URP3001 - Module 4 Quiz - Endocrine System: Hormones, Determinism, and the Human Condition

Endocrine all of the following are true of the nervous system, except function independently of the endocrine system endocrine cells release their secretions directly into body fluids ____ are chemical messengers that are released in one tissue and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues hormones cells can respond to ____ hormones at the same time a few hormones known as "catecholamines" are derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine peptide hormones are composed of amino acids a kinase is an enzyme that performs phosphorylation an activated G protein can trigger -the production of diacylglycerol -the opening of calcium ion channels in the membrane -the release of calcium ions from intracellular stores -a fall in cAMP levels calcium ions serve as messengers, often in combination with the intracellular protein calmodulin hormones can operate on the ____ level of organization -cellular -tissue -organ -organismic the functional organization of the nervous system parallels that of the ____ system in many ways endocrine the hypothalamus acts as both a neural and an ____ organ endocrine a simple endocrine reflex involves ____ hormone one which of the following substances activates protein kinases and thus acts as a second messenger cyclic AMP all of the following are true of steroid hormones, except are produced by the suprarenal medulla each of the following hormones is an amino acid derivative, except thyroid-stimulating hormone extracellular membrane receptors are used by which of the following types of hormones catecholamines, peptide hormones, and eicosanoids steroid hormones bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells when a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell, the second messenger appears in the cytoplasm hormones can be divided into different groups based on their chemistry. these categories include -peptides -steroids -eicosanoids -amino acid derivatives hormonal actions on cells include those that affect -quantities of enzymes -activities of enzymes -synthesis of enzymes -gating of ion channels the link between a first messenger and a second messenger in a cell that responds to peptide hormones is a G protein when adenyl cyclase is activated ATP is consumed and cAMP is formed after a steroid hormone binds to its receptor to form an active complex gene transcription is initiated the most complex endocrine responses involve the hypothalamus hormone release may be controlled by which of the following factors -blood level of an ion-like potassium -blood level of glucose -blood level of a hormone -nervous stimuli which of the following hormones are water soluble and therefore binds to extracellular receptors insulin and epinephrine all target cells have hormone receptors if the adenyl cyclase activity of liver cells were missing, which of these hormones could no longer stimulate release of glucose glucagon increased activity of phosphodiesterase in a target cell would decrease its level of cAMP destruction of the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus would have which result loss of ADH secretion the primary function of ADH is to decrease the amount of water lost at the kidneys if the median eminence of the hypothalamus is destroyed, the hypothalamus would no longer be able to control the secretion of which of the following hormones TSH, ACTH, PRL changes in blood osmotic pressure would most affect the secretion of ADH the hypothalamus controls secretion by the adenohypophysis by secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a tiny portal system neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus manufacture ADH and oxytocin secretory cells of the adenohypophysis release -FSH -TSH -ACTH -GH the hypophyseal portal system -is a blood connection between the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary -has two capillary plexuses connected by short veins -carries neurosecretions to the anterior lobe of the pituitary -carries ADH and oxytocin the main action antidiuretic hormone is increased water conservation by kidneys excess secretion of growth hormone during early development will cause gigantism which of the following hormones may lead to acromegaly if hypersecreted after closure of the epiphyseal plates growth hormones which of the following organs contain target cells for oxytocin -prostate -ductus deferens -mammary glands -uterus the posterior pituitary gland secretes ADH the hormone produced by the pars intermedia of the adenohypophysis during early childhood is MSH each of the following hormones is produced by the pars distalis of the adenohypophyis, except oxytocin the hormone oxytocin -promotes uterine contractions -is responsible for milk expression from the mammary glands -triggers prostate gland contractions -is the produced in the hypothalamus growth hormone does all of the following, except causes fat accumulation with adipocytes liver cells respond to growth hormone by releasing hormones called somatomedins the pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland is TSH the pituitary hormone that controls the release of glucocorticoids from the suprarenal cortex is ACTH the pituitary hormone that promotes egg development in ovaries and sperm development in testes is FSH the pituitary hormones that promotes ovarian secretion of progesterone and testicular secretion of testosterone is LH the pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is prolactin the pituitary hormone that stimulates cell growth and replication by accelerating protein synthesis is somatotropin the pituitary hormone that cuases the kidney to reduce water loss is ADH after brain surgery, a patient receiving postoperative care in an intensive care unit began to pass large volumes of very dilute urine. the ICU nurse administered a medicine that mimics one of the following hormones. which one? ADH the term used to describe excess production of urine is polyuria melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) is secreted by the human pars intermedia -during pregnancy -in very young children -during fetal development -in some disease processes the two lobes of the pituitary gland together produce how many hormones 9 PRL is to ____ as ACTH is to ____ prolactin; corticotropin the hormone that may be slowly administered by intravenous drip to accelerate labor and delivery is oxytocin which of the following elements is necessary for the production of thyroid hormone iodine which of the following cells are target cells for the hormone that causes a decrease in blood-calcium concentration osteoclasts which of the following is a known effect of thyroid hormone on peripheral tissues -increased oxygen consumption -increased heart rate -increased sensitivity to adrenergic stimulation -increased body temperature thyroid hormone contains the element iodine mental and physical sluggishness and low body temperature may be signs of hypothyroidism the hormone that plays a pivotal role in setting the metabolic rate and thus impacting body temperature is thyroxine a hormone that can lower blood levels of calcium ion is calcitonin the condition known as hirsutism can result from too much androgen production the C cells of the thyroid gland produce calcitonin increased levels of the hormone ____ will lead to increased levels of calcium ion in the blood PTH where does the chemical reaction between thyroglobulin and iodine take place in the lumen of the thyroid follicle TSH plays a key role in the ____ of thyroid hormones synthesis and release the control of calcitonin excretion is a example of direct ____ regulation endocrine inadequate iodine in the diet may lead to -hypothyroidism -cretinism -myxedema high blood levels of THS thyroxine and calcitonin are secreted by the thyroid gland the action of thyroid hormone on a target cell involves all these steps except one. identify the incorrect step binding to a hormone receptor in the plasma membrane which of the following is not an action of TSH inhibits T3 and T4 secretion before the discovery of these glands, thyroid surgery often led to a rapid drop in blood calcium levels, which triggered muscle contractions and cardiac arrhythmias. what glands are these and which hormone is lacking parathyroid glands; parathyroid hormone parathyroid hormone does all of the following, except that it doesn't build up bone the hormone that does the opposite of calcitonin is parathyroid hormone the parathyroid glands produce a hormone that increases the level of calcium ