene) are more hazardous at elevated temperatures due to more rapid vaporization. The following definitions are important to understand when evaluating the hazards of flammable liquids: • • • • • • Flammable liquid is a liquid having a flash point no greater than 93 °C (200 °F). Flash point is the minimum temperature at which the application of an ignition source causes the vapors of a liquid to ignite under specified test conditions. Boiling point is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the atmospheric pressure and the liquid changes into a vapor. Auto ignition temperature is the minimum temperature at which self-sustained combustion will occur in the absence of an ignition source. Lower explosive limit (LEL) is the lowest concentration (percentage) of a gas or a vapor in air capable of producing a flash of fire in presence of an ignition source (arc, flame, heat). Upper explosive limit (UEL) is the highest concentration (percentage) of a gas or a vapor in air capable of producing a flash of fire in presence of an ignition source (arc, flame, heat). Some organic solvents (e.g., diethyl ether) have the potential to form potentially shocksensitive organic peroxides. See Appendix 3 for additional information regarding peroxide forming chemicals. Chapter 5.7.2 of the CHP details flammable liquids storage requirements. B.1.2 Flammable Solids A flammable solid is a solid which is readily combustible, or may cause or contribute to a fire through friction. Readily combustible solids are powdered, granular, or pasty substances which 90 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Appendix B: OSHA Hazard Class Definitions are dangerous if they can be easily ignited by brief contact with an ignition source. Flammable solids are more hazardous when widely dispersed in a confined space (e.g., finely divided metal powders). B.1.3 Gases under Pressure Gases under pressure are gases which are contained in a receptacle at a pressure not less than 280 kPA at 20 °C or as a refrigerated liquid. Gases under pressure include the following: • • • • Compressed gas is a gas which when packaged under pressure is entirely gaseous at -50 °C; including all gases with a critical temperature ≤ -50 °C. Liquefied gas is a gas which when packaged under pressure is partially liquid at temperatures above -50 °C. Refrigerated liquefied gas is a gas which when packaged is made partially liquid because of its low temperature. Dissolved gas is a gas which when packaged under pressure is dissolved in a liquid phase solvent. All compressed gases are hazardous due to the fact they are stored in compressed cylinders, which can explode and act as a projectile if ruptured. Compressed gases also carry the hazards of the chemicals they contain such as asphyxiation (carbon dioxide), toxicity (nitric oxide), flammable (propane), and corrosive (hydrogen chloride). Chapter 5.7.3 of the CHP details compressed gases storage requirements. B.1.4 Pyrophoric, Self-Heating, and Self-Reactive Materials Pyrophoric material (also called “spontaneously combustible”) is a liquid or solid that even in small quantities and without an external ignition source can ignite after coming in contact with the air. Self-heating material is a solid or liquid, other than a pyrophoric substance, which, by reaction with air and without energy supply, is liable to self-heat. This endpoint differs from a pyrophoric substance in that it will ignite only when in large amounts (kilograms) and after long periods of time (hours or days). 91 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Appendix B: OSHA Hazard Class Definitions Self-reactive material is a thermally unstable liquid or solid liable to undergo a strongly exothermic thermal decomposition even without participation of oxygen (air). Chapter 5.7.4 of the CHP details the storage requirements for reactive chemicals. B.1.5 Water-Reactive Materials A water-reactive material is a liquid or solid that reacts violently with water to produce a flammable or toxic gas, or other hazardous conditions. Alkali metals (e.g., sodium, potassium) and metal hydrides (e.g., calcium hydride) are common water-reactive materials found in laboratories. Chapter 5.7.4 of the CHP details the storage requirements for reactive chemicals. B.1.6 Oxidizers An oxidizing solid/liquid is a solid/liquid which, while in itself is not necessarily combustible, may generally by yielding oxygen, cause or contribute to the combustion of other material. Hydrogen peroxide, nitric acid, and nitrate solutions are examples of oxidizing liquids commonly found in a laboratory. Sodium nitrate, Sodium perchlorate, and Potassium permanganate are examples of oxidizing solids commonly found in a laboratory. Chapter 5.7.7 of the CHP details oxidizer storage requirements. B.1.7 Organic Peroxides An organic peroxide is an organic liquid or solid which contains the bivalent -0-0- structure and may be considered a derivative of hydrogen peroxide, where one or both of the hydrogen atoms have been replaced by organic radicals. The term also includes organic peroxide formulations (mixtures). Such substances and mixtures may: • • • • Be liable to explosive decomposition; Burn rapidly; Be sensitive to impact or friction; or React dangerously with other substances Chapter 5.7.7 of the CHP details organic peroxide storage requirements. 92 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Appendix B: OSHA Hazard Class Definitions B.1.8 Explosives An explosive substance (or mixture) is a solid or liquid substance (or mixture of substances) which is in itself capable by chemical reaction of producing gas at such a temperature and pressure and at such a speed that can cause damage to the surroundings. Pyrotechnic substances are included even when they do not evolve gases. A pyrotechnic substance (or mixture) is designed to produce an effect by heat, light, sound, gas or smoke or a combination of these as the result of non-detonative, self-sustaining, exothermic chemical reactions. An explosive compound that is sometimes found in a laboratory setting is picric acid (2,4,6-trinitrophenol). If a laboratory plans to work with explosive compounds, contact REM for further instructions before any work occurs. B.2 Health Hazards A chemical is a health hazard if there is statistically significant evidence based on at least one study conducted in accordance with established scientific principles that acute or chronic health effects may occur in exposed employees. Each health hazard is defined and briefly discussed below. B.2.1 Irritants Irritants are defined as chemicals that cause reversible inflammatory effects on living tissue by chemical action at the site of contact. A wide variety of organic and inorganic compounds, including many chemicals that are in a powder or crystalline form, are irritants. Symptoms of exposure can include reddening or discomfort of the skin and irritation to respiratory systems. B.2.2 Sensitizers A sensitizer (allergen) is a substance that causes exposed individuals to develop an allergic reaction in normal tissue after repeated exposure to the substance. Examples of sensitizers include diazomethane, chromium, nickel, formaldehyde, isocyanates, arylhydrazines, benzylic and allylic halides, and many phenol derivatives. Sensitizer exposure can lead to all of the symptoms associated with allergic reactions, or can increase an individual’s existing allergies. 93 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Appendix B: OSHA Hazard Class Definitions B.2.3 Corrosives Corrosive substances cause destruction of living tissue by chemical corrosion at the site of contact and can be either acidic or caustic (basic). Major classes of corrosive substances include: • • • • Strong acids such as sulfuric, nitric, hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids Strong bases such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and ammonium hydroxide Dehydrating agents such sulfuric acid, sodium hydroxide, phosphorus pentoxide and calcium oxide Oxidizing agents such as hydrogen peroxide, chlorine, and bromine Chapter 5.7.6 of the CHP details corrosives storage requirements. B.2.4 Hazardous Substances with Toxic Effects on Specific Organs Substances with toxic effects on specific organs include: • • • • • Hepatotoxins, which are substances that produce liver damage, such as nitrosamines and carbon tetrachloride. Nephrotoxins, which are substances that cause damage to the kidneys, such as certain halogenated hydrocarbons. Neurotoxins, which are substances that produce toxic effects on the nervous system, such as mercury, acrylamide, and carbon disulfide. Substances that act on the hematopoietic system (e.g., carbon monoxide and cyanides), which decrease hemoglobin function and deprive the body tissues of oxygen. Substances that damage lung tissue such as asbestos and silica. B.2.5 Particularly Hazardous Substances Substances that pose such significant threats to human health are classified as "particularly hazardous substances" (PHSs). The OSHA Laboratory Standard requires that special provisions be established to prevent the harmful exposure of researchers to PHSs, including the establishment of designated areas for their use. Particularly hazardous substances are divided into three primary types: 1. Carcinogens 94 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Appendix B: OSHA Hazard Class Definitions 2. Reproductive Toxins 3. Substances with a High Acute Toxicity B.2.5.1 Carcinogens Carcinogens are chemical or physical agents that cause cancer. Generally they are chronically toxic substances; that is, they cause damage after repeated or long-duration exposure, and their effects may only become evident after a long latency period. Chronic toxins are particularly insidious because they may have no immediately apparent harmful effects. These materials are separated into two classes: 1. Select Carcinogens: Select carcinogens are materials which have met certain criteria established by the National Toxicology Program or the International Agency for Research on Cancer regarding the risk of cancer via certain exposure routes. It is important to recognize that some substances involved in research laboratories are new compounds and have not been subjected to testing for carcinogenicity. 2. Regulated Carcinogens: Regulated carcinogens are more hazardous and have extensive additional requirements associated with them. The use of these agents may require personal exposure sampling based on usage. When working with Regulated Carcinogens, it is particularly important to review and effectively apply engineering and administrative safety controls as the regulatory requirements for laboratories that may exceed long term (8 hour) or short term (15 minutes) threshold values for these chemicals are very extensive. B.2.5.2 Reproductive Toxins Reproductive toxins include any chemical that may affect the reproductive capabilities, including chromosomal damage (mutations) and effects on fetuses (teratogens). Reproductive toxins can affect the reproductive health of both men and women if proper procedures and controls are not used. For women, exposure to reproductive toxins during pregnancy can cause adverse effects on the fetus; these effects include embryolethality (death of the fertilized egg, embryo or fetus), malformations (teratogenic effects), and postnatal functional defects. For men, exposure can lead to sterility. Examples of embryotoxins include thalidomide and certain antibiotics such as tetracycline. Women of childbearing potential should note that embryotoxins have the greatest impact during the first trimester of pregnancy. Because a woman often does not know that she is pregnant during this period of high susceptibility, special caution is advised when working with all chemicals, especially those rapidly absorbed through the skin (e.g., formamide). 95 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Appendix B: OSHA Hazard Class Definitions B.2.5.3 Substances with a High Acute Toxicity Substances that have a high degree of acute toxicity are materials that may be fatal or cause damage to target organs as the result of a single exposure or exposures of short duration. Acute toxins are quantified by a substance’s lethal dose-50 (LD50) or lethal concentration-50 (LC50), which is the lethal dose of a compound to 50% of a laboratory tested animal population (e.g., rats, rabbits) over a specified time period. High acute toxicity includes any chemical that falls within any of the following OSHA-defined categories: • • • A chemical with a median lethal dose (LD50) of 50 mg or less per kg of body weight when administered orally to certain test populations. A chemical with an LD50 of 200 mg less per kg of body weight when administered by continuous contact for 24 hours to certain test populations. A chemical with a median lethal concentration (LC50) in air of 200 parts per million (ppm) by volume or less of gas or vapor, or 2 mg per liter or less of mist, fume, or dust, when administered to certain test populations by continuous inhalation for one hour, provided such concentration and/or condition are likely to be encountered by humans when the chemical is used in any reasonably foreseeable manner. Chapter 5.7.5 of the CHP details acutely toxic compounds storage requirements. 96 The official version of this document will only be maintained online. Appendix C: Peroxide Forming Chemicals Appendix C: Peroxide Forming Chemicals Appendix C: Peroxide Forming Chemicals Autoxidation in common laboratory solvents can lead to unstable and potentially explosive peroxide formation. The reaction can be initiated by exposure to air, heat, light, or contaminants. Most of these solvents are available with inhibitors to slow the peroxide formation. Examples of inhibitors include BHT (2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methyl phenol) and Hydroquinone. There are three categories of peroxide formers: Group A chemicals are those which form explosive levels of peroxides after prolonged storage, especially after exposure to air without concentration. Test these for peroxide formation before using and discard 3 months after opening. Table C.1 – Group A Chemicals Butadiene Isopropyl ether Chloroprene Tetrafluoroethylene Divinylacetylene Vinylidine chloride Group B chemicals form peroxides that are hazardous only on concentration by distillation or evaporation. Test these before distillation and discard after 12 months. Table C.2 – Group B Chemicals Acetal Dicyclopentadiene Methyl isobutyl ketone Acetaldehyde Diethyl ether 4-Methyl-2-pentanol Benzyl alcohol Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether 2-Pentanol 2-Butanol Dioxane 4-Penten-1-ol Cumene Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether 1-Phenylethanol Cyclohexanol 4-Heptanol 2-Phenylethanol 2-cyclohexen-1-ol 2-Hexanol 2-Propanol Cyclohexene Methylacetylene Tetrahydrofuran Decahydronaphthalene 3-Methyl-1-butanol Tetrahydronaphthalene Diacetylene Methylcyclopentane Vinyl ether Appendix C: Peroxide Forming Chemicals Group C chemicals consist of monomers which form peroxides that can initiate explosive polymerization. Inhibited monomers should be tested before use and discarded after 12 months. Uninhibited monomers should be discarded 24 hours after opening. Table C.3 – Group C Chemicals Acrylic acid Styrene Acrylonitrile Tetrafluoroethylene Butadiene Vinyl acetate Chloroprene Vinyl acetylene Chlorotrifluoroethylene Vinyl chloride Methyl methacrylate Vinyl pyridine General Guidelines • • • • • • Solvents containing inhibitors should be used whenever possible. All peroxide forming solvents should be tested prior to distillation. Peroxide forming solvents should be purchased in limited quantities. Peroxide forming solvents should be marked with the purchase date and the date opened. Peroxide forming solvents should be sealed tightly and stored away from light and heat. Periodic testing should be done on opened containers and the results marked on the containers. Testing • • • Obtain test strips for the range of 0-100 ppm peroxide. Record the test results on the bottle. If the test results are 100 ppm or greater, contact REM (765-49-40121) for proper disposal. Appendix C: Peroxide Forming Chemicals Appendix D: University Chemical Management Committee Charter APPENDIX D - Charter University Chemical Management Committee University Chemical Management Committee Charter The primary responsibility of the University Chemical Management Committee is to promote safe and proper chemical management at the West Lafayette Campus, Regional Campuses, University Research Farms and Agricultural Centers, and related facilities and operations. Chemical management includes, but is not limited to, the procurement and the safe handling, use, storage, and disposal of chemicals. The Chemical Management Committee shall consist of members appointed from the faculty and staff of the major research, teaching, and service areas where chemicals are handled or used. Committee members shall be appointed annually by the President upon recommendation of the Vice President for Research and the Vice President for Physical Facilities in consultation with the various deans. The Chairperson, a member of the faculty, shall also be appointed by the president. The Head of Radiological and Environmental Management and designees shall serve as ex officio members of the Committee. The specific duties and responsibilities of the Chemical Management Committee shall include, but are not limited to, the following: 1. Serve as advisor to the University Community on matters related to chemical management. 2. Be cognizant of all applicable government and University policies, procedures, guidelines, laws and regulations related to chemical management and transmit this information in appropriate form to the University Community. 3. Develop, review, and/or approve procedures and guidelines, and prescribe special conditions, requirements, and/or restrictions related to chemical management. 4. Recommend to the Vice President for Research and the Vice President for Physical Facilities policies related to chemical management. 5. Develop, review, approve, and recommend programs of training in chemical management for the University Community. 6. Review conditions not in compliance with government and/or University policies, procedures, guidelines and regulations, and recommend appropriate corrective actions. In extreme circumstances, this may include suspension of the activity in question. 7. Keep a written record of activities, actions, decisions and recommendations of the Committee. 8. Submit to the Vice President for Research and the Vice President for Physical Facilities, and, through appropriate channels, the Faculty an annual report detailing the activities of the Committee. The business of the Committee is administered through the Department of Radiological and Environmental Management. The Head of Radiological and Environmental Management and the Chairperson shall conduct the interim business of the Committee subject to review by the Committee. Radiological and Environmental Management has the responsibility for ensuring compliance with all government and University policies, procedures, guidelines, laws and regulations related to chemical management and will advise and assist the Committee in areas related to chemical management. The official versions of all REM forms and documents are the versions at the REM website. Always check there -- being at www.purdue.edu/REM -- to make sure that you have the official version of any form or other document. 101 APPENDIX D - Charter University Chemical Management Committee The responsibility for the success of these programs rests with the entire University Community. Vice Presidents, deans, directors, chairpersons and department heads shall inform the faculty and staff of, and require compliance with, all government and University policies, procedures, guidelines, laws and regulations related to chemical management. Individual faculty members and supervisors shall ensure that chemical management requirements are understood and followed by their subordinates, including technicians, undergraduates, graduate students, and post doctorates fellows. The official versions of all REM forms and documents are the versions at the REM website. Always check there -- being at www.purdue.edu/REM -- to make sure that you have the official version of any form or other document. 102 APPENDIX E - Incompatible Chemicals Appendix E: Incompatible Chemicals The official versions of all REM forms and documents are the versions at the REM website. Always check there -- being at www.purdue.edu/REM -- to make sure that you have the official version of any form or other document. 103 APPENDIX E - Incompatible Chemicals Certain chemicals should not be stored (and cannot be easily/safely mixed) with certain other chemicals due to severe exothermicity of reaction or uncontrolled production of a toxic product. In the event of earth tremor or other unexpected breakage, especially during fire, the consequences of proximal storage of incompatible materials can be fatal to staff, fire fighters, and other emergency responders. The following list contains examples of incompatibilities. The list should not be considered complete. For complete information about a specific chemical, always consult at least one current Material Safety Data Sheet. Acetic acid Acetone Acetylene Alkali/alkaline earth metals Ammonia (anhydrous) Ammonium nitrate Aniline Arsenical materials Azides Bromine Calcium oxide Carbon (activated) Carbon tetrachloride Chlorates Chlorine Chlorine dioxide aldehyde, bases, carbonates, hydroxides, metals, oxidizers, peroxides, phosphates, xylene, chromic acid, nitric acid, hydroxyl compounds, ethylene glycol, perchloric acid, peroxides, permanganates Concentrated nitric and sulfuric acid mixtures, acids, amines, oxidizers, plastics halogens, mercury, potassium, oxidizers, silver, copper Water, carbon tetrachloride or other chlorinated hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, halogens, aldehydes, ketones, sulfur, plastics, acids mercury, calcium hypochlorite, hydrofluoric acid, acids, aldehydes, amides, halogens, heavy metals, oxidizers, plastics, sulfur acids, alkalis, chloride salts, flammable & combustible materials, metals, organic materials, phosphorous, reducing agents, urea, chlorates, sulfur acids, aluminum, dibenzoyl peroxide, oxidizers, plastics, Any reducing agent acids, heavy metals, oxidizers acetaldehyde, alcohols, alkalis, ammonia, amines, petroleum gases, combustible materials, ethylene, fluorine, hydrogen, ketones (acetone, carbonyls, etc.), metals, sodium carbide, sulfur water, acids, ethanol, fluorine, organic materials alkali metals, calcium hypochlorite, halogens, oxidizers Sodium finely divided organic or combustible materials ammonium salts, acids, powdered metals, sulfur acetylene, alcohols, ammonia, benzene, butadiene, butane, combustible materials, ethylene, flammable compounds (hydrazine), hydrocarbons (acetylene, hydrogen, hydrogen peroxide, iodine, metals, methane, nitrogen, oxygen, propane (or other petroleum gases), sodium carbide, sodium hydroxide hydrogen, mercury, organic materials, phosphorus, potassium hydroxide, sulfur, methane, phosphine, ammonia, methane, phosphine, hydrogen sulfide The official versions of all REM forms and documents are the versions at the REM website. Always check there -- being at www.purdue.edu/REM -- to make sure that you have the official version of any form or other document. 104 APPENDIX E - Incompatible Chemicals Chromic acid, chromic oxide. Copper Cumene hydroperoxide Cyanides Flammable liquids Fluorine Hydrocarbons (liq and gas) Hydrocyanic acid Hydrofluoric acid Hydrogen peroxide Hydrogen sulfide Hydroperoxide Hypochlorites Iodine Mercury Nitric acid Nitrites Nitroparaffins Oxalic acid Oxygen Perchloric acid Peroxides, organic Phosphorus (white) Potassium chlorate Potassium perchlorate Potassium permanganate Selenides acetone, alcohols, alkalis, ammonia, bases, acetic acid, naphthalene, camphor, glycerin, flammable liquids in general, naphthalene, camphor, glycerol, benzene, hydrocarbons, metals, organic materials, phosphorus, plastics calcium, hydrocarbons, oxidizers, acetylene, hydrogen peroxide acids (organic or inorganic) acids, alkaloids, aluminum, iodine, oxidizers, strong bases ammonium nitrate, chromic acid, hydrogen peroxide, nitric acid, sodium peroxide, halogens, oxygen, oxidizers in general All other chemicals see flammable liquids nitric acid, alkali metals, organic materials, plastics, silica (glass, including fiberglass), sodium, ammonia all organics, nitric acid, phosphorous, sulfuric acid, sodium, most metals or their salts acetylaldehyde, metals, oxidizers, sodium, fuming nitric acid reducing agents acids, activated carbon acetylaldehyde, acetylene, ammonia, metals, sodium, hydrogen acetylene, aluminum, amines, ammonia, calcium, fulminic acid, lithium, oxidizers, sodium acids, nitrites, metals, sulfur, sulfuric acid , most organics, plastics, sodium acids inorganic bases, amines oxidizers, silver, mercury, sodium chlorite all flammable & combustible materials, oil, grease, ammonia, carbon monoxide, metals, phosphorous, polymers all organics, wood, paper, oil, grease, dehydrating agents, hydrogen halides, iodides, bismuth and alloys Acids (organic or mineral), avoid friction, store cold oxygen, air, alkalis, reducing agents acids, ammonia, combustible materials, fluorine, hydrocarbons, metals, organic materials, sugars, reducing agents alcohols, combustible materials, fluorine, hydrazine, metals, organic matter, reducing agents, sulfuric acid benzaldehyde, ethylene glycol, glycerol, sulfuric acid Reducing agents The official versions of all REM forms and documents are the versions at the REM website. Always check there -- being at www.purdue.edu/REM -- to make sure that you have the official version of any form or other document. 105 APPENDIX E - Incompatible Chemicals Silver Sodium Sodium nitrate Sodium peroxide Sulfides Sulfuric acid Tellurides Acetylene, oxalic acid, tartartic acid, ammonium compounds, fulminic acid, ozonides, peroxyformic acid Carbon tetrachloride, carbon dioxide, water, acids, hydrazine, metals, oxidizers acetic anhydride, acids, metals, organic matter, peroxyformic acid, reducing agents Ethyl or methyl alcohol, glacial acetic acid, acetic anhydride, benzaldehyde, carbon disulfide, glycerin, ethylene glycol, ethyl acetate, methyl acetate, furfural, benzene, hydrogen sulfide metals, oxidizers, peroxyformic acid, phosphorous, reducing agents, sugars, water acids alcohols, bases, chlorates, perchlorates, permanganates of potassium, lithium, sodium, magnesium, calcium Reducing agents Reference: Guide for Safety in the Chemical Laboratory, 2nd ed., Manufacturing Chemists' Association, Van Nostrand Reinhold: New York, 1972, pp. 215-217, Safety in Academic Chemistry Laboratories, ACS 7th ed. 2003, and various MSDSs and chemical container labels. The official versions of all REM forms and documents are the versions at the REM website. Always check there -- being at www.purdue.edu/REM -- to make sure that you have the official version of any form or other document. 106 APPENDIX F - Peroxidizables Appendix F: Peroxidizables The official versions of all REM forms and documents are the versions at the REM website. Always check there -- being at www.purdue.edu/REM -- to make sure that you have the official version of any form or other document. 107 APPENDIX F - Peroxidizables Peroxidizable chemicals such as those listed below should be dated upon receipt. Storage and use should be limited to the time indicated for each class or list. Containers which show signs of iron oxide or copper oxide should be handled with extra precaution since many metal oxides promote peroxide formation. The most hazardous compounds - those which can accumulate a hazardous level of peroxides simply on storage after exposure to air - are in List A. Compounds forming peroxide that are hazardous only on concentration of impurities (as in distillation or evaporation) are in List B. List C consists of vinyl monomers that may form peroxides which can initiate explosive polymerization of the monomers. List A -- 12 months Diethyl ether Isopropyl ether Divinyl acetylene Vinylidene chloride Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether (glyme) Dicyclopentadiene Methyl acetylene Cumene Tetrahydronaphthalene List B -- 18 months List C -- 18 months Acetal Styrene Dioxane Butadiene Tetrahydrofuran Tetrafluoroethylene Vinyl ether Chlorotrifluoroethylene Vinyl acetate Vinyl chloride Vinyl pyridine 2-Butanol Chlorobutadiene (Chloroprene) 2-Propanol Ethylbenzene 3-Methyl-1-butanol The official versions of all REM forms and documents are the versions at the REM website. Always check there -- being at www.purdue.edu/REM -- to make sure that you have the official version of any form or other document. 108 APPENDIX F - Peroxidizables Cyclohexene 1-Pentene Methylcyclopentane 2-Pentanone Benzyl alcohol 3-Pentanone 1-Octene The official versions of all REM forms and documents are the versions at the REM website. Always check there -- being at www.purdue.edu/REM -- to make sure that you have the official version of any form or other document. 109 APPENDIX G - Shock-Sensitive Materials Appendix G: Shock-Sensitive Materials The official versions of all REM forms and documents are the versions at the REM website. Always check there -- being at www.purdue.edu/REM -- to make sure that you have the official version of any form or other document. 110 APPENDIX G - Shock-Sensitive Materials The following are examples of materials which can be shock-sensitive: acetylides aluminum ophorite explosive amatol ammonal ammonium nitrate ammonium perchlorate ammonium picrate ammonium salt lattice butyl tetryl calcium nitrate copper acetylide cyanuric triazide cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine dinitroethyleneurea dinitroglycerine dinitrophenol dinitrophenolates dinitrophenyl hydrazine dinitrotoluene dipicryl sulfone dipicrylamine erythritol tetranitrate fulminate of mercury fulminate of silver fulminating gold fulminating mercury fulminating platinum gelatinized nitrocellulose guanyl nitrosamino guanyltetrazene guanyl nitrosamino guanylidene hydrazine guanylidene heavy metal azides hexanite hexanitrodiphenylamine hexanitrostilbene hexogen hydrazine mixtures hydrazinium nitrate hydrazoic acid lead azide lead mannite lead mononitroresorcinate lead picrate lead salts lead styphnate magnesium ophorite mannitol hexanitrate mercury oxalate mercury tartrate nitrated carbohydrate nitrated glucoside nitrated polyhydric alcohol nitrogen trichloride nitrogen tri-iodide nitroglycerin nitroglycide nitroglycol nitroguanidine nitroparaffins nitronium perchlorate nitrotoluene nitrourea organic amine nitrates organic nitramines organic peroxides (t-butyl peroxide) picramic acid picramide picric acid picryl chloride picryl fluoride polynitro aliphatic compounds potassium nitroaminotetrazole silver acetylide silver azide silver styphnate silver tetrazene sodatol sodium amatol sodium dinitro-ortho-cresolate sodium/potassium nitrate explosive mixtures sodium picramate syphnic acid tetrazene tetranitrocarbazole tetrytol trimonite trinitroanisole trinitrobenzene trinitrobenzoic acid trinitrocresol trinitronaphthalene trinitrophenetol trinitrotoluene tritonal urea nitrate The official versions of all REM forms and documents are the versions at the REM website. Always check there -- being at www.purdue.edu/REM -- to make sure that you have the official version of any form or other document. 111 APPENDIX G - Shock-Sensitive Materials The official versions of all REM forms and documents are the versions at the REM website. Always check there -- being at www.purdue.edu/REM -- to make sure that you have the official version of any form or other document. 112 APPENDIX H - Industrial Toxicological Overview Appendix H: Industrial Toxicology Overview APPENDIX I - Laboratory Safety/Supply Checklist Chemical Toxicology Toxicology is the study of the nature and action of poisons. Toxicity is the ability of a chemical molecule or compound to produce injury once it reaches a susceptible site in or on the body. Toxicity hazard is the probability that injury will occur considering the manner in which the substance is used. Dose-Response Relationships The potential toxicity (harmful action) inherent in a substance is manifest only when that substance comes in contact with a living biological system. A chemical normally thought of as "harmless" will evoke a toxic response if added to a biological system in sufficient amount. The toxic potency of a chemical is thus ultimately defined by the relationship that is produced in a biological system. Routes of Entry into the Body There are four main routes by which hazardous chemicals enter the body: • • • • Inhalation: Absorption through the respiratory tract. Most important in terms of severity. Skin absorption. Ingestion: Absorption through the digestive tract. Can occur through eating or smoking with contaminated hands or in contaminated work areas. Injection. Can occur by accidental needle stick or puncture of skin with a sharp object. Most exposure standards, Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs), are based on the inhalation route of exposure. They are normally expressed in terms of either parts per million (ppm) or milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m3) concentration in air. If a significant route of exposure for a substance is through skin contact, the TLV or PEL will have a "skin" notation. Examples are pesticides, carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, dioxane, mercury, thallium compounds, xylene, hydrogen cyanide. Types of Effects The official versions of all REM forms and documents are the versions at the REM website. Always check there -- being at www.purdue.edu/REM -- to make sure that you have the official version of any form or other document. 114 APPENDIX I - Laboratory Safety/Supply Checklist Acute poisoning is characterized by rapid absorption of the substance and the exposure is sudden and severe. Normally, a single large exposure is involved. Examples are carbon monoxide or cyanide poisoning. Chronic poisoning is characterized by prolonged or repeated exposures of a duration measured in days, months or years. Symptoms may not be immediately apparent. Examples are lead or mercury poisoning, pesticide exposure. Local refers to the site of action of an agent and means the action takes place at the point or area of contact. The site may be skin, mucous membranes, the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal system, eyes, etc. Absorption does not necessarily occur. Examples are strong acids or alkalis and war gases. Systemic refers to a site of action other than the point of contact and presupposes absorption has taken place. For example, an inhaled material may act on the liver. Examples are arsenic affects the blood, nervous system, liver, kidneys and skin; benzene affects bone marrow. Cumulative poisons are characterized by materials that tend to build up in the body as a result of numerous chronic exposures. The effects are not seen until a critical body burden is reached. Examples are heavy metals. Substances in combination, meaning two or more hazardous materials present at the same time whose resulting effect is greater than the effect predicted based on the individual substances. This combined effect is called a synergistic or potentiating effect. An example is exposure to alcohol and chlorinated solvents. Other Factors Affecting Toxicity • Rate of entry and route of exposure; that is, how fast the toxic dose is delivered and by what means. • Age can effect the capacity to repair tissue damaged. • Previous exposure can lead to tolerance, increased sensitivity, or make no difference. • State of health, medications, physical condition, and life style can affect the toxic response. Pre-existing disease can result in increased sensitivity. • Environmental factors, such as temperature and pressure. • Host factors, including genetic predisposition and the sex of the exposed individual. Physical Classifications of Toxic Materials Gas applies to a substance which is in the gaseous state at room temperature and pressure. The official versions of all REM forms and documents are the versions at the REM website. Always check there -- being at www.purdue.edu/REM -- to make sure that you have the official version of any form or other document. 115 APPENDIX I - Laboratory Safety/Supply Checklist A vapor is the gaseous phase of a material which is ordinarily a solid or a liquid at room temperature and pressure. When considering the toxicity of gases and vapors, the solubility of the substance is a key factor. Highly soluble materials like ammonia irritate the upper respiratory tract. On the other hand, relatively insoluble materials like nitrogen dioxide penetrate deep into the lung. Fat soluble materials, like pesticides, tend to have longer residence times in the body. An aerosol is composed of solid or liquid particles of microscopic size dispersed in a gaseous medium. The toxic potential of an aerosol is only partially described by its concentration in milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m3). For a proper assessment of the toxic hazard, the size of the aerosol's particles is important. Particles above 1 micrometer tend to deposit in the upper respiratory tract. Below 1 micrometer particles enter the lung. Very small particles (< 0.2 um) are generally not deposited. Physiological Classifications of Toxic Materials Irritants are materials that cause inflammation of mucous membranes with which they come in contact. Inflammation of tissue results from concentrations far below those needed to cause corrosion. Examples include: • • • • ammonia hydrogen chloride halogens phosgene • • • • nitrogen dioxide arsenic trichloride phosphorus chlorides alkaline dusts and mists • diethyl/dimethyl sulfate • hydrogen fluoride • ozone Irritants can also cause changes in the mechanics of respiration and lung function. Examples include: • sulfur dioxide • formaldehyde • sulfuric acid • iodine • acetic acid • formic acid • acrolein Long term exposure to irritants can result in increased mucous secretions and chronic bronchitis. A primary irritant exerts no systemic toxic action either because the products formed on the tissue of the respiratory tract are non-toxic or because the irritant action is far in excess of any systemic toxic action. Example: hydrogen chloride. A secondary irritant's effect on mucous membranes is over-shadowed by a systemic effect resulting from absorption. Examples include hydrogen sulfide and aromatic hydrocarbons. The official versions of all REM forms and documents are the versions at the REM website. Always check there -- being at www.purdue.edu/REM -- to make sure that you have the official version of any form or other document. 116 APPENDIX I - Laboratory Safety/Supply Checklist Exposure to a secondary irritant can result in pulmonary edema, hemorrhage, and tissue necrosis. Corrosives are chemicals which may cause visible destruction of or irreversible alterations in living tissue by chemical action at the site of contact. Examples include sulfuric acid, potassium hydroxide, chromic acid, and sodium hydroxide Asphyxiants have the ability to deprive tissue of oxygen. Simple asphyxiants are inert gases that displace oxygen. Examples include, nitrogen. nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and helium. Chemical asphyxiants have as their specific toxic action rendering the body incapable of utilizing an adequate oxygen supply. They are toxic at very low concentrations (few ppm). Examples include carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide. Primary anesthetics have a depressant effect upon the central nervous system, particularly the brain. Examples include halogenated hydrocarbons, ether, and alcohols. Hepatotoxic agents cause damage to the liver. Examples include carbon tetrachloride, nitrosamines, and tetrachloroethane. Nephrotoxic agents damage the kidneys. Examples include halogenated hydrocarbons and uranium compounds. Neurotoxic agents damage the nervous system. The nervous system is especially sensitive to organometallic compounds and certain sulfide compounds. Examples include: • trialkyl tin compounds • methyl mercury • organic phosphorus • insecticides • tetraethyl lead • carbon disulfide • thallium • manganese Some toxic agents act on the blood or hematopoietic system. The blood cells can be directly affected or bone marrow can be damaged. Examples include: • nitrites • toluidine • benzene • aniline • nitrobenzene There are toxic agents that produce damage of the pulmonary tissue (lungs) but not by immediate irritant action. Fibrotic changes can be caused by free crystalline silica and asbestos. Other dusts can cause a restrictive disease called pneumoconiosis. Examples include coal dust, cotton dust and wood dusts. The official versions of all REM forms and documents are the versions at the REM website. Always check there -- being at www.purdue.edu/REM -- to make sure that you have the official version of any form or other document. 117 APPENDIX I - Laboratory Safety/Supply Checklist A carcinogen commonly describes any agent or mixture which contains an agent that can initiate or speed the development of malignant or potentially malignant tumors or malignant neoplastic proliferation of cells. Known human carcinogens include: • • • • asbestos alpha-napthylamine 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine vinyl chloride • • • • ethylene oxide N-nitrosodimethylamine inorganic arsenic 1,2-dibromo-3chloropropane (DBCP) • • • • coal tar pitch volatiles 4-nitrobiphenyl methyl chloromethyl ether bis-chloromethyl ether A mutagen affects the chromosome chains of exposed cells. The effect is hereditary and becomes part of the genetic pool passed on to future generations. A teratogen (embryotoxic or fetotoxic agent) is an agent which interferes with normal embryonic development without damage to the mother or lethal effect on the fetus. Effects are not hereditary. Examples include lead and dibromodichloropropane. A sensitizer causes a substantial proportion of exposed people to develop an allergic reaction in normal tissue after repeated exposure to the chemical. The reaction may be as mild as a rash (contact dermatitis) or as serious as anaphylactic shock. Examples include: • epoxides • amines • poison ivy • chromium compounds • toluene diisocyanate • chlorinated hydrocarbons • formaldehyde • nickel compounds Target Organ Effects The following is a target organ categorization of effects which may occur, including examples of signs and symptoms and chemicals which have been found to cause such effects. • • Hepatotoxics cause liver damage Signs and symptoms: jaundice, liver enlargement Example chemicals: carbon tetrachloride, nitrosamines, chloroform, toluene, perchloroethylene, cresol, dimethylsulfate Nephrotoxics produce kidney damage Signs and symptoms: edema, proteinuria The official versions of all REM forms and documents are the versions at the REM website. Always check there -- being at www.purdue.edu/REM -- to make sure that you have the official version of any form or other document. 118 APPENDIX I - Laboratory Safety/Supply Checklist Example chemicals: • • • • • • halogenated hydrocarbons, uranium, chloroform, mercury, dimethyl sulfate Neurotoxins affect the nervous system Signs and symptoms: narcosis, behavioral changes, decreased muscle coordination Example chemicals: mercury, carbon disulfide, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, lead, mercury, nitrobenzene Hematopoietic agents decrease blood functions Signs and symptoms: cyanosis, loss of consciousness. Example chemicals: carbon monoxide, cyanides, nitrobenzene, aniline, arsenic, benzene, toluene Pulmonary agents irritate or damage the lungs Signs and symptoms: cough, tightness in chest, shortness of breath. Example chemicals: silica, asbestos, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, hydrogen sulfide, chromium, nickel, alcohol. Reproductive toxins affect the reproductive system. (mutations and teratogenesis) Signs and symptoms: birth defects, sterility. Example chemicals: lead, dibromodichloropropane. Skin hazards affect the dermal layer of the body Signs and symptoms: defatting of skin, rashes, irritation. Example chemicals: ketones, chlorinated compounds, alcohols, nickel, phenol, trichloroethylene. Eye hazards affect the eye or vision Signs and symptoms: conjunctivitis, corneal damage. Example chemicals: organic solvents, acids, cresol, quinone, hydroquinone, benzyl chloride, butyl alcohol, bases. The official versions of all REM forms and documents are the versions at the REM website. Always check there -- being at www.purdue.edu/REM -- to make sure that you have the official version of any form or other document. 119 APPENDIX I - Laboratory Safety/Supply Checklist Appendix I: Laboratory Safety/Supply Checklist The official versions of all REM forms and documents are the versions at the REM website. Always check there -- being at www.purdue.edu/REM -- to make sure that you have the official version of any form or other document. 120 APPENDIX I - Laboratory Safety/Supply Checklist Laboratory Safety/Supply Checklist The presence/availability of items marked *** is required in all areas of laboratory use of hazardous chemicals. Supervisors must determine which of the others are required. ___ ___ ___ Fire extinguisher Fire blanket Fire alarm ___ ___ ___ ___ Dust pan and broom*** Safety cans for chemical storage ___ ___ ___ Dust masks ___ ___ Acid/corrosive storage cabinet Bottle carrier(s) (rubber, polyethylene) Hazard Assessments documented and posted Flammable storage cabinets Safety shower and eyewash Splash-proof goggles Specialty goggles U.V., IR, Laser, etc.) Face shield (8" minimum) Gloves appropriate for material(s) being used (see Table 1)*** Lab coat*** ___ Other PPE (list) ___ ___ Spill control trays ___ Respirators with appropriate cartridges* Hearing protection (i.e., ear plugs) Emergency procedures for: ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ Spill clean-up media for: ___ ___ ___ ___ • Acid • Base • Solvent • Oil • Mercury • Radioactivity Biosafety supplies: a. Sharps containers b. Autoclave bags c. Biohazard warning labels Chemical Hygiene Plan*** ___ Material Safety Data Sheets ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ a)Fire*** b)Tornado*** c) Chemical spill or explosion*** Laboratory hoods (fan operational, adequate face velocity, no broken glass, clean and orderly) Standard Operating Procedures*** Labeled Containers*** APPENDIX J - Chemicals Requiring Designated Areas * Cartridge respirators may only be worn by employees enrolled in the Purdue Respiratory Protection Program. Contact the REM Industrial Hygiene Section for more information. Appendix J: Chemicals Requiring Designated Areas The official versions of all REM forms and documents are the versions at the REM website. Always check there -- being at www.purdue.edu/REM -- to make sure that you have the official version of any form or other document. 122 APPENDIX J - Chemicals Requiring Designated Areas Select Carcinogens, Reproductive Toxins, and Substances Which Have a High Degree of Acute Toxicity Partly revised summer 2003 This list is revised periodically to reflect changes in the publications used as references (National Toxicology Program, OSHA regulations, and International Agency for Research on Cancer). Contact the REM Industrial Hygiene section at 46113 to inquire about the most recent updates. 1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea 1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU, 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 1,1,2-trichloroethane (vinyl trichloride) 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,1-Dichloroethylene (vinylidene chloride) 1,1-dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) 1,2,3-Trichloropropane 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP, Fumazone) 1,2-Dichloropropane 1,2-Diethylhydrazine 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine 1,3-Butadiene 1,3-Dichloropropene 1,3-Propane sultone 1,4-butanediol dimethanesulfonate (Busulphan, Myleran) 1,4-Dichloro-2-butene 1,4-Dioxane 1,6-Dinitropyrene 1,8-Dihydroxyanthraquinone (Danthron, Chrysazin) 1,8-Dinitropyrene 1-[(5-nitrofurfurylidene)-amino]-2-imidazolidinone (Nifuradene) 1-Amino-2,4-dibromoanthraquinone 1-Amino-2-methylanthraquinone 1-Chloro-1-nitroethane 1-Chloro-2,4-Dinitrobenzene 1-Nitropyrene 2-(2-Formylhydrazino)-4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)thiazole 2, 4, 5-Trichlorophenol 2,2-Bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) 2,3-Dibromo-1-propanol 2,4,5-Trimethylaniline 2,4,5-Trimethylaniline and its strong acid salts 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol 2,4-Diaminoanisole 2,4-Diaminotoluene 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) 2,4-Dichlorophenyl-p-nitrophenyl ether (nitrofen) 2,4-Dinitroaniline 2,4-Dinitrotoluene 2,6-Dimethylaniline (2,6-Xylidine) 2,6-Dinitrotoluene 2-Acetylaminofluorene 2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazol[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) 2-Amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (MeIQ) 2-Amino-5-(5-nitro-2 furyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole 2-Amino-5-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole 2-Aminoanthraquinone 2-Aminofluorene 2-Aminopyridine 2-Methyl-1-nitroanthraquinone 2-Nitrofluorene 2-Nitropropane 3-(N-Nitrosomethylamino)propionitrile 3,3'-Dichloro-4,4'-diaminodiphenyl ether [13909-09-6] [13010-47-4] [79-34-5] [79-00-5] [75-34-3] [75-35-4] [57-14-7] [96-18-4] [96-12-8] [78-87-5] [1615-80-1] [540-73-8] [106-99-0] [542-75-6] [1120-71-4] [55-98-1] [764-41-0] [123-91-1] [42397-64-8] [117-10-2] [42397-65-9] [555-84-0] [81-49-2] [82-28-0] [598-92-5] [97-00-7] [5522-43-0] [3570-75-0] [95-95-4] [3296-90-0] [1746-01-6] [96-13-9] [137-17-7] 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine dihydrochloride 3,3'-Dimethoxybenzidine (o-dianisidine) 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine dihydrochloride (o-dianisidine 3,3'-dimethylbenzidine (o-tolidine) 3,3'-Dimethylbenzidine dihydrochloride 3,7-Dinitrofluoranthene 3,9-Dinitrofluoranthene 3-Amino-9-ethylcarbazole hydrochloride 3-Bromopropyne (Propargyl Bromide) 3-Methylcholanthrene 4-(N-Nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) 4,4'-diaminodiphenyl ether (4,4'-oxydianiline) 4,4'-Methylene bis(2-methylaniline) 4,4'-Methylenebis(2-chloraniline) (MBOCA) 4,4'-methylenebis(N,N-dimethylaniline) 4,4'-Methylenedianiline (4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane) 4,4'-Methylenedianiline Dihydrochloride 4,4'-Thiodianiline 4-Amino-2-nitrophenol 4-aminodiphenyl (4-aminobiphenyl) 4-Chloro-o-phenylenediamine 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene (p-dimethylaminoazobenzene ) 4-Nitrobiphenyl (4-Nitrodiphenyl) 4-Nitropyrene 4-vinyl-1-cyclohexene diepoxide (vinyl cyclohexenedioxide) 4-Vinylcyclohexene 5-(Morpholinomethyl)-3-[(5-nitro-furfurylidene)-amino]-25-(Morpholinomethyl)-3-[(5-nitrofurfurylidene)amino]-25-Chloro-o-toluidine 5-chloro-o-toluidine, strong acid salts 5-Fluorouracil 5-Methoxypsoralen (bergapten, heraclin, majudin) 5-Methylchrysene 5-Nitroacenaphthene 5-Nitro-o-anisidine 6-methyl-2-thiouracil (methylthiouracil) 6-Nitrochrysene 7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene 7H-Dibenzo[c,g]carbazole A-alpha-C (2-Amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole) Acetaldehyde Acetamide Acetochlor Acetohydroxamic acid Acetylene tetrabromide Acifluorfen Acrolein (2-Propenal) Acrylamide Acrylonitrile Acrylyl Chloride Actinomycin D Adriamycin (Doxorubicin hydrochloride) Aflatoxin Aflatoxin M1 Aflatoxins [88-06-2] [615-05-4] [95-80-7] [94-75-7] [1836-75-5] [97-02-9] [121-14-2] [87-62-7] [606-20-2] [53-96-3] [105650-23-5] [77094-11-2] [59716-87-9] [712-68-5] [117-79-3] [153-78-6] [504-29-0] [129-15-7] [607-57-8] [79-46-9] [60153-49-3] [28434-86-8] [91-94-1] [612-83-9] [119-90-4] [20325-40-0] [119-93-7] [612-82-8] [105735-71-5] [22506-53-2] [6109-97-3] [106-96-7] [56-49-5] [64091-91-4] [101-80-4] [838-88-0] [101-14-4] [101-61-1] [101-77-9] [13552-44-8] [139-65-1] [119-34-6] [92-67-1] [95-83-0] [60-11-7] [92-93-3] [57835-92-4] [106-87-6] [100-40-3] [139-91-3] [3795-88-8] [94-79-4] [51-21-8] [484-20-8] [3697-24-3] [602-87-9] [99-59-2] [56-04-2] [7496-02-8] [57-97-6] [194-59-2] [26148-68-5] [75-07-0] [60-35-5] [34256-82-1] [546-88-3] [79-27-6] [62476-59-9] [107-02-8] [79-06-1] [107-13-1] [814-68-6] [50-76-0] [23214-92-8] [7220-81-7] [6795-23-9] [1402-68-2] The official versions of all REM forms and documents are the versions at the REM website. Always check there -- being at www.purdue.edu/REM -- to make sure that you have the official version of any form or other document. 123 APPENDIX J - Chemicals Requiring Designated Areas Alachlor Aldrin Alkylaluminums all-trans retinoic acid Allyl alcohol [2-Propen-l-ol] Allyl chloride Allylamine alpha-Hexachlorocyclohexane alpha-Naphthylamine (1-napthylamine) Alprazolam Amikacin sulfate Aminoglutethimide Aminoglycosides Aminopterin Amiodarone hydrochloride Amitrole (3-amino-1,2,4-triazole) ammonia (gas, liquified) Ammonium Perchlorate Ammonium Permanganate Amoxapine Anabolic steroids (androgenic steroids) Analgesic mixtures containing phenacetin Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors Aniline Aniline hydrochloride Anisindione Antimony oxide (Antimony trioxide) Aramite (butylphenoxyisopropyl chloroethyl sulfite) Aroclor Aroclor 1254 Aroclor 1260 arsenic and all its compounds Asbestos (amosite) Asbestos (ascarite, tremolite) Asbestos (crocidolite) Asbestos (serpentine chrysotile) Aspirin Atenolol Atrazine Auramine O Azacytidine (Azacitidine, Mylosar, 5-azacytidine) Azaserine Azathioprine Azobenzene Barbiturates Beclomethasone dipropionate Benomyl benz[a]anthracene (benzo[a]anthracene) benzal chloride (benzylidine chloride, alpha, alphaBenzene Benzidine benzidine salts Benzidine-based dyes Benzo[a]pyrene Benzo[b]fluoranthene Benzo[j]fluoranthene Benzo[k]fluoranthene Benzodiazepines Benzofuran Benzotrichloride (alpha,alpha,alpha-trichlorotoluene) Benzphetamine hydrochloride benzyl chloride (alpha-chlorotoluene) Beryl Ore beryllium Beryllium Aluminum Alloy beryllium chloride beryllium and all of its compounds Beryllium Phosphate Beryllium sulfate tetrahydrate beryllium zinc silicate (zinc beryllium silicate ) beta-Butyrolactone beta-Hexachlorocyclohexane beta-naphthylamine (C.I. 37270, 2-aminonaphthalene) beta-Propiolactone [15972-60-8] [309-00-2] Betel quid with tobacco Bis(2-chloroethyl)ether Bis(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate (Dioctyl phthalate , Di-sec-octyl bis(chloromethyl) ether bischloroethyl nitrosourea (BCNU, Carmustine) Bitumens , extracts of steam-refined and air-refined Bitumens, extracts of steam-refined and air refined Bleomycins Boron Trichloride Boron trifluoride Boron trifluoride compound with methyl ether Bracken fern Bromine Bromine Chloride Bromine Pentafluoride Bromine Trifluoride Bromodichloromethane Bromoform Bromoxynil Butabarbital sodium Butyl Hydroperoxide (Tertiary) Butyl Perbenzoate (Tertiary) Butylated Hydroxyanisole (BHA) C.I. 12055 (C.I. Solvent Yellow 14, Sudan I) C.I. 12075 (D&C Orange No. 17, Permanent Orange) C.I. 12100 (Oil Orange SS) C.I. 12156 (C.I. solvent red 80, Citrus Red No. 2) C.I. 15585 (D&C Red No. 8) C.I. 15585:1 (D&C Red No. 9) C.I. 16150 (Xylidine Ponceau 2R, Ponceau MX, D&C Red No. C.I. 16155 (Ponceau 3R, D&C Red No. 15) C.I. 22610 (Direct Blue 6) C.I. 23635 (C. I. Acid Red 114) C.I. 23850 (C.I. Direct blue 14, Trypan blue) C.I. 24400 (C.I. Direct Blue 15) C.I. 24401 (C.I. Direct Blue 218) C.I. 41000B (C.I. Basic Yellow 2, Auramine, (Brilliant Oil C.I. 42500 (Basic Red 9 monohydrochloride, pararosanilin) C.I. 42640 (Benzyl violet 4B ) C.I. 45170 (D&C Red No. 19, Rhodamine B, Basic Violet 10)) C.I. 64500 (Disperse Blue 1) Cacodylic acid Cadmium Cadmium Chloride cadmium compounds Cadmium Oxide Cadmium Sulfate Cadmium Sulfide Caffeic acid Calcium arsenate Captafol Captafol (Crisfolatan, Difolatan, Folcid) Captan Carbaryl (Sevin) Carbazole Carbon black Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide Carbon tetrachloride Carbon-black extracts Carbonyl Fluoride Carboplatin Carrageenan, degraded Cellulose Nitrate (concentration greater than 12.6% nitrogen Ceramic fibers (airborne particles of respirable size) Chenodiol Chinomethionat (Oxythioquinox) Chlorambucil Chloramphenicol (chloromycetin) Chlorcyclizine hydrochloride Chlordane Chlordecone (Kepone) Chlordiazepoxide Chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride [302-79-4] [107-18-61] [107-05-1] [107-11-9] [319-84-6] [134-32-7] [28981-97-7] [39831-55-5] [125-84-8] [54-62-6] [19774-82-4] [61-82-5] [7664-41-7] [7790-98-9] [7787-36-2] [14028-44-5] [62-53-3] [142-04-1] [117-37-3] [1309-64-4] [140-57-8] [12767-79-2] [11097-69-1] [11096-82-5] [12172-73-5] [1332-21-4] [12001-28-4] [12001-29-5] [50-78-2] [29122-68-7] [1912-24-9] [2465-27-2] [320-67-2] [115-02-6] [446-86-6] [103-33-3] [5534-09-8] [17804-35-2] [56-55-3] [98-87-3] [71-43-2] [92-87-5] [50-32-8] [205-99-2] [205-82-3] [207-08-9] [271-89-6] [98-07-7] [5411-22-3] [100-44-7] [1302-52-9] [7440-41-7] [12770-50-2] [7787-47-5] [13598-15-7] [7787-56-6] [39413-47-3] [3068-88-0] [319-85-7] [91-59-8] [57-57-8] [111-44-4] [117-81-7] [542-88-1] [154-93-8] [8052-42-4] [11056-06-7] [10294-34-5] [7637-07-2] [353-42-4] [7726-95-6] [13863-41-7] [7789-30-2] [7787-71-5] [75-27-4] [75-25-2] [1689-84-5] [143-81-7] [75-91-2] [614-45-9] [25013-16-5] [842-07-9] [3468-63-1] [2646-17-5] [6358-53-8] [2092-56-0] [5160-02-1] [3761-53-3] [3564-09-8] [2602-46-2] [6459-94-5] [72-57-1] [2429-74-5] [28407-37-6] [492-80-8] [569-61-9] [1694-09-3] [81-88-9] [2475-45-8] [75-60-5] [7440-43-9] [10108-64-2] [1306-19-0] [10124-36-4] [1306-23-6] [331-39-5] [7778-44-1] [2425-06-1] [2939-80-2] [133-06-2] [63-25-2] [86-74-8] [1333-86-4] [75-15-0] [630-08-0] [56-23-5] [353-50-4] [41575-94-4] [9000-07-1] [9004-70-0] [474-25-9] [2439-01-2] [305-03-3] [56-75-7] [1620-21-9] [57-74-9] [143-50-0] [58-25-3] [438-41-5] The official versions of all REM forms and documents are the versions at the REM website. Always check there -- being at www.purdue.edu/REM -- to make sure that you have the official version of any form or other document. 124 APPENDIX J - Chemicals Requiring Designated Areas Chlordimeform Chlorendic acid Chlorinated Paraffins (avg C12 , 60% Chlorine) Chlorine Chlorine dioxide Chlorine Pentrafluoride Chlorine Trifluoride Chlornaphazine (N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)-2-naphthylamine) Chlorodibromomethane Chlorodiethylaluminum (also called Diethylaluminum Chloride) Chloroethane (Ethyl chloride) Chlorofluoromethane (fluorocarbon 31) Chloroform chloromethyl methyl ether (methyl chloromethyl ether) Chlorophenols Chlorophenoxy herbicides Chloropicrin Chloropicrin and Methyl Bromide mixture Chloropicrin and Methyl Chloride mixture Chloroprene (2-chloro-1,3-butadiene) Chlorothalonil Chlorotrianisene Chlorozotocin Chromium Hexavalent Compounds Chrysene Ciclosporin (Cyclosporine, Sandimmune, Neoral) Cinnamyl anthranilate Cisplatin Cladribine Clarithromycin Clobetasol propionate Clofibrate Clomiphene citrate Clorazepate dipotassium Coal tars (coke oven emissions) Coal-tar pitches Cobalt (powder) Cobalt [II] oxide cobalt compounds Cocaine Codeine phosphate Coke Oven Emissions Coke oven emissions Colchicine Commune Hydroperoxide creosote (coal tar creosote, creosote oil, liquid pitch oil) creosote (wood creosote) cresols Crotonaldehyde (E)- [2-Butenal, (E)-] Crotonaldehyde [2-Butenal] Cupferron (ammonium N-nitrosophenylhydroxylamine) Cyanazine Cyanogen (oxalonitrile, oxalic acid dinitrile) cyanogen chloride cyanuric fluoride Cycasin Cyclohexanol Cycloheximide Cyclohexylamine [Cyclohexanamine] Cyclophosphamide cyclophosphamide hydrate Cyclosporin A (Cyclosporine A; Ciclosporin) Cyhexatin Cytarabine Cytembena Dacarbazine Daminozide Danazol Daunomycin Daunorubicin hydrochloride DDD (Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane) DDE (Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene) DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis( pDecaborane [6164-98-3] [115-28-6] [108171-26-2] [7782-50-5] [10049-04-4] [13637-63-3] [7790-91-2] [494-03-1] [124-48-1] [96-10-6] [75-00-3] [593-70-4] [67-66-3] [107-30-2] Decabromobiphenyl Demeclocycline hydrochloride (internal use) Diacetyl Peroxide Diaminotoluene (any isomer or mixed) Diazepam Diazomethane Dibenz[a,h]acridine Dibenz[a,h]anthracene Dibenz[a,j]acridine Dibenzo[a,e]pyrene Dibenzo[a,h]pyrene Dibenzo[a,i]pyrene Dibenzo[a,l]pyrene Dibenzoyl Peroxide Diborane Dichloroacetic acid Dichloroacetylene Dichloromethane (Methylene Chloride) Dichlorosilane Dichlorvos (No-Pest Strip, 2,2-dichloroethenyl dimethyl Dicumarol Dieldrin Dienestrol Diepoxybutane Diesel engine exhaust Diethyl sulfate Diethylstilbestrol (DES) Diethylzinc Diglycidyl ether (di(2,3-epoxypropyl) ether) diglycidyl resorcinol ether (DGRE) Dihydroergotamine mesylate Dihydrosafrole Diisopropyl Peroxydicarbonate Diisopropyl sulfate Dilauroyl Peroxide Dimethyl sulfate (methyl sulfate) Dimethylamine, Anhydrous Dimethyldichlorosilane Dimethyldisulfide Dimethylformamide Dimethylsulfide (methyl sulfide) dimethylvinyl chloride (1-chloro-2-methylpropene) Dinitrotoluene Dinitrotoluene mixture, 2,4-/2,6Dinocap Dinoseb Di-n-propyl isocinchomeronate (MGK Repellent 326) Dioxathion diphenylhydantoin (phenytoin) Diphenylhydantoin (Phenytoin), sodium salt Direct Black 38 Direct Brown 95 (technical grade) Di-t-butyl Peroxide Doxorubicin hydrochloride (Adriamycin) Doxycycline (internal use) Doxycycline calcium (internal use) Doxycycline hyclate (internal use) Doxycycline monohydrate (internal use) Endrin Epichlorohydrin Ergotamine tartrate Erionite Erionite Estradiol 17B estrogens, conjugated estrogens, nonsteroidal estrogens, steroidal Estrone (1,3,5(10)-estratrien-3-ol-17-one, beta-Estrone) Ethidium bromide ethinyl estradiol Ethionamide Ethyl acrylate Ethyl methanesulfonate Ethyl Nitrite [76-06-2] [126-99-8] [1897-45-6] [569-57-3] [54749-90-5] [218-01-9] [79217-60-0] [87-29-6] [15663-27-1] [4291-63-8] [81103-11-9] [25122-46-7] [637-07-0] [50-41-9] [57109-90-7] [8007-45-2] [65996-93-2] [7440-48-4] [1307-96-6] [50-36-2] [52-28-8] [64-86-8] [80-15-9] [8001-58-9] [8021-39-4] [123-73-9] [4170-30-3] [135-20-6] [21725-46-2] [460-19-5] [506-77-4] [675-14-9] [14901-08-7] [108-93-0] [66-81-9] [108-91-8] [50-18-0] [6055-19-2] [59865-13-3] [13121-70-5] [147-94-4] [21739-91-3] [4342-03-4] [1596-84-5] [17230-88-5] [20830-81-3] [23541-50-6] [72-54-8] [72-55-9] [50-29-3] [17702-41-9] [13654-09-6] [64-73-3] [110-22-5] [439-14-5] [334-88-3] [226-36-8] [53-70-3] [224-42-0] [192-65-4] [189-64-0] [189-55-9] [191-30-0] [94-36-0] [19287-45-7] [79-43-6] [7572-29-4] [75-09-2] [4109-96-0] [62-73-7] [66-76-2] [60-57-1] [84-17-3] [1464-53-5] [64-67-5] [56-53-1] [557-20-0] [2238-07-5] [101-90-6] [6190-39-2] [94-58-6] [105-64-6] [2973-10-6] [105-74-8] [77-78-1] [124-40-3] [75-78-5] [624-92-0] [68-12-2] [75-18-3] [513-37-1] [25321-14-6] [39300-45-3] [88-85-7] [136-45-8] [78-34-2] [57-41-0] [630-93-3] [1937-37-7] [16071-86-6] [110-05-4] [25316-40-9] [564-25-0] [94088-85-4] [24390-14-5] [17086-28-1] [72-20-8] [106-89-8] [379-79-3] [12510-42-8] [66733-21-9] [50-28-2] [53-16-7] [1239-45-8] [57-63-6] [536-33-4] [140-88-5] [62-50-0] [109-95-5] The official versions of all REM forms and documents are the versions at the REM website. Always check there -- being at www.purdue.edu/REM -- to make sure that you have the official version of any form or other document. 125 APPENDIX J - Chemicals Requiring Designated Areas Ethyl-4,4'-dichlorobenzilate Ethylamine Ethylene chlorohydrin Ethylene Dibromide [1,2-Dibromoethane (EDB)] Ethylene Dichloride (1,2-Dichloroethane) Ethylene fluorohydrin Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate Ethylene oxide Ethylene thiourea Ethylenediamine [1,2-Ethanediamine] Ethyleneimine (aziridine) Etoposide Etretinate FireMaster BP-0 Fluazifop butyl Flunisolide Fluorine Fluoxymesterone Flurazepam hydrochloride Flutamide Fluticasone propionate Fluvalinate Folpet Formaldehyde (gas or mixture of any concentration) Furan Furazolidone Furmecyclox furylfuramide (2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide, AF-2) Fusarin C gamma-Butyrolactone Ganciclovir sodium Gasoline engine exhaust (condensates/extracts) Germane Glasswool fibers (airborne particles of respirable size) Glu-P-1 (2-Amino-6-methyldipyrido[1,2-a:3',2'-d]imidazole) Glu-P-2 (2-Aminodipyrido[1,2-a:3',2'-d]imidazole) Glycidaldehyde Glycidol Glycol ethers Goserelin acetate Griseofulvin Gyromitrin (Acetaldehyde methylformylhydrazone) Halazepam Halothane HC Blue No. 1 Heptachlor Heptachlor epoxide Hexachlorobenzene (benzene hexachloride, C6Cl6) Hexachlorobutadiene Hexachlorocyclohexanes Hexachlorodibenzodioxin Hexachloroethane Hexafluoroacetone Hexamethyl phosphoramide (HMPA) Hexamethylene diisocyanate Histrelin acetate Hydrazine Sulfate Hydrazine, anhydrous hydrazobenzene (1,2-diphenylhydrazine) Hydrogen Hydrogen Bromide hydrogen chloride (gas only) Hydrogen cyanide hydrogen fluoride (gas or any mixture) Hydrogen Peroxide (52% by weight or greater) Hydrogen Selenide Hydrogen sulfide Hydroxylamine Hydroxyurea Ifosfamide Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene [510-15-6] [75-04-7] [107-07-3] [106-93-4] [107-06-2] [371-62-0] [110-80-5] [111-15-9] [109-86-4] [110-49-6] [75-21-8] [96-45-7] [107-15-3] [151-56-4] [33419-42-0] [54350-48-0] Iodine Iodine-131 Iprodione IQ (2-Amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline) Iron dextran complex Iron pentacarbonyl Isobutyl nitrite Isobutyronitrile [Propanenitrile,2-methyl-] Isoprene Isopropyl chloroformate [Carbonochloridic acid, 1Isopropyl formate Isopropylamine Isosafrole Isotretinoin Kanechlor 500 (under Polychlorinated Biphenyls) Ketene L-5-Morpholinomethyl)-3-[(5-nitro-furfurylidene)amino]-2Lactofen Lasiocarpine Lead Lead acetate Lead arsenate Lead Chromate (under Chromium and Certain Chromium lead compounds lead compounds, inorganic Lead Phosphate Lead subacetate Leuprolide acetate Levonorgestrel implants Lindane (gamma hexachlorocyclohexane, BHC gamma) Lithium carbonate Lithium citrate Lorazepam Lovastatin Magenta Mancozeb Maneb m-Chlorophenol m-diaminoanisole sulfate (2,4-diaminoanisole sulfate) m-Dinitrobenzene Me-A-alpha-C (2-Amino-3-methyl-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole, MeAMedroxyprogesterone acetate Megestrol acetate MeIQx (2-Amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline) MeIQx(2-Amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline) Melphalan Menotropins Meprobamate Mercaptopurine Mercury mercury compounds Mercury, organic cmpds Merphalan Mestranol Methacrylaldehyde Methacryloyl chloride Methacryloyloxyethyl isocyanate Methacycline hydrochloride Metham sodium Methimazole Methotrexate Methotrexate sodium Methoxsalen (8-Methoxsypsoralen) Methoxyflurane Methyl acrylonitrile methyl allyl chloride (3-chloro-2-methylpropene) methyl bromide methyl carbamate methyl chloride methyl chloroformate Methyl Ethyl Ketone Peroxide Methyl fluoroacetate Methyl Fluorosulfate (Methyl fluorosulfonate) methyl hydrazine (monomethylhydrazine) [69806-50-4] [3385-03-3] [7782-41-4] [76-43-7] [1172-18-5] [13311-84-7] [80474-14-2] [69409-94-5] [133-07-3] [50-00-0] [110-00-9] [67-45-8] [60568-05-0] [3688-53-7] [79748-81-5] [96-48-0] [82410-32-0] [7782-65-2] [67730-11-4] [67730-10-3] [765-34-4] [556-52-5] [65807-02-5] [126-07-8] [16568-02-8] [23092-17-3] [151-67-7] [2784-94-3] [76-44-8] [1024-57-3] [118-74-1] [87-68-3] [608-73-1] [34465-46-8] [67-72-1] [684-16-2] [680-31-9] [822-06-0] [10034-93-2] [302-01-2] [122-66-7] [1333-74-0] [10035-10-6] [7647-01-0] [74-90-8] [7664-39-3] [7722-84-1] [7783-07-5] [7783-06-4] [7803-49-8] [127-07-1] [3778-73-2] [193-39-5] [7553-56-2] [10043-66-0] [36734-19-7] [76180-96-6] [9004-66-4] [13463-40-6] [542-56-3] [78-82-0] [78-79-5] [108-23-6] [625-55-8] [75-31-0] [120-58-1] [4759-48-2] [37317-41-2] [463-51-4] [3031-51-4] [77501-63-4] [303-34-4] [7439-92-1] [301-04-2] [7784-40-9] [7758-97-6] [7446-27-7] [1335-32-6] [74381-53-6] [797-63-7] [58-89-9] [554-13-2] [919-16-4] [846-49-1] [75330-75-5] [632-99-5] [8018-01-7] [12427-38-2] [108-43-0] [39156-41-7] [99-65-0] [68006-83-7] [71-58-9] [595-33-5] [77500-04-0] [7500-04-1] [148-82-3] [9002-68-0] [57-53-4] [6112-76-1] [7439-97-6] [531-76-0] [72-33-3] [78-85-3] [920-46-7] [30674-80-7] [3963-95-9] [137-42-8] [60-56-0] [59-05-2] [15475-56-6] [298-81-7] [76-38-0] [126-98-7] [563-47-3] [74-83-9] [598-55-0] [74-87-3] [79-22-1] [1338-23-4] [453-18-9] [421-20-5] [60-34-4] The official versions of all REM forms and documents are the versions at the REM website. Always check there -- being at www.purdue.edu/REM -- to make sure that you have the official version of any form or other document. 126 APPENDIX J - Chemicals Requiring Designated Areas methyl iodide Methyl isocyanate methyl mercaptan methyl mercury compounds methyl methanesulfonate (methyl mesylate) Methyl thiocyanate [Thiocyanic acid, methylester] methyl vinyl ketone methylamine, anhydrous methylazoxymethanol Methylazoxymethanol acetate Methylene biphenyl isocyanate Methylhydrazine salts Methylmercury compounds Methyltestosterone Methyltrichlorosilane Metiram Metronidazole Michler's Ketone [4,4'-(Dimethylamino)benzophenone] Midazolam hydrochloride Mineral Oils Minocycline hydrochloride (internal use) Mirex (Dechlorane) Misoprostol Mitomycin C Mitoxantrone hydrochloride Monocrotaline MOPP and other combined chemotherapy including alkylating Mustard gas (2,2'-dichlorodiethyl sulfide, Sulfur mustard) N,N'-Diacetylbenzidine N,N-dimethylcarbamoyl chloride (dimethylcarbamoyl chloride) N-[4-(5-Nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl] acetamide Nafarelin acetate Nafenopin Nalidixic acid Naphtha (coal tar naphtha, coal tar, petroleum benzine) Neomycin sulfate (internal use) N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea N-Ethyl-N-nitrosovinylamine Netilmicin sulfate nickel Nickel [II] Hydroxide Nickel Acetate nickel alloys Nickel Carbonate Nickel Carbonyl (Nickel Tetracarbonyl) nickel compounds Nickel Hydroxide Nickel II Oxide Nickel refinery dust from the pyrometallurgical process Nickel subsulfide Nickelocene Nicotine Niridazole Nitric Acid (94.5% by weight or greater) nitric oxide (nitrogen monoxide) nitriloacetic acid Nitrilotriacetic acid salts Nitrilotriacetic acid, trisodium salt monohydrate Nitrobenzene Nitrofurantoin Nitrofurazone Nitrogen Dioxide Nitrogen mustard (N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)methylamine, nitrogen mustard hydrochloride (Mechloroethamine Nitrogen mustard N-oxide Nitrogen mustard N-oxide hydrochloride (2-chloro-N-(2Nitrogen Oxides (NO; NO(2); N2O4; N2O3) Nitrogen tetroxide Nitrogen Tetroxide (Nitrogen Peroxide) Nitrogen Trifluoride nitrogen trioxide (dinitrogen trioxide) Nitromethane Nitrous oxide N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine [74-88-4] [624-83-9] [74-93-1] N-methyl-N-nitrosourea ( N-nitroso-N-methylurea) N-Methyl-N-nitrosourethane (N-Nitroso-N-methylurethane) N-Methylolacrylamide N-Nitroso- n-butyl- N-(3-carboxypropyl)amine N-Nitroso- n-butyl- N-(4-hydroxybutyl)amine N-Nitrosodiethanolamine N-nitrosodiethylamine (diethylnitrosamine; DEN) N-Nitrosodimethylamine (Dimethylnitrosamine) N-nitrosodi-n-butylamine (N-butyl-N-nitroso-1-butylamine) N-Nitrosodiphenylamine N-Nitrosomethylethylamine N-Nitrosomethylvinylamine N-Nitrosomorpholine N-nitroso-N-dipropylamine (N-nitroso-N-di-n-propylamine, NN-Nitrosonornicotine N-Nitrosopiperidine n-nitrosopyrrolidine N-Nitrososarcosine Norethisterone (Norethindrone) Norethisterone acetate (Norethindrone acetate) Norgestrel N-Phenyl beta-naphthylamine o,p'-DDT o-Aminoazotoluene o-Anisidine o-Anisidine hydrochloride o-Chlorophenol Ochratoxin A Octabromobiphenyl o-Dichlorobenzene o-Dinitrobenzene Oleum (65% to 80% by weight; also called Fuming Sulfuric Oleum (Fuming Sulfuric acid) [Sulfuric acid, mixture with sulfur o-Nitroanisole (2-Nitroanisole) o-Nitrotoluene o-Phenylenediamine and its salts Oral contraceptives, combined Oral contraceptives, sequential Organo tin compounds Osmium tetroxide o-Toluidine o-Toluidine Hydrochloride Oxadiazon Oxazepam Oxydemeton methyl Oxygen Difluoride (Fluorine Monoxide) Oxymetholone Oxytetracycline (internal use) Oxytetracycline hydrochloride (internal use) Ozone p-a,a,a-Tetrachlorotoluene Paclitaxel Palygorskite (attapulgite) (long fibres, > 5 micrometers) p-Aminoazobenzene Panfuran S p-Anisidine Paramethadione p-Chloro -o-toluidine Hydrochloride p-Chloroaniline p-Chloroaniline hydrochloride p-Chloro-o-toluidine p-Chloro-o-toluidine strong acid salts p-Chlorophenol p-cresidine (5-methyl-o-anisidine) p-dichlorobenzene (1,4-dichlorobenzene) p-Dinitrobenzene Penicillamine Pentaborane Pentachlorophenol Pentobarbital sodium Pentostatin peracetic acid (peroxyacetic acid) Perchloric Acid (concentration greater than 60% by weight) Perchloroethylene (tetrachloroethylene) [66-27-3] [555-64-9] [78-94-4] [74-89-5] [590-96-5] [592-62-1] [101-68-8] [58-18-4] [75-79-6] [9006-42-2] [443-48-1] [90-94-8] [59467-96-8] [13614-98-7] [2385-85-5] [59122-46-2] [50-07-7] [70476-82-3] [315-22-0] [505-60-2] [613-35-4] [79-44-7] [531-82-8] [86220-42-0] [3771-19-5] [389-08-2] [8030-30-6] [1405-10-3] [759-73-9] [13256-13-8] [56391-57-2] [7440-02-0] [12054-48-7] [373-02-4] [3333-67-3] [13463-39-3] [11113-74-9] [1313-99-1] [12035-72-2] [1271-28-9] [54-11-5] [61-57-4] [7697-37-2] [10102-43-9] [139-13-9] [18662-53-8] [98-95-3] [67-20-9] [59-87-0] [10102-44-0] [51-75-2] [55-86-7] [126-85-2] [302-70-5] [101022-44-0] [10544-72-6] [7783-54-2] [10544-73-7] [75-52-5] [10024-97-2] [70-25-7] [684-93-5] [615-53-2] [924-42-5] [38252-74-3] [3817-11-6] [1116-54-7] [55-18-5] [62-75-9] [924-16-3] [86-30-6] [10595-95-6] [4549-40-0] [59-89-2] [621-64-7] [16543-55-8] [100-75-4] [930-55-2] [13256-22-9] [68-22-4] [51-98-9] [6533-00-2] [135-88-6] [789-02-6] [97-56-3] [90-04-0] [134-29-2] [95-57-8] [303-47-9] [61288-13-9] [95-50-1] [528-29-0] [8014-94-6] [8014-95-7] [91-23-6] [88-72-2] [95-54-5] [20816-12-0] [95-53-4] [636-21-5] [19666-30-9] [604-75-1] [301-12-2] [7783-41-7] [434-07-1] [79-57-2] [2058-46-0] [10028-15-6] [5216-25-1] [33069-62-4] [12174-11-7] [60-09-3] [794-93-4] [104-94-9] [115-67-3] [3165-93-3] [106-47-8] [20265-96-7] [95-69-2] [106-48-9] [120-71-8] [106-46-7] [100-25-4] [52-67-5] [19624-22-7] [87-86-5] [57-33-0] [53910-25-1] [79-21-0] [7601-90-3] [127-18-4] The official versions of all REM forms and documents are the versions at the REM website. Always check there -- being at www.purdue.edu/REM -- to make sure that you have the official version of any form or other document. 127 APPENDIX J - Chemicals Requiring Designated Areas Perchloromethyl Mercaptan Perchloryl Fluoride Phenacemide Phenacetin (p-acetophenetidide, p-ethoxyacetanilide) Phenazopyridine Phenazopyridine hydrochloride Phenesterin Phenobarbital Phenolphthalein Phenoxybenzamine Phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride Phenprocoumon Phenyl glycidyl ether Phenylhydrazine Phenylhydrazine salts phosgene (carbonyl chloride) Phosphine (Hydrogen Phosphide) phosphorus oxychloride (phosphoryl chloride) Phosphorus pentafluoride Phosphorus trichloride piperazine estrone sulfate (Estropipate) Piperidine Pipobroman Plicamycin p-Nitroaniline p-nitrosodiphenylamine (4-nitrosodiphenylamine) Polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) Polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) Polybrominated Biphenyls (PBBs) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) Polychlorinated dibenzofurans Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Polygeenan Potassium bromate Procarbazine Procarbazine Hydrochloride Procymidone Progesterone Progestins Pronamide Propargite Propionitrile [Propanenitrile] Propyl chloroformate [Carbonochloridic acid, propylester] Propyl Nitrate Propylene oxide Propylenimine (2-Methylaziridine) Propylthiouracil p-Toluidine Quazepam Quinoline Quinoline strong acid salts Radionuclides Radon Radon decay products Reserpine (Regroton) Residual (heavy) fuel oils Resmethrin Resorcinol Retinol/retinyl esters Ribavirin Rockwool saccharin (benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one-1,1-dioxide) Saccharin, sodium Safrole Salicylazosulfapyridine Sarin (isopropyl methanefluorophosphonate) Secobarbital sodium Selenium Selenium hexafluoride Selenium sulfide Selenium, and all cmpds Shale-oils [594-42-3] [7616-94-6] [63-98-9] [62-44-2] [94-78-0] [136-40-3] [3546-10-9] [50-06-6] [77-09-8] [59-96-1] [63-92-3] [435-97-2] [122-60-1] [100-63-0] Silica - amorphous Silica - amorphous, fused Silica - crystalline, tripoli Silica - Tridymite (respirable) silica (quartz, respirable) Silica, crystalline (airborne particles of respirable size) Silica, crystalline, cristobalite Silicon tetrafluoride Slagwool Sodium Equilin Sulfate (under Conjugated Estrogens) Sodium Estrone Sulfate (under Conjugated Estrogens) Sodium fluoroacetate Sodium o-phenylphenate Soots, tars, and mineral oils (untreated and mildly treated oils Spironolactone Stanozolol Sterigmatocystin Stibine (antimony trihydride) Streptomycin sulfate Streptozotocin Strontium Chromate (under Chromium and Certain Chromium Styrene (phenylethylene, vinyl benzene) styrene oxide (styrene-7,8-oxide ) Sulfallate (diethyldithiocarbamic acid 2-chlorallyl ester) sulfur dioxide sulfur monochloride (sulfur chloride, disulfur dichloride) sulfur pentafluoride (disulfur decafluoride) sulfur pentafluoride (radical) sulfur tetrafluoride sulfur trioxide (sulfuric anhydride) sulfuryl chloride Talc (fibrous) Talc containing asbestiform fibers Tamoxifen Tamoxifen citrate Tamoxifen salts Tellurium hexafluoride Temazepam Teniposide Terrazole Testosterone and its esters Testosterone cypionate Testosterone enanthate Tetracycline (internal use) Tetracycline hydrochloride (internal use) Tetrafluoroethylene Tetrafluorohydrazine Tetramethyl Lead Tetramethyl succinonitrile Tetranitromethane Thalidomide Thioacetamide Thioguanine Thionyl chloride Thiotepa (tris(1-aziridinyl)phosphine sulfide) Thiourea Thorium Dioxide Titanium tetrachloride [Titanium chloride (TiCl4) (T-4)-] Tobramycin sulfate Toluene Toluene 2, 6- diisocyanate [Benzene, 1,3- diisocyanato-2Toluene diisocyanates (any isomer or mixed) Toluene-2,4-diisocyanate Toxaphene (chlorinated camphene) trans-2-[(Dimethylamino)methylimino]-5-[2-(5-nitro-2-furyl)trans-2-[(Dimethylamino)methylimino]-5-[2-(5-nitro-2Treosulfan (Treosulphan) Triazolam Trichlormethine (trimustine hydrochloride, 2,2',2''trichloro (chloromethyl) silane Trichloro (dichlorophenyl) Silane Trichloroethylene Trichlorosilane Triethylamine (TEA) [75-44-5] [7803-51-2] [10025-87-3] [7647-19-0] [7719-12-2] [7280-37-7] [110-89-4] [54-91-1] [18378-89-7] [100-01-6] [156-10-5] [59536-65-1] [67774-32-7] [1336-36-3] [53973-98-1] [7758-01-2] [671-16-9] [366-70-1] [32809-16-8] [57-83-0] [23950-58-5] [2312-35-8] [107-12-0] [109-61-5] [627-3-5] [75-56-9] [75-55-8] [51-52-5] [106-49-0] [36735-22-5] [91-22-5] [10043-92-2] [50-55-5] [10453-86-8] [108-46-3] [36791-04-5] [81-07-2] [128-44-9] [94-59-7] [599-79-1] [107-44-8] [309-43-3] [7782-49-2] [7783-79-1] [7446-34-6] [68308-34-9] [7699-41-4] [60676-86-0] [1317-95-9] [15468-32-3] [14808-60-7] [14464-46-1] [7783-61-1] [16680-47-0] [438-67-5] [62-74-8] [132-27-4] [52-01-7] [10418-03-8] [10048-13-2] [7803-52-3] [3810-74-0] [18883-66-4] [7789-06-2] [100-42-5] [96-09-3] [95-06-7] [7446-09-5] [10025-67-9] [5714-22-7] [10546-01-7] [7783-60-0] [7446-11-9] [7791-25-5] [14807-96-6] [10540-29-1] [54965-24-1] [7783-80-4] [846-50-4] [29767-20-2] [2593-15-9] [58-22-0] [58-20-8] [315-37-7] [60-54-8] [64-75-5] [116-14-3] [10036-47-2] [75-74-1] [3333-52-6] [509-14-8] [50-35-1] [62-55-5] [154-42-7] [7719-09-7] [52-24-4] [62-56-6] [1314-20-1] [7550-45-0] [49842-07-1] [108-88-3] [91-08-7] [26471-62-5] [584-84-9] [8001-35-2] [25962-77-0] [55738-54-0] [299-75-2] [28911-01-5] [817-09-4] [1558-25-4] [27137-85-5] [79-01-6] [10025-78-2] [121-44-8] The official versions of all REM forms and documents are the versions at the REM website. Always check there -- being at www.purdue.edu/REM -- to make sure that you have the official version of any form or other document. 128 APPENDIX J - Chemicals Requiring Designated Areas Trifluorochloroethylene Trilostane Trimethadione Trimethlchlorosilane [Silane, chlorotrimethyl-] Trimethyl phosphate Trimethylamine Trimethyoxysilane Trimetrexate glucuronate Triphenyltin hydroxide Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate Tris(aziridinyl)-p-benzoquinone (Triaziquone) Tryptophan-P-1 (3-Amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole, Tryptophan-P-2 (3-Amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole, TrpUracil mustard Uranium, all cmpds Uranium, natural Urethane (Urethan; Ethyl carbamate) [79-38-9] [13647-35-3] [127-48-0] [75-77-4] [512-56-1] [75-50-3] [2487-90-3] [82952-64-5] [76-87-9] [126-72-7] [115-96-8] [68-76-8] [62450-06-0] [62450-07-1] [66-75-1] Urofollitropin Valproate (Valproic acid) Vinblastine sulfate Vinclozolin Vincristine Vincristine sulfate Vinyl acetate Vinyl bromide Vinyl chloride Vinyl fluoride Vinylidene fluoride (1,1-difluoroethylene) Warfarin (in any quantity or concentration) Wood dusts (hardwoods) Zinc Chromate Zineb [26995-91-5] [99-66-1] [143-67-9] [50471-44-8] [57-22-7] [2068-78-2] [108-05-4] [593-60-2] [75-01-4] [75-02-5] [75-38-7] [81-81-2] [13530-65-9] [12122-67-7] [7440-61-1] [51-79-6] The official versions of all REM forms and documents are the versions at the REM website. Always check there -- being at www.purdue.edu/REM -- to make sure that you have the official version of any form or other document. 129 APPENDIX K - Chemical Resistance Examples Appendix K: Chemical Resistance Examples The official versions of all REM forms and documents are the versions at the REM website. Always check there -- being at www.purdue.edu/REM -- to make sure that you have the official version of any form or other document. 130 APPENDIX K - Chemical Resistance Examples Chemical Resistance Examples *Acetaldehyde Acetic acid *Acetone Ammonium hydroxide *Amyl acetate Aniline *Benzaldehyde *Benzene Butyl acetate Butyl alcohol Carbon disulfide *Carbon tetrachloride *Chlorobenzene *Chloroform Chloronaphthalene Chromic acid (50%) Cyclohexanol *Dibutyl Phthalate Diisobutyl ketone Dimethylformamide Dioctyl phthalate Epoxy resins, dry *Ethyl acetate Ethyl alcohol *Ethyl ether *Ethylene dichloride Ethylene glycol Formaldehyde Formic acid Freon 11, 12, 21, 22 *Furfural Glycerin Hexane Hydrazine (65%) Hydrochloric acid Hydrofluoric acid (48%) Hydrogen peroxide (30%) Ketones Lactic acid (85%) Linseed oil Methyl alcohol Methylamine Methyl bromide *Methyl ethyl ketone 1 VG VG G VG F G F P G VG F F F G F F G G P F G VG G VG VG F VG VG VG G G VG F F VG VG G G VG VG VG F G G 2 G VG VG VG P F F P F VG F P P P P P F P F F P VG F VG G P VG VG VG P G VG P G G G G VG VG P VG F F G 3 VG VG VG VG F F G P F VG F P F P F F G G G G F VG G VG VG F VG VG VG F G VG P G G G G VG VG F VG G G VG 4 G VG P VG P P G F P VG F G P E F F VG G P G VG VG F VG G P VG VG VG G G VG G G G G G P VG VG VG G F P *Methyl isobutyl ketone Methyl methacrylate Monoethanolamine Morpholine Naphthalene Naphthas, aliphatic Naphthas, aromatic *Nitric acid Nitric acid, red and white fuming Nitropropane (95.5%) Oleic acid Oxalic acid Palmitic acid Perchloric acid (60%) Perchloroethylene Phenol Phosphoric acid Potassium hydroxide Propyl acetate Propyl alcohol Isopropyl alcohol Sodium hydroxide Styrene (100%) Sulfuric acid Tetrahydrofuran *Toluene Toluene diisocyanate *Trichloroethylene Triethanolamine Tung oil Turpentine *Xylene 1 F G VG VG G VG G G P 2 F G G VG F F P F P 3 VG VG VG VG F F P F P 4 P F VG G G VG G F P F VG VG VG VG F VG VG VG G VG VG VG P G P F F F VG VG G P P F VG VG F P F G VG F VG VG VG P G F P G F G P F P F G VG VG G P G VG VG G VG VG VG P G F P G P G F F P F VG VG VG G G F VG VG F VG VG VG F G F F F G VG VG VG F The official versions of all REM forms and documents are the versions at the REM website. Always check there -- being at www.purdue.edu/REM -- to make sure that you have the official version of any form or other document. 131 APPENDIX K - Chemical Resistance Examples Appendix H Key 1 2 3 4 VG G F P Neoprene Latex or Rubber Butyl Nitrile Latex Very Good Good Fair Poor * limited use Modified from Appendix C, Chapter 5 of DOE OSH Technical Reference "Glove Selection Material" at http://tis.eh.doe.gov/docs/osh_tr/ch5c.html July 8, 1998. NOTE: performance varies with material thickness and duration of contact. ALWAYS choose protective material carefully, and wash and/or remove after chemical contact. Appendix L: Glossary The official versions of all REM forms and documents are the versions at the REM website. Always check there -- being at www.purdue.edu/REM -- to make sure that you have the official version of any form or other document. 132 APPENDIX K - Chemical Resistance Examples voluntary membership organization of professional industrial hygiene personnel in governmental or educational institutions. The ACGIH develops and publishes recommended occupational exposure limits each year called Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) for hundreds of chemicals, physical agents, and biological exposure indices. ACUTE - Severe, often dangerous, conditions in which relatively rapid changes occur. ACUTE EXPOSURE - An intense exposure over a relatively short period of time. AEROSOL - Liquid droplets or solid particles dispersed in air that are of fine enough size (less than 100 micrometers) to remain dispersed for a period of time. ALIPHATIC - Open-chain carbon compounds and those cyclic carbon compounds that behave, chemically, like an open-chain compound. Examples include methane and ethane. ANSI - The American National Standards Institute is a voluntary membership organization (run with private funding) that develops consensus standards nationally for a wide variety of devices and procedures. AROMATIC - Relates to the structural characteristics of the chemical and not to the odor of the chemical. Many aromatic ACGIH - The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists is a The official versions of all REM forms and documents are the versions at the REM website. Always check there -- being at www.purdue.edu/REM -- to make sure that you have the official version of any form or other document. 133 APPENDIX K - Chemical Resistance Examples CARCINOGEN - A cancer-producing substance or physical agent in animals or humans. A chemical is considered a carcinogen or potential carcinogen if it is so identified in any of the following: compounds contain one or more sixcarbon rings. Examples include benzene, toluene, naphthalene, and xylene. ASPHYXIANT - A chemical (gas or vapor) that can cause death or unconsciousness by suffocation. Simple asphyxiants, such as nitrogen, either use up or displace oxygen in the air. They become especially dangerous in confined or enclosed spaces. Chemical asphyxiants, such as carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide, interfere with the body's ability to absorb or transport oxygen to the tissues. • National Toxicology Program, "Annual Report of Carcinogens" (latest edition) • International Agency for Research on Cancer, "Monographs" (latest edition) • OSHA, 29 CFR 1910, Subpart Z, Toxic and Hazardous Substances C.A.S. NUMBER - Chemical Abstracts Service; a Columbus, Ohio organization which indexes information published in "Chemical Abstracts" by the American Chemical Society and provides index guides by which information about particular substances may be located in the "Abstracts" when needed. "C.A.S. Numbers" identify specific chemicals. BOILING POINT - The temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals atmospheric pressure or at which the liquid changes to a vapor. The boiling point is usually expressed in degrees Fahrenheit. If a flammable material has a low boiling point, it indicates a special fire hazard. CFR - Code of Federal Regulations "C" OR CEILING - A description usually seen in connection with a published exposure limit. It refers to the concentration that should not be exceeded, even for an instant. It may be written as TLV-C or Threshold Limit Value - Ceiling. (See also Threshold Limit Value) CHEMICAL - Any element, chemical compound or mixture of elements and/or compounds. CHEMICAL FAMILY - A group of single elements or compounds with a common general name. Example: acetone, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), and methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) are of the "ketone" family; acrolein, furfural and acetaldehyde are of the "aldehyde" family. CANCER - A malignant tumor characterized by proliferation (rapid growth) of abnormal cells. The official versions of all REM forms and documents are the versions at the REM website. Always check there -- being at www.purdue.edu/REM -- to make sure that you have the official version of any form or other document. 134 APPENDIX K - Chemical Resistance Examples CHEMICAL HYGIENE OFFICER - An employee who is designated by the employer and who is qualified by training or experience to provide technical guidance in the development and implementation of the provisions of the Chemical Hygiene Plan. yield substances of different composition and properties. (See Reactivity) CHRONIC - Persistent, prolonged or repeated conditions. CHRONIC EXPOSURE - A prolonged exposure occurring over a period of days, weeks, or years. CHEMICAL HYGIENE PLAN - A written program developed and implemented by the employer which sets forth procedures, equipment, personal protective equipment, and work practices that (1) are capable of protecting employees from the health hazards presented by hazardous chemicals used in that particular workplace and (2) meets the requirements of OSHA regulation 29 CFR 1910.1450. COMBUSTIBLE LIQUID - Any liquid having a flashpoint at or above 100oF (37.8oC) but below 200oF (93.3oC) except any mixture having components with flashpoints of 200oF or higher, the total volume of which make up 99% or more of the total volume of the mixture. COMMON NAME - Any designation or identification, such as code name, code number, trade name, brand name, or generic name used to identify a chemical other than by its chemical name. CHEMICAL MANUFACTURER - An employer in SIC Codes 20 through 39 with a workplace where chemicals are produced for user or distribution. COMPRESSED GAS - A gas or mixture of gases having, in a container, an absolute pressure exceeding 40 psi at 70oF (21.1oC), or; a gas or mixture of CHEMICAL NAME - The scientific designation of a chemical in accordance with the nomenclature system developed by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) or the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) rules of nomenclature or a name which will clearly identify the chemical for the purpose of conducting a hazard evaluation. gases having, in a container, an absolute pressure exceeding 104 psi at 130oF (54.4oC) regardless of the pressure at 70oF (21.1oC), or; a liquid having a vapor pressure exceeding 40 psi at 100oF (37.8oC) as determined by ASTM D-323- 72. CHEMICAL REACTION - A change in the arrangement of atoms or molecules to The official versions of all REM forms and documents are the versions at the REM website. Always check there -- being at www.purdue.edu/REM -- to make sure that you have the official version of any form or other document. 135 APPENDIX K - Chemical Resistance Examples CONCENTRATION - The relative amount of a material in a combination with another material. For example, 5 parts (of acetone) per million (of air). be the entire laboratory, an area of a laboratory, or a device such as a laboratory hood. DILUTION VENTILATION - See General Ventilation. CONTAINER - Any bag, barrel, bottle, box, can, cylinder, drum, reaction vessel, storage tank, or the like that contains a hazardous chemical. For purpose of this document, pipes or piping systems are not considered to be containers. DOT - The United States Department of Transportation is the federal agency that regulates the labeling and transportation of hazardous materials. DUSTS - Dusts are solid particles generated by handling, crushing, grinding or rapid impact of organic and inorganic materials such as rock, metal, coal, wood, and grain. Dust is a term to describe airborne solid particles that range in size from 0.1 to 25 micrometers. CORROSIVE - A substance that, according to the DOT, causes visible destruction or permanent changes in human skin tissue at the site of contact or is highly corrosive to steel. CUBIC METER (m3) - A measure of volume in the metric system. DYSPNEA - Shortness of breath; difficult or labored breathing. CUTANEOUS - Pertaining to or affecting the skin. EMPLOYEE - An individual employed in a laboratory workplace who may be exposed to hazardous chemicals in the course of his or her assignments. The term "employee" includes students, visiting professors and scholars, trainees, and other individuals who are subject to the same exposures or working conditions as employees. DECOMPOSITION - The breakdown of a chemical or substance into different parts or simpler compounds. Decomposition can occur due to heat, chemical reaction, decay, etc. DERMAL - Pertaining to or affecting the skin. EMPLOYER - The employer, for purposes of this document, means Purdue University. DESIGNATED AREA - An area which has been established and posted with signage for work involving hazards, e.g. "select carcinogens," reproductive toxins, or substances which have a high degree of acute toxicity. A designated area may EPA - U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; federal agency with The official versions of all REM forms and documents are the versions at the REM website. Always check there -- being at www.purdue.edu/REM -- to make sure that you have the official version of any form or other document. 136 APPENDIX K - Chemical Resistance Examples oF - Degrees, Fahrenheit; a temperature scale. environmental protection regulatory and enforcement authority. Administers Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act, FIFRA, RCRA, TSCA, and other Federal Environmental Laws. FLAMMABLE - A chemical that falls into one of the following categories: EPA NUMBER - The number assigned to chemicals regulated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). i) flammable aerosol - an aerosol that, when tested by the method described in 16 CFR 1500.45, yields a flame projection exceeding 18 inches at full valve opening, or a flashback (a flame extending back to the valve) at any degree of valve opening. ii) flammable gas - a gas that, at ambient temperature and pressure, forms a flammable mixture with air at a concentration of 13% by volume or less; or a gas that, at ambient temperature and pressure, forms a range of flammable mixtures with air wider than 12% by volume, regardless of the lower limit. iii) flammable liquid - any liquid having a flashpoint below 100oF (37.8oC), except any mixture having components with flashpoints of 100oF (37.8oC) or higher, the total of which make up 99% or more of the total volume of the mixture. iv) flammable solid - a solid, other than a blasting agent or explosive as defined in 1910.109(a), that is liable to cause fire through friction, absorption of moisture, spontaneous chemical change, or retained heat from manufacturing or processing, or which can be ignited readily and, when ignited, EPIDEMIOLOGY - The study of disease in human populations. ERYTHEMA - A reddening of the skin. EVAPORATION RATE - The rate at which a material is converted to vapor (evaporates) at a given temperature and pressure when compared to the evaporation rate of a given substance. Health and fire hazard evaluations of materials involve consideration of evaporation rates as one aspect of the evaluation. EXPLOSIVE - A chemical that causes a sudden, almost instantaneous release of pressure, gas, and heat when subjected to a sudden shock, pressure, or high temperature. EXPOSURE/EXPOSED - An employee is subjected to a hazardous chemical in the course of employment through any route of entry (inhalation, ingestion, injection or absorption), and includes potential exposure (i.e. accidental or possible). The official versions of all REM forms and documents are the versions at the REM website. Always check there -- being at www.purdue.edu/REM -- to make sure that you have the official version of any form or other document. 137 APPENDIX K - Chemical Resistance Examples Method of Test for Flashpoint of Setaflash Closed Tester (ASTM D3278-78)). Organic peroxides, which undergo auto accelerating thermal decomposition, are excluded from any flashpoint determination methods specified above. burns so vigorously and persistently as to create a serious hazard. A chemical shall be considered to be a flammable solid if, when tested by the method described in 16 CFR 1500.44, it ignites and burns with a selfsustained flame at a greater than one-tenth of an inch per second along its major axis. FORESEEABLE EMERGENCY - Any potential occurrence, such as, but not limited to, equipment failure, rupture of containers, or failure of control equipment which could result in an uncontrolled release of a hazardous chemical into the workplace. FLASHPOINT - The minimum temperature at which a liquid gives off a vapor in sufficient concentration to ignite in the presence of an ignition source or when tested as follows: i) Tagliabue Closed Tester (See American National Standard Method of Test for Flashpoint by Tag Closed Tested, Z11.24-1979 (ASTM D-56-79)) for liquids with a viscosity of less than 45 Saybolt Universal Seconds (SUS) at 100oF (37.8oC) or that contain suspended solids and do not have a tendency to form a surface film under test; or, ii) Pensky-Martens Closed Tester (See American National Standard Method of Test for Flashpoint by Pensky-Martens Closed Tester, Z11.7-1979 (ASTM D-73-79)) for liquids with a viscosity equal to or greater than 45 SUS at 100oF (37.8oC), or that contain suspended solids, or that have a tendency to form a surface film under test; or, iii) Setaflash Closed Tester (See American National Standard FORMULA - The scientific designation for a material (water is H2O, sulfuric acid is H2SO4, sulfur dioxide is SO2, etc.) FUME - Small solid particles that have condensed in the air resulting from the heating of a solid body. Gases and vapors are not fumes, although the terms are often mistakenly used interchangeably. g - Gram; a metric unit of weight. One U.S. ounce (avoirdupois) is about 28.4 grams. g/kg - Grams per kilogram; an expression of dose used in oral and dermal toxicology testing to indicate the grams of substance dosed per kilogram of animal body weight. (Also see "kg" (kilogram)) The official versions of all REM forms and documents are the versions at the REM website. Always check there -- being at www.purdue.edu/REM -- to make sure that you have the official version of any form or other document. 138 APPENDIX K - Chemical Resistance Examples GAS - A form of matter that is neither solid nor liquid. In its normal state (at room temperature and atmospheric pressure) it can expand indefinitely to fill a container completely. A gas can be changed to the liquid or solid state under the right temperature and pressure conditions. hazards of the chemical(s) in the container(s). HAZARDOUS MATERIAL - Any material which is a potential/actual physical or health hazard to humans. HAZARDOUS MATERIAL (DOT) - A substance or material capable of posing an unreasonable risk to health, safety, and property when transported including, but not limited to, compressed gas, combustible liquid, corrosive material, cryogenic liquid, flammable solid, irritating material, material poisonous by inhalation, magnetic material, organic peroxide, oxidizer, poisonous material, pyrophoric liquid, radioactive material, spontaneously combustible material, an water-reactive material. GENERAL VENTILATION - Also known as general exhaust ventilation, this is a system of ventilation consisting of either natural or mechanically induced fresh air movements to mix with and dilute contaminants in the workroom air. This is not the recommended type of ventilation to control contaminants that are highly toxic, when there may be corrosion problems from the contaminant, when the worker is close to where the contaminant is being generated, and where fire or explosion hazards are generated close to sources of ignition. (See Local Exhaust Ventilation) HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL - A chemical for which there is statistically significant evidence based on at least one study conducted in accordance with established scientific principles that acute or chronic health effects may occur in exposed employees. The term "health hazard" includes chemicals which are carcinogens, toxic or highly toxic agents, reproductive toxins, irritants, corrosives, sensitizers, hepatotoxins, nephrotoxins, neurotoxins, agents which act on the hematopoietic system, and agents which damage the lungs, skin, eyes or mucous membranes. A chemical is considered hazardous if it is listed in any of the following: HAZARD ASSESSMENT - A formal procedure undertaken by the supervisor in which occupational hazards for all employees are described per procedure or task, and by affected body part(s) or organ(s), and which is documented and posted in the workplace with all personal protective equipment requirements. HAZARD WARNING - Any words, pictures, symbols or combination thereof appearing on a label or other appropriate form of warning which convey the The official versions of all REM forms and documents are the versions at the REM website. Always check there -- being at www.purdue.edu/REM -- to make sure that you have the official version of any form or other document. 139 APPENDIX K - Chemical Resistance Examples INGESTION - Taking a substance into the body through the mouth as food, drink, medicine, or unknowingly as on contaminated hands or cigarettes, etc. • OSHA, 29 CFR 1910, Subpart Z, Toxic and Hazardous Substances • "Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents in the Work Environment," ACGIH (latest edition) INHALATION - The breathing in of an airborne substance that may be in the form of gases, fume mists, vapors, dusts, or aerosols. • "The Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances," NIOSH (latest edition) IARC - see International Agency for Research on Cancer INHIBITOR - A substance that is added to another to prevent or slow down an unwanted reaction or change. IDENTITY - Any chemical or common name which is indicated on the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for the chemical. The identity used shall permit cross-references to be made among the required list of hazardous chemicals, the label and the MSDS. INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEARCH ON CANCER (IARC) - An agency of the World Health Organization (WHO) whose mission is to coordinate and conduct research on the causes of human cancer, the mechanisms of carcinogenesis, and to develop scientific strategies for cancer control. IGNITABLE - A solid, liquid or compressed gas waste that has a flashpoint of less than 140oF. Ignitable IRRITANT - A substance which, by contact in sufficient concentration for a sufficient period of time, will cause an inflammatory response or reaction of the eye, skin, nose or respiratory system. The contact may be a single exposure or multiple exposures. Some primary irritants: chromic acid, nitric acid, sodium hydroxide, calcium chloride, amines, metallic salts, chlorinated hydrocarbons, ketones and alcohols. material may be regulated by the EPA as a hazardous waste as well. IMMEDIATE USE - The hazardous chemical will be under the control of, and used only by, the person who transfers it from a labeled container and only within the work shift in which it is transferred. INCOMPATIBLE - The term applies to two substances to indicate that one material cannot be mixed with the other without the possibility of a dangerous reaction. L - Liter; a measure of volume. One quart equals .9 liter. The official versions of all REM forms and documents are the versions at the REM website. Always check there -- being at www.purdue.edu/REM -- to make sure that you have the official version of any form or other document. 140 APPENDIX K - Chemical Resistance Examples LC50 - See Lethal Concentration50. any way simulate a production process; and LD50 - See Lethal Dose50. 4. "Protective laboratory practices and equipment" are available and in common use to minimize the potential for employee exposure to hazardous chemicals. LABEL - Any written, printed or graphic material displayed on or affixed to containers of chemicals, both hazardous and non-hazardous. LEL - See Lower Explosive Limit. LABORATORY - A facility where the "laboratory use of chemicals" occurs. It is a workplace where relatively small quantities of hazardous chemicals are used on a non-production basis. LETHAL CONCENTRATION50 - The concentration of an air contaminant (LC50) that will kill 50% of the test animals in a group during a single exposure. LABORATORY SCALE - Work with substances in which the containers used for reactions, transfers, and other handling of substances are designed to be easily and safely manipulated by one person. "Laboratory Scale" excludes those workplaces whose function is to produce commercial quantities of materials. LETHAL DOSE50 - The dose of a substance or chemical (LD50) that will kill 50% of the test animals in a group within the first 30 days following exposure. LFL - See Lower Explosive Limit. LOCAL EXHAUST VENTILATION (Also known as exhaust ventilation) - A ventilation system that captures and removes the contaminants at the point they are being produced before they escape into the workroom air. The system consists of hoods, ductwork, a fan, and possibly an air-cleaning device. Advantages of local exhaust ventilation over general ventilation include: it removes the contaminant rather than dilutes it, requires less airflow and, thus, is more economical over the long term; and the system can be used to conserve LABORATORY USE OF HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS - Handling or use of such chemicals in which all of the following conditions are met: 1. Chemical manipulations are carried out on a "laboratory scale"; 2. Multiple chemical procedures or chemicals are used; 3. The procedures involved are not part of a production process nor in The official versions of all REM forms and documents are the versions at the REM website. Always check there -- being at www.purdue.edu/REM -- to make sure that you have the official version of any form or other document. 141 APPENDIX K - Chemical Resistance Examples MILLIGRAMS PER CUBIC METER (mg/m3) - Units used to measure air or reclaim valuable materials; however, the system must be properly designed with the correctly shaped and placed hoods, and correctly sized fans and ductwork. concentrations of dusts, gases, mists, and fumes. MILLIGRAMS PER KILOGRAM (mg/kg) - This indicates the dose of a substance given to test animals in toxicity studies. For example, a dose may be 2 milligrams (of substance) per kilogram of body weight (of the experimental animal). LOWER EXPLOSIVE LIMIT (LEL - Also known as LFL) - The lowest concentration of a substance that will produce a fire or flash when an ignition source (flame, spark, etc.) is present. It is expressed in a percent of vapor or gas in the air by volume. Below the LEL or LFL, the air/contaminant mixture is theoretically too "lean" to burn. (See also UEL) MILLILITER (ml) - A metric unit used to measure volume. One milliliter equals one cubic centimeter. One thousand milliliters equal one liter. m3 - See Cubic Meter. MIST - Small suspended droplets of liquid generated by condensation of liquids from the vapor back to the liquid state or by breaking up a liquid into a dispersed state, such as by splashing. Some examples are paint spray mist in painting operations and the condensation of water to form a fog or rain. MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET (MSDS) - Written or printed material concerning a hazardous chemical which is prepared in accordance with paragraph (g) of 29 CFR 1910.1200. MELTING POINT - The temperature at which a solid changes to a liquid. A melting range may be given for mixtures. mg- See Milligram. MIXTURE - Any combination of two or more chemicals if the combination is not, in whole or in part, the result of a chemical reaction. mg/kg - See Milligrams Per Kilogram. ml - See Milliliter. mg/m3 - See Milligrams Per Cubic Meter. MSHA - The Mine Safety Health Administration; a federal agency that regulates the mining industry in the safety and health area. MILLIGRAM (mg) - A unit of weight in the metric system. One thousand milligrams equal one gram. The official versions of all REM forms and documents are the versions at the REM website. Always check there -- being at www.purdue.edu/REM -- to make sure that you have the official version of any form or other document. 142 APPENDIX K - Chemical Resistance Examples MUTAGEN - Anything that can cause a change (or mutation) in the genetic material of a living cell. Zero indicates no special hazard and four indicates severe hazard. NIOSH - The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; a federal agency that among its various responsibilities trains occupational health and safety professionals, conducts research on health and safety concerns, and tests and certifies respirators for workplace use. NARCOSIS - Stupor or unconsciousness caused by exposure to a chemical. NATIONAL TOXICOLOGY PROGRAM (NTP) - A collaborative program including the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIH/NIEHS), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (CDC/ NIOSH), and the Food and Drug Administration's National Center for Toxicological Research (FDA/NCTR). Classifications published by the Report On Carcinogens are used by OSHA regulations as part of the definition of "select carcinogen." NTP - see NATIONAL TOXICOLOGY PROGRAM ODOR THRESHOLD - The minimum concentration of a substance at which a majority of test subjects can detect and identify the substance's characteristic odor. ORAL - Having to do with the mouth NFPA - The National Fire Protection Association; a voluntary membership organization whose aims are to promote and improve fire protection and prevention. NFPA has published 16 volumes of codes known as the National Fire Codes. Within these codes is Standard No. 705, "Identification of the Fire Hazards of Materials". This is a system that rates the hazard of a material during a fire. These hazards are divided into health, flammability, and reactivity hazards and appear in a well-known diamond system using from zero through four to indicate severity of the hazard. ORGANIC PEROXIDE - An organic compound that contains the bivalent -O-O- structure and which may be considered to be a structural derivative of hydrogen peroxide where one or both of the hydrogen atoms has been replaced by an organic radical. OSHA - The Occupational Safety and Health Administration; a federal agency under the Department of Labor that publishes and enforces safety and health regulations for most businesses and industries in the United States. The official versions of all REM forms and documents are the versions at the REM website. Always check there -- being at www.purdue.edu/REM -- to make sure that you have the official version of any form or other document. 143 APPENDIX K - Chemical Resistance Examples OXIDATION - The process of combining oxygen with some other substance or a chemical change in which an atom loses electrons. POLYMERIZATION - A chemical reaction in which two or more small molecules combine to form larger molecules that contain repeating structural units of the original molecules. A hazardous polymerization is the above reaction with an uncontrolled release of energy. OXIDIZER - Is a substance that gives up oxygen easily to stimulate combustion of organic material. PPM - Parts (of vapor or gas) per million (parts of air) by volume. OXYGEN DEFICIENCY - An atmosphere having less than the normal percentage of oxygen found in normal air. Normal air contains 21% oxygen at sea level. PRODUCE - To manufacture, process, formulate, or repackage. PEL - See Permissible Exposure Limit. PROTECTIVE LABORATORY PRACTICES AND EQUIPMENT - Those laboratory procedures, practices and equipment accepted by the Chemical Hygiene Officer as effective in minimizing the potential for employee exposure to hazardous chemicals. PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE LIMIT (PEL) - An exposure, inhalation or dermal permissible exposure limit specified in 29 CFR Part 1910, subpart Z. PELs may be either a time-weighted average (TWA) exposure limit (8-hour), a 15-minute short-term limit (STEL), or a ceiling (C). The PELs are found in OSHA regulations part 1910, subpart Z. (See also TLV) PUBLISHED EXPOSURE LIMITS - The exposure limits published in "NIOSH Recommendations for Occupational Health Standards" (current edition), or if none is specified, the exposure limits published in the standards specified by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists in their publication "Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices" (current edition). PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - Any devices or clothing worn by the worker to protect against hazards in the environment. Examples are respirators, gloves, and chemical splash goggles PHYSICAL HAZARD - A chemical for which there is scientifically valid evidence that it is a combustible liquid, a compressed gas, explosive, flammable, an organic peroxide, an oxidizer, pyrophoric, unstable (reactive), or waterreactive. PYROPHORIC - A chemical that will spontaneously ignite in the air at a temperature of 130oF (54.4oC) or below. The official versions of all REM forms and documents are the versions at the REM website. Always check there -- being at www.purdue.edu/REM -- to make sure that you have the official version of any form or other document. 144 APPENDIX K - Chemical Resistance Examples REACTIVITY - A substance's susceptibility to undergoing a chemical reaction or change that may result in dangerous side effects, such as explosion, burning, and corrosive or toxic emissions. The conditions that cause the reaction, such as heat, other chemicals, and dropping, will usually be specified as "Conditions to Avoid" when a chemical's reactivity is discussed on an MSDS. 2. It is listed under the category, "known to be carcinogens," in the Annual Report on Carcinogens published by the National Toxicology Program (NTP) (latest edition); or 3. It is listed under Group 1 ("carcinogen to humans") by the International Agency for Research on Cancer Monographs (IARC)( latest editions); or 4. It is listed in either Group 2A or 2B by IARC or under the category, "reasonably anticipated to be carcinogens" by NTP. REPRODUCTIVE TOXINS - Chemicals which affect the reproductive capabilities including chromosomal damage (mutations) and effects on fetuses (teratogenesis). SENSITIZER - A substance that may cause no reaction in a person during initial exposures, but afterwards, further exposures will cause an allergic response to the substance. RESPIRATOR - A device which is designed to protect the wearer from inhaling harmful contaminants. SHORT-TERM EXPOSURE LIMIT Represented as STEL or TLV-STEL, this is the maximum concentration to which workers can be exposed for a short period of time (15 minutes) for only four times throughout the day with at least one hour between exposures. Also the daily TLV-TWA must not be exceeded. RESPIRATORY HAZARD - A particular concentration of an airborne contaminant that, when it enters the body by way of the respiratory system or by being breathed into the lungs, results in some body function impairment. RESPONSIBLE PARTY - Someone who can provide additional information on the hazardous chemical and appropriate emergency procedures, if necessary. "SKIN" - This designation sometimes appears alongside a TLV or PEL. It refers to the possibility of absorption of the particular chemical through the skin and eyes; thus, a protection of large surface areas of skin should be considered to prevent skin absorption so that the TLV is not exceeded. SELECT CARCINOGENS - Any substance which meets one of the following: 1. It is regulated by OSHA as a carcinogen; or The official versions of all REM forms and documents are the versions at the REM website. Always check there -- being at www.purdue.edu/REM -- to make sure that you have the official version of any form or other document. 145 APPENDIX K - Chemical Resistance Examples THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUE (TLV) Airborne concentration of substances devised by the ACGIH that represents conditions under which it is believed that nearly all workers may be exposed day after day with no adverse effect. TLVs are advisory exposure guidelines, not legal standards, that are based on evidence from industrial experience, animal studies, or human studies when they exist. There are three different types of TLVs: Time-Weighted Average (TLVTWA), Short-Term Exposure Limit (TLVSTEL), and Ceiling (TLV-C). (See also PEL). SPECIFIC CHEMICAL IDENTITY - The chemical name, Chemical Abstract Service (CAS) Registry Number, or any other information that reveals the precise chemical designation of the substance. SOLVENT - A substance, commonly water, but in industry often an organic compound, which dissolves another substance. STEL - Short-Term Exposure Limit SUBSTANCE - A chemical element or compound; can also refer to a mixture. SUPPORT SERVICES - The nonacademic areas of University operations. This includes, but is not limited to, Physical Plant, Printing Services, Residence Halls, Mackey Arena, Purdue University Computing Center, Engineering Computer Network, Purdue Memorial Union, and Individual Department Print Shops. TIME-WEIGHTED AVERAGE - The average time, over a given work period (e.g., 8-hour work day), of a person's exposure to a chemical or agent. The average is determined by sampling for the contaminant throughout the time period. SYNONYM - Another name by which the same chemical may be known. TOXICITY - A relative property of a material to exert a poisonous effect on humans or animals and a description of the effect and the conditions or concentration under which the effect takes place. TLV - See Threshold Limit Value SYSTEMIC - Spread throughout the body; affecting many or all body systems or organs; not localized in one spot or area. TRADE NAME - The commercial name or trademark by which a chemical is known. One chemical may have a variety of trade names depending upon the manufacturers or distributors involved. TERATOGEN - An agent or substance that may cause physical defects in the developing embryo or fetus when a pregnant female is exposed to that substance. The official versions of all REM forms and documents are the versions at the REM website. Always check there -- being at www.purdue.edu/REM -- to make sure that you have the official version of any form or other document. 146 APPENDIX K - Chemical Resistance Examples TRADE SECRET - Any confidential formula, pattern, device, information or compilation of information (including chemical name or other unique chemical identifier) that is used in an employer's business and that gives the employer an opportunity to obtain an advantage over competitors who do not know or use it. substance. That is, if the LEL is 1 ppm and the UEL is 5 ppm, then the explosive range of the chemical is 1 ppm to 5 ppm. (Also see LEL) USE - To package, handle, react, or transfer VAPOR - The gaseous form of substances which are normally in the liquid or solid state (at normal room temperature and pressure). Vapors evaporate into the air from liquids such as solvents. Solvents with lower boiling points will evaporate faster. TWA - See Time-Weighted Average UEL - See Upper Explosive Limit UFL - See Upper Explosive Limit UNSTABLE (REACTIVE) - A chemical which, in the pure state or as a produced or transported, will vigorously polymerize, decompose, condense, or become selfreactive under conditions of shock, pressure, or temperature. WATER-REACTIVE - A chemical that reacts with water to release a gas that is either flammable or presents a health hazard. WORK AREA - The department or office in which an employee may work. Maintenance, Building Services, Department of Aviation Technology, the Office of the Registrar, and Environmental Control and Abatement are examples of work areas. UNIVERSITY - The Purdue University system of campuses for which the main campus has health and safety authority. This includes the main campus, Calumet, Ft. Wayne, and North Central campuses. UPPER EXPLOSIVE LIMIT (Also known as upper flammable limit) - The highest concentration (expressed in percent of vapor or gas in the air by volume) of a substance that will burn or explode when an ignition source is present. Theoretically, above this limit the mixture is said to be too "rich" to support combustion. The difference between the LEL and the UEL constitutes the flammable range or explosive range of a WORK LOCATION - The site on campus and/or University property where the actual job occurs. The official versions of all REM forms and documents are the versions at the REM website. Always check there -- being at www.purdue.edu/REM -- to make sure that you have the official version of any form or other document. 147 APPENDIX K - Chemical Resistance Examples Appendix M: Materials Which Must Be Reported To REM The official versions of all REM forms and documents are the versions at the REM website. Always check there -- being at www.purdue.edu/REM -- to make sure that you have the official version of any form or other document. 148 Direct questions to REM Senior Industrial Hygienist Appendix M - RTM Page 1 of 4 Materials Which Must Be Reported To REM During the group’s CHP review process this “Report these Materials” form must be completed and submitted to REM with updated information. Report These Materials form for reporting lab chemical areas and OSHA substance-specific standard materials Supervisor: Paul Shepson Name of person completing form: Dana Caulton___________ Email: _dcaulton@purdue.edu__ Date completed: 2/28/14 YES NO Enter "supervisor of record" name for A(1) Is the supervisor responsible for any lab chemicals of any kind? A(2) Is the supervisor responsible for any items on the reportable materials list? (List of 29 items in table on pages 3 and 4 of this Appendix) person completing form (assumed to be Dept Head for tenured, eligible, and X YES NO retired faculty): X Paul Shepson A(3) If A(1) or A(2) is "yes" (or both), list all bldgs/rooms where any lab chemicals (not just the reportable items) or reportable materials are used or stored. List all rooms separately, including inner rooms, e.g., 2110, 2120A, 2120C. Building BRWN Room 5165C Building Room Building Room The official versions of all REM forms and documents are the versions at the REM website. Always check there -- being at www.purdue.edu/REM -- to make sure that you have the official version of any form or other document. 149 Appendix M - RTM Page 2 of 4 B. If A(2) is "yes," provide the information requested in the reportable materials table (beginning on page 3) by indicating for any rooms listed above which contain any reportable materials at any time: the building, room, and best estimates of the maximum weight (lbs) that will be on hand at any time and maximum weight (lbs) that will be used in any work day. If copies of this form are made for reporting separate areas, ensure that the supervisor name as it appears above is retained. If multiple supervisors are separately responsible for separate materials in a shared room, report the materials separately (on separate forms). If multiple supervisors are jointly responsible for materials in a shared room, only one supervisor should report them, or all supervisors' names should be indicated next to the appropriate room(s) or material(s). If A(1) and A(2) are both "no" for the supervisor whose name appears on the label, but former rooms or lab chemicals of that supervisor are now the responsibility of another supervisor, please return the pertinent information with this form. Definitions: Alert! Definitions provided by regulatory agencies sometimes run counter to intuition or common usage. Use these definitions. "Lab Chemicals" -- chemicals used or stored for use in areas in which laboratory use of chemicals takes place. "Laboratory use of chemicals" is defined by the OSHA Laboratory Standard (lengthy, multi-part definition not reproduced here, see REM website for link). "Supervisor" -- in general the highest authority lower than department head who would be seen, by a regulatory agency, as ultimately responsible for chemical management and for the health and safety of subordinate laboratory employees. In research laboratories the faculty advisor is usually regarded as the supervisor. (In the department head's research laboratory, the department head is the supervisor.) Material-specific definitions: The official versions of all REM forms and documents are the versions at the REM website. Always check there -- being at www.purdue.edu/REM -- to make sure that you have the official version of any form or other document. 150 Appendix M - RTM Page 2 of 4 (1) Inorganic arsenic" means copper aceto-arsenite and all inorganic compounds containing arsenic except arsine, measured as arsenic (As). (1910.1018) (2) "Asbestos" includes chrysotile, amosite, crocidolite, tremolite asbestos, anthophyllite asbestos, actinolite asbestos, and any of these minerals that have been chemically treated and/or altered. (1910.1001) (3) "Bloodborne Pathogens" means pathogenic microorganisms that are present in human blood and can cause disease in humans. These pathogens include, but are not limited to, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). (1910.1030) Any occupational use of human blood, human blood products, human tissue, or human cells is regarded as occupational bloodborne pathogen work. (4) [cadmium] "Scope." This standard applies to all occupational exposures to cadmium and cadmium compounds, in all forms, and in all industries covered by the Occupational Safety and Health Act, except the construction-related industries, which are covered under 29 CFR 1926.63. (1928.1027) (5) "Coke oven" means a retort in which coke is produced by the destructive distillation or carbonization of coal. "Coke oven emissions" means the benzene-soluble fraction of total particulate matter present during the destructive distillation or carbonization of coal for the production of coke. (1910.1029) (6) "Cotton dust" means dust present in the air during the handling or processing of cotton, which may contain a mixture of many substances including ground up plant matter, fiber, bacteria, fungi, soil, pesticides, non-cotton plant matter and other contaminants which may have accumulated with the cotton during the growing, harvesting and subsequent processing or storage periods. Any dust present during the handling and processing of cotton through the weaving or knitting of fabrics, and dust present in other operations or manufacturing processes using raw or waste cotton fibers or cotton fiber byproducts from textile mills are considered cotton dust within this definition. Lubricating oil mist associated with weaving operations is not considered cotton dust. (1910.1043) (7) "Salts" it taken to mean metal salts such as Na, K, etc, or salts with polyatomic cations such as ammonium. (8) "Lead" means metallic lead, all inorganic lead compounds, and organic lead soaps. Excluded from this definition are all other organic lead compounds. (1910.1025) (OSHA interpretation dated 01/24/85 defines lead soap as the lead salt of an organic acid or fatty acid.) The official versions of all REM forms and documents are the versions at the REM website. Always check there -- being at www.purdue.edu/REM -- to make sure that you have the official version of any form or other document. 151 Direct questions to REM Senior Industrial Hygienist Appendix M - RTM Page 3 of 4 If storage or use of any particular material occurs in more than one room, give separate information for each room. Attach separate pages if necessary but preserve exact spelling and CAS numbers as they appear here. Reportable Materials CAS # Regulated Material/Substance 53-96-3 2-acetylaminofluorene 107-13-1 acrylonitrile, aka 2-propenenitrile 92-67-1 4-aminodiphenyl Builduing/Room Max. lbs. on hand* Max. lbs. used** arsenic, inorganic SEE DEFINITION(1) asbestos SEE DEFINITION(2) 71-43-2 benzene 92-87-5 benzidine 542-88-1 bis(chloromethyl) ether, aka dichloromethyl ether BRWN 5165C 12 0.01 bloodborne pathogens SEE DEFINITION(3) 106-99-0 1,3-butadiene cadmium SEE DEFINITION (4) 107-30-2 chloromethyl methyl ether, aka chloromethoxymethane The official versions of all REM forms and documents are the versions at the REM website. Always check there -- being at www.purdue.edu/REM -- to make sure that you have the official version of any form or other document. 152 Appendix M - RTM Page 2 of 4 coke oven emissions SEE DEFINITION (5) cotton dust SEE DEFINITION (6) 96-12-8 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane, aka DBCP *Max. lbs. on hand = estimate maximum potential for weight in pounds present in room at any time. **Max. lbs. used = estimate maximum potential for weight in pounds used in room in a work day. The official versions of all REM forms and documents are the versions at the REM website. Always check there -- being at www.purdue.edu/REM -- to make sure that you have the official version of any form or other document. 153 Direct questions to REM Senior Industrial Hygienist Appendix M - RTM Page 4 of 4 If storage or use of any particular material occurs in more than one room, give separate information for each room. Attach separate pages if necessary but preserve exact spelling and CAS numbers as they appear here. Reportable Materials (continued) CAS # Builduing/Room Regulated Material/Substance 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine (and salts) SEE DEFINITION (7) 60-11-7 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene 75-21-8 ethylene oxide, aka oxirane 151-56-4 ethyleneimine, aka aziridine 50-00-0 formaldehyde and formaldehyde solutions, aka formalin Max. lbs. on hand* Max. lbs. used** BRWN 5165C 10 0.01 BRWN 5165C 35 0.03 lead SEE DEFINITION (8) 75-09-2 methylene chloride, aka dichloromethane 101-77-9 methylenedianiline 134-32-7 alpha-naphthylamine 91-59-8 beta-naphthylamine 92-93-3 4-nitrobiphenyl, aka 4-phenyl-nitrobenzene 62-75-9 N-nitrosodimethylamine The official versions of all REM forms and documents are the versions at the REM website. Always check there -- being at www.purdue.edu/REM -- to make sure that you have the official version of any form or other document. 154 Appendix M - RTM Page 2 of 4 57-57-8 beta-propiolactone 75-01-4 vinyl chloride, aka chloroethene *Max. lbs. on hand = estimate maximum potential for weight in pounds present in room at any time. **Max. lbs. used = estimate maximum potential for weight in pounds used in room in a work day. Return to REM-IH Section, REM, CIVL Returned by (name): Dana Caulton The official versions of all REM forms and documents are the versions at the REM website. Always check there -- being at www.purdue.edu/REM -- to make sure that you have the official version of any form or other document. 155 Appendix N – Laboratory Specific Information Appendix N: Laboratory Specific Information The official versions of all REM forms and documents are the versions at the REM website. Always check there -- being at www.purdue.edu/REM -- to make sure that you have the official version of any form or other document. 156 Appendix N – Laboratory Specific Information Attach here any standard operating procedures, emergency procedures, and instructions necessary or desired in order to customize this Chemical Hygiene Plan for this laboratory. If there are any circumstances, procedures, or operations which require the approval of the supervisor prior to their implementation those should be given in this section. Recommended for consideration as activities requiring prior approval of the supervisor are: new procedures; working alone; leaving operations unattended; operations in which PELs or TLVs may be exceeded or other harm is likely; work with chemicals that have a potential for violent reaction; class IV lasers, known human carcinogens; large scale reactions; and high pressure reactions (>5 atm). Supervisor: Paul Shepson ___________________________________________________ Department: Chemistry _____________________________________________________ Affected buildings/rooms: 5159, 5165C _________________________________________ If no attachments are necessary, supervisor must print this document and sign below: Supervisor’s Signature: ________________________________________________ Otherwise, list attached programs/plans by title: Room rules for each specific room and SOP for getting liquids above eye level __________ The official versions of all REM forms and documents are the versions at the REM website. Always check there -- being at www.purdue.edu/REM -- to make sure that you have the official version of any form or other document. 157 Appendix N – Laboratory Specific Information In this room: BROWN 5151 – Offices Bldg and room number Faculty or senior staff in charge: ______________ date 10/15/14 Dr. Paul Shepson Top rules and requirements for this room are as follows. A. Eye protection : No eye protection required in this room. B. Working alone with hazards : No chemical or hazard work is allowed in this room at any time. This room is not to be used for chemical storage or the workspace for any experiments. C. Footwear : Sandals and open shoes are allowed in this room. D. Leg covering : Legs must be covered to the knee. E. Eating: Eating in this room is allowed. F. Further Safety Rules: For further questions contact Paul Shepson (pshepson@purdue.edu) or Tegan Lavoie (tlavoie@purdue.edu). The official versions of all REM forms and documents are the versions at the REM website. Always check there -- being at www.purdue.edu/REM -- to make sure that you have the official version of any form or other document. 158 Appendix N – Laboratory Specific Information In this room: BROWN 5159 (center) – Table Bldg and room number Faculty or senior staff in charge: ______________ date 10/15/14 Dr. Paul Shepson Top rules and requirements for this room are as follows. G. Eye protection : No eye protection required at this work area. H. Working alone with hazards : No chemical or hazard work is allowed at this work area at any time. This area is not to be used for chemical storage or the workspace for any experiments. I. Footwear : Footwear that provides complete foot/toe/heel cover is required Sandals or any open shoes are NOT allowed in this room. J. Leg covering : Shorts and skirts are allowed. K. Eating: Eating in this work area is allowed. L. Further Safety Rules: For further questions contact Paul Shepson (pshepson@purdue.edu) or Tegan Lavoie (tlavoie@purdue.edu). The official versions of all REM forms and documents are the versions at the REM website. Always check there -- being at www.purdue.edu/REM -- to make sure that you have the official version of any form or other document. 159 Appendix N – Laboratory Specific Information In this room: BROWN 5159 (right) – BOB Bldg and room number Faculty or senior staff in charge: ______________ date 10/15/14 Dr. Paul Shepson Top rules and requirements for this room are as follows. A. Eye protection : Eye protection is required in this room when conducting work or near anyone conducting work. Chemical Splash Goggles are required if any hazardous chemicals are being used. B. Working alone with hazards : Working alone with hazards is NEVER allowed. C. Footwear : Footwear that provides complete foot/toe/heel cover is required Sandals or any open shoes are NOT allowed in this room. D. Leg covering : Legs must be covered to the ankle at all times in this room. Pants with significant rips/tears/holes are not acceptable. E. Eating: Eating in this room is NEVER allowed. F. Further Safety Rules: Please see the Hazard Assessment posted for this room. For further questions contact Paul Shepson (pshepson@purdue.edu) or Tegan Lavoie (tlavoie@purdue.edu). The official versions of all REM forms and documents are the versions at the REM website. Always check there -- being at www.purdue.edu/REM -- to make sure that you have the official version of any form or other document. 160 Appendix N – Laboratory Specific Information In this room: BROWN 5159 (left) – GC Land Bldg and room number Faculty or senior staff in charge: ______________ date 10/15/14 Dr. Paul Shepson Top rules and requirements for this room are as follows. A. Eye protection : Eye protection is required in this room when conducting work or near anyone conducting work. Chemical Splash Goggles are required if any hazardous chemicals are being used. B. Working alone with hazards : Working alone with hazards is NEVER allowed. C. Footwear : Footwear that provides complete foot/toe/heel cover is required Sandals or any open shoes are NOT allowed in this room. D. Leg covering : Legs must be covered to the ankle at all times in this room. Pants with significant rips/tears/holes are not acceptable. E. Eating: Eating in this room is NEVER allowed. F. Further Safety Rules: Please see the Hazard Assessment posted for this room. For further questions contact Paul Shepson (pshepson@purdue.edu) or Tegan Lavoie (tlavoie@purdue.edu). The official versions of all REM forms and documents are the versions at the REM website. Always check there -- being at www.purdue.edu/REM -- to make sure that you have the official version of any form or other document. 161 Appendix N – Laboratory Specific Information In this room: BROWN 5159A – Postdoc Office Bldg and room number Faculty or senior staff in charge: ______________ date 10/15/14 Dr. Paul Shepson Top rules and requirements for this room are as follows. A. Eye protection : No eye protection required in this room. B. Working alone with hazards : No chemical or hazard work is allowed in this room at any time. This room is not to be used for chemical storage or the workspace for any experiments. C. Footwear : Sandals and open shoes are allowed in this room. D. Leg covering : Shorts and skirts are allowed. E. Eating: Eating in this room is allowed. F. Further Safety Rules: For further questions contact Paul Shepson (pshepson@purdue.edu) or Tegan Lavoie (tlavoie@purdue.edu). The official versions of all REM forms and documents are the versions at the REM website. Always check there -- being at www.purdue.edu/REM -- to make sure that you have the official version of any form or other document. 162 Appendix N – Laboratory Specific Information In this room: BROWN 5165C – Wet Lab Bldg and room number Faculty or senior staff in charge: ______________ date 10/15/14 Dr. Paul Shepson Top rules and requirements for this room are as follows. A. Eye protection : Chemical Splash Goggles are REQUIRED AT ALL TIMES in this room. B. Working alone with hazards : Working alone with hazards is NEVER allowed. C. Footwear : Footwear that provides complete foot/toe/heel cover is required Sandals or any open shoes are NOT allowed in this room. D. Leg covering : Legs must be covered to the ankle with at all times in this room. Pants with significant rips/tears/holes are not acceptable. E. Eating: Eating in this room is NEVER allowed. F. Further Safety Rules: Polyester Free Lab Coats are required for handling flammable, toxic or carcinogenic material. Flame Resistant Lab Coats are required for handling ≥1L of flammable liquid. •• Please see the Hazard Assessment posted for this room. For further questions contact Paul Shepson (pshepson@purdue.edu) or Tegan Lavoie (tlavoie@purdue.edu). The official versions of all REM forms and documents are the versions at the REM website. Always check there -- being at www.purdue.edu/REM -- to make sure that you have the official version of any form or other document. 163 Appendix N – Laboratory Specific Information In this room: BROWN 5165D – Offices Bldg and room number Faculty or senior staff in charge: ______________ date 10/15/14 Dr. Paul Shepson Top rules and requirements for this room are as follows. A. Eye protection : No eye protection required in this room. B. Working alone with hazards : No chemical or hazard work is allowed in this room at any time. This room is not to be used for chemical storage or the workspace for any experiments. C. Footwear : Sandals and open shoes are allowed in this room. D. Leg covering : Shorts and skirts are allowed. E. Eating: Eating in this room is allowed. F. Further Safety Rules: For further questions contact Paul Shepson (pshepson@purdue.edu), or Tegan Lavoie (tlavoie@purdue.edu). The official versions of all REM forms and documents are the versions at the REM website. Always check there -- being at www.purdue.edu/REM -- to make sure that you have the official version of any form or other document. 164 Appendix N – Laboratory Specific Information Standard Operating Procedure for getting materials from above eye level 1. When getting objects from this shelf or higher, you MUST use a stepstool. 2. The stepstool must be kept in the wet lab. If there is any problem noticed or suspected 3. 4. 5. 6. regarding the safeness of said stepstool, notify the safety officer immediately and take a not stating your concerns onto the stool. Wear the necessary Personal Protective Equipment. Visually inspect the cap and container for cracks and to ensure it is firmly closed before removing from shelf. Do not pick up or carry more than one bottle at a time. Be careful that lab coat or clothing does not catch or knock over chemicals or equipment nearby. Do not climb on step stool if it takes you into a position where chemicals or mechanicals equipment with moving parts are sitting on the bench below you. Signed:_______________________________________________________date:_____________ The official versions of all REM forms and documents are the versions at the REM website. Always check there -- being at www.purdue.edu/REM -- to make sure that you have the official version of any form or other document. 165 Appendix O – Hazard Assessment Appendix O: Hazard Assessment and Hazard Assessment Certification Examples The official versions of all REM forms and documents are the versions at the REM website. Always check there -- being at www.purdue.edu/REM -- to make sure that you have the official version of any form or other document. 166 Appendix O – Hazard Assessment Hazard Assessment and Hazard Assessment Certification Examples "Hazard assessment" is the process (required by law) of identifying the hazards associated with defined task, prescribing personal protective equipment and other relevant protection measures which must be employed to reduce the risk from the hazards. "Certification of Hazard Assessment" is a written document -- such as the examples #1 and #2 following in this appendix -- which gives the complete requirements for PPE (and sometimes other protective equipment or procedures) for every hazardous task or job description in the work area. The supervisor is responsible for ensuring that hazard assessments are performed and the certification(s) written and posted in each work area. The supervisor may delegate or contract the labor involved in this process, but cannot reassign or disclaim the responsibility. Strict adherence to any of the examples is not required, so long as the hazard assessment certification • • • • • identifies the workplace -- building and room(s), identifies the document as a certification of hazard assessment, is signed by the supervisor to certify/validate that supervisor has approved the assessment bears the date of the hazard assessment meets the legal requirements of specifying exactly which PPE is to be used and the task(s) or job description(s) which require it, and which . INSTRUCTIONS • You may save the REM website example hazard assessment certifications (rtf files are provided) to your computer or network and use them to help with creating your own. • If you do this you must modify any example you use so that it meets all the specific hazards of your work area. This includes removing or adding hazards as applicable to your work area. For example do not post required PPE for "Arc and TIG welding" if neither of these operations is undertaken in your work areas. The official versions of all REM forms and documents are the versions at the REM website. Always check there -- being at www.purdue.edu/REM -- to make sure that you have the official version of any form or other document. 167 Appendix O – Hazard Assessment • Certification(s) of hazard assessments must be posted -- tacked or hung in a • visible place -- in every work room listed in the "location(s)" field. • The fields at the beginning -- date(s), location(s), supervisor, and signature -must be completed. • Be very aware that once these are posted they become rules which must be enforced. Supervisor (print): Paul Shepson Dept.: Chemistry Assessment Date(s): 10/15/14 Signature: ___________________ Hazards Posted: Building: BROWN Room(s): 5159, 5165C Task: hands-on work or being within reach(a) of potential hazards of Minimum Requirements described activity/items: Skin/eye damage, Volume > 10 mL any unshielded(b) Splash goggles, chemical resistant gloves(e), poisoning, corrosive(c) liquids, organic liquids or liquid lab coat, skin cover to knees/elbows/throat, inhalation of vapor mixtures, or toxic(d) inorganic liquids/mixtures closed shoes with socks. Work in hood(f). or aerosol Shower and eyewash must be available in work area. Volume > 1 L Same, but cover to ankles/wrists/throat Volume > 5 L Skin/eye damage Cryogenic liquids Frostbite, eye impact Skin/eye damage Dry ice, very cold frozen solids. Eye damage, Erythema Harmful UV radiation to eyes Add face shield covering chin Splash goggles, skin cover to elbows/knees/throat, closed shoe easily removed, socks. Cryogloves for dispensing. Transport of liquid Nitrogen in hallways and See cryogenic liquids; also all wheeled vessels elevators or cars must restrain Dewar and have wheels large enough to safely traverse elevator door and scales gap. Volume > 1 L Skin cover to throat/wrists/ankles Safety glasses, insulated gloves, skin cover to elbows/knees/throat, closed shoe w/ socks Hot liquid (rxn mixture, water bath, oil bath, Splash goggles, insulated gloves, skin cover to autoclave, still...) knees/elbows/throat, closed shoe w/ socks Potential face harmful UV exposure Bodily Injury Transporting Cylinders UV blocking goggles, skin cover on all potentially exposed areas UV face shield Cylinders must be tied on a cylinder cart, always use the freight elevator, closed shoes. The official versions of all REM forms and documents are the versions at the REM website. Always check there -- being at www.purdue.edu/REM -- to make sure that you have the official version of any form or other document. 168 Appendix O – Hazard Assessment The official versions of all REM forms and documents are the versions at the REM website. Always check there -- being at www.purdue.edu/REM -- to make sure that you have the official version of any form or other document. 169 Appendix O – Hazard Assessment Post signed certification in work rooms. The official versions of all REM forms and documents are the versions at the REM website. Always check there -- being at www.purdue.edu/REM -- to make sure that you have the official version of any form or other document. 170 Appendix O – Hazard Assessment Supervisor (print): ____________ Signature: ___________________ Hazards Dept.: _______ Assessment Date(s): _______ Posted: Building: _________________________ Room(s): _______________________________ Task: hands-on work or being within reach(a) of potential hazards of Minimum Requirements described activity/items: Skin/eye damage, Volume > 10 mL any unshielded(b) Splash goggles, chemical resistant gloves(e), poisoning, corrosive(c) liquids, organic liquids or liquid lab coat, skin cover to knees/elbows/throat, inhalation of vapor mixtures, or toxic(d) inorganic liquids/mixtures closed shoes with socks. Work in hood(f). or aerosol Shower and eyewash must be available in work area. Volume > 1 L Same, but cover to ankles/wrists/throat Volume > 5 L Add face shield covering chin Conjunctivitis, corneal damage, erythema Skin/limb injury Eye impact Head impact Skin/eye damage Arc/TIG welding Appropriate shaded goggles Working gloves Machine operation activities likely to catch clothing, hair, or jewelry Metalworking, woodworking, other operations likely to throw particles Working or walking in area having potential of falling tools, equipment, or stored items Cryogenic liquids Volume > 1 L Frostbite, eye impact Skin/eye damage Dry ice, very cold frozen solids. Eye damage, Erythema Harmful UV radiation to eyes Skin/eye damage Laser radiation Splash goggles, skin cover to elbows/knees/throat, closed shoe easily removed, socks. Cryogloves for dispensing. Skin cover to throat/wrists/ankles Hot liquid (rxn mixture, water bath, oil bath, autoclave, still...) Splash goggles, insulated gloves, skin cover to knees/elbows/throat, closed shoe w/ socks Potential face harmful UV exposure UV blocking goggles, skin cover on all potentially exposed areas UV face shield Goggles appropriate to beam parameters, closed shoe, no jewelry/reflective items Skin cover on all potentially exposed areas Human blood, cells, tissue, body fluids or materials derived from same Liquid with vol > 1 mL Skin/eye damage, poisoning, inhalation of airborne dust Safety glasses No loose clothing or jewelry Hard hat Safety glasses, insulated gloves, skin cover to elbows/knees/throat, closed shoe w/ socks Class 3b and 4 lasers Infectious disease Bind vulnerable clothing/hair, remove jewelry Hazardous solids Safety glasses, "exam" gloves, skin cover on all potentially exposed areas, shoes/socks, work at Biosafety Level II. Same, but splash goggles, skin cover to throat/wrists/ankles Safety glasses, goggles for large quantities, chemical resistant gloves, skin cover to elbows/knees/throat, closed shoes/socks The official versions of all REM forms and documents are the versions at the REM website. Always check there -- being at www.purdue.edu/REM -- to make sure that you have the official version of any form or other document. 171 Appendix O – Hazard Assessment NOTES (a) Being within reach of potential hazards: "within reach" varies widely depending on scale and conditions of work and will be judged by affected staff in each room. (b) Unshielded: not behind a drawn hood sash or blast shield. (c) Corrosive: pH ≥ 12 or pH ≤ 2.5 (d) Toxic: having any poisonous or irritating effects to human tissue or human health. (e) Chemical resistant gloves: glove thickness, length, and material must be chosen carefully and will be specific to the chemicals/mixtures used and the process conditions. (f) Hood: 100% exhaust to outside, current approval for "all work" and functioning properly. (g) Chemicals requiring designated areas: full list is in Appendix G. Assistance performing Hazard Assessment and writing the Hazard Assessment Certification is available. Contact the REM Laboratory Safety specialist. The official versions of all REM forms and documents are the versions at the REM website. Always check there -- being at www.purdue.edu/REM -- to make sure that you have the official version of any form or other document. 172 Appendix O – Hazard Assessment Supervisor (print): _______________ Signature: ______________________ Dept:_________ Posted: Assessment Date(s):__________ Bldg.:______________ Room(s): ___________________________________ Task/Assignment description or job title: PREPARATION OF FAT SAMPLES FOR GAS LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY OF ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDE RESIDUES Hazards identified: Eye/Face: chemical splash Respiratory: Head: Electrical: Whole body: Foot: Hand: respiratory exposure to hexane chemical spill tissue sample pathogen, or chemical splash, chemical splash Other: chemical splash goggles at all times during procedure Respiratory: All work to be done in chemical hood Head: Foot: Electrical: Hand: shoes covering toe, heel, top of foot 11 mil polyvinyl choride gloves above wrists PPE Requirements: Eye/Face: Whole body: lab coat and other cover to wrists and throat and knees Other: Use of this format for the certification of hazard assessment requires that a separate certification be prepared for every task, or for every job description. Certification statement: Supervisor has signed above to certify that this hazard assessment was conducted on the dates shown and is to be enforced for this task The official versions of all REM forms and documents are the versions at the REM website. Always check there -- being at www.purdue.edu/REM -- to make sure that you have the official version of any form or other document. 173 Appendix O – Hazard Assessment Appendix P: Training Documentation Sample Forms The official versions of all REM forms and documents are the versions at the REM website. Always check there -- being at www.purdue.edu/REM -- to make sure that you have the official version of any form or other document. 174 Appendix O – Hazard Assessment Training Documentation Sample Form Name of person trained: _________________________________________________ Classification: [ ] CHM 499 student [ ] SCI 490H student [ ] student employee [ ] visiting researcher [ ] graduate student _________ department [ ] visiting faculty [ ] postdoctoral researcher/associate/fellow [ ] full time regular A/P or technical staff member [ ] part time or temporary A/P or technical staff member [ ] other (explain ______________________________________________________ Supervisor: ___________________________________________________________ Supervisor classification, department: ______________________________________ Name/type of training: __________________________________________________ Date: ______________________ Duration: _______________________________ Person administering training: ____________________________________________ Elements of the training (list topics covered, give details if appropriate) Quiz/test performance ________ or mark here [ ] to indicate no testing. Signed: __________________________________________________ (Person Administering Training) Signed: __________________________________________________ (Supervisor) The School and the Department are responsible for ensuring that supervisors -- usually, but not always faculty -- are accountable for the safety training of their staff, and are able to produce adequate and complete safety training records for all staff upon request. The training need not be administered by the supervisor, but the supervisor is ultimately responsible for making it happen. The official versions of all REM forms and documents are the versions at the REM website. Always check there -- being at www.purdue.edu/REM -- to make sure that you have the official version of any form or other document. 175 APPENDIX Q - Door Information Poster Template Appendix Q: Door Information Poster Template . 176 APPENDIX Q - Door Information Poster Template Door Information Poster Template Building: ______ Room: ______ Post on outside of primary lab egress door(s)* A. Staff Member in charge of room: Name: _________________________________________ B. Faculty member(s) associated with work in room (if different from A) Name: _________________________________________ Work phone: _________ Emergency phone: _________ Name: _________________________________________ Work phone: _________ Emergency phone: _________ C. Other emergency staff contacts: Name: _________________________________________ Work phone: _________ Emergency phone: _________ Name: _________________________________________ Work phone: _________ Emergency phone: _________ D. Locations of: MSDSs:________________________________________ Acronym key: ___________________________________ Hazard Assessment Certification: ____________________ Chemical Hygiene Plan: ___________________________ Work phone: _________ Emergency phone: _________ E. Other special instructions: * This form may be used to meet the requirement that all rooms which fall under the definition of "laboratory use of hazardous chemicals" (see Glossary, Appendix I), must be posted, on the outside of the primary egress door(s), with the name of the faculty or administrative staff member having responsibility for the area and with emergency contact name(s) and telephone number(s) of responsible persons. This particular template is NOT required. You may fashion your own notice. . 177 APPENDIX R – Additional Chemical Safety References Appendix R: Additional Chemical Safety References Additional Chemical Safety References 1. Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 4th ed., Butterworths, 1995. . 178 APPENDIX R – Additional Chemical Safety References 2. Brodsky, A., editor, CRC Handbook of Radiation Measurement and Protection, CRC Press Inc: West Palm Beach, FL, 1978. 3. Carcinogens, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Program, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., latest edition. 4. Casarett, A. Radiation Biology, Prentice-Hall, Inc.: Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1968. 5. Casarett, L.J., Doull, J., Eds., Toxicology, Macmillan: New York, 1975. 6. Cember, H. Introduction to Health Physics, Pergamon Press: New York, 1969. 7. Deichmann, W.B., Gerarde, H.W. Toxicology of Drugs and Chemicals, 4th ed., Academic Press: New York, 1969. 8. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values for Substances in the Workroom Air and Supplemental Documentation, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists: Cincinnati, OH, (latest ed.) 9. Dornhoffer, Mary K., Handling of Chemical Carcinogens: A Safety Guide for the Laboratory Researcher, Chemsyn Science Laboratories: Lenexa, Kansas, 1986. 10. Fawcett, H.H. Hazardous and Toxic Material; Safe Handling and Disposal, Wiley: New York, 1984. 11. Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials, 7th ed., National Fire Protection Association: Boston, MA. 12. Furr, A.K., Ed. CRC Handbook of Laboratory Safety, 3rd ed., CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 1989. 13. Goodman, L.S., Gilman, A. The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, Macmillan: NY, 1975. 14. Gosselin, R.E., et. al. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products: Acute Poisoning, 4th ed., Williams and Wilkins: Baltimore, 1976. 15. Green, M.E., Turk, A. Safety in Working with Chemicals, McMillan: NY, NY, 1978. 16. Guide for Safety in the Chemical Laboratory, 2nd ed., Manufacturing Chemists' Association, Van Nostrand Reinhold: New York, 1972. 17. The Hazard Communication Standard - A Guide Book, National Safety Council: Chicago, IL, 60611. 18. Hilado, C.J., Clark, S.W. Autoignition Temperatures of Organic Solvents, Chem. Eng.: (NY), 1972, 79(19), 75-80. 19. The Industrial Environment-Its Evaluation and Control, U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Public Health Service, NIOSH, U.S. Printing Office: Washington, D.C., Stock Number 017-001-00396-4, 1973. 20. Industrial Ventilation, A Manual of Recommended Practice, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Committee on Industrial Ventilation: Lansing, MI, (latest edition). 21. Klaassen, Curtis D. Casarett and Doull's Toxicology, 6tth Ed, McGraw-Hill, 1996. 22. Knoll, G. Radiation Detection and Measurement, John Wiley & Sons, NY, 1979. 23. Lefevre, M.J. First Aid Manual for Chemical Accidents, WileyEurope, 1989. 24. Lewis, R.J., Ed. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances, DHEW (NIOSH), Publ Microfiche issued quarterly. 25. Loomis, T.A. Essentials of Toxicology, 3rd, Lea and Febiger: Philadelphia, 1978. 26. Martin, A., Harbison, S. Radiation Protection, Chapman and Hall, Ltd.: London, England, 1979. 27. Matheson Gas Products, Inc. Guide to Safe Handling of Compressed Gases, Matheson Gas Products, Inc.: 1983. . 179 APPENDIX R – Additional Chemical Safety References 28. Morgan, K., Turner, J. Principles of Radiation Protection, Robert E. Krieger Publishing Co.: Huntington, NU, 1973. 29. NIOSH/OSHA Product Guide to Chemical Hazards, DHEW(NIOSH): Sept. 1978, Publ. No. 78210. 30. OSHA Safety and Health Standards (29CFR1910), United States Department of Labor, OSHA, GPO: Washington, DC, (latest edition). 31. Patty, F.A. Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volumes 1, 2(A,B,C,), and 3, Interscience Wiley: New York, 1980. 32. Plog, Barbara, A. Fundamentals of Industrial Hygiene, National Safety Council, 3rd edition: Chicago, IL, 1988. 33. Proctor, N., Hughes, J. Chemical Hazards in the Workplace, Lippincott: Philadelphia, 1978. 34. Prudent Practices in the Laboratory: Handling and Disposal of Chemicals, National Research Council, National Academy Press: Washington, DC, 1995. 35. Radiological Health Handbook, U.S.H.E.W., Public Health Service, F.D.A., Bureau of Radiological Health: Rockville, MD, 20852, available form U.S. G.P.O. Stock number 017-01100043-0. 36. Rayburn, Stephen R., The Foundations of Laboratory Safety - A Guide for the Biomedical Laboratory, Springer-Verlag: New York, 1990. 37. Safety in Academic Chemistry Laboratories, 7th ed, V. 1, Committee on Chemical Safety, American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2003. 38. Sax, N.I. Cancer Causing Chemicals, Van Nostrand Reinhold: New York, 1981. 39. Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, 5th ed., Van Nostrand-Reinhold: NY, 1979. 40. Shapiro, J. Radiation Protection, Howard University Press: Cambridge, MA, 2002. 41. Sittig, M. Hazardous and Toxic Effects of Industrial Chemicals, Noyes Data Corp.: Park Ridge, NJ, 1979. 42. TLVs: Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents in the Workroom Environment with Intended Changes, TLV Airborne Contaminants Committee, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists: Cincinnati, OH (Latest edition). 43. Turner, C.F., McCreery, J.W. Chemistry of Fire and Hazardous Materials, Allyn and Bacon: Boston, 1981. 44. Walters, D.C., Ed., Safe Handling of Chemical Carcinogens, Mutagens, Teratogens, and Highly Toxic Substances, Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Inc.: An Arbor, MI, 1980, Vol 1. 45. Winholz, M., Ed., The Merck Index, 9th ed., Merck and Company, Rahway, NJ, 197 . 180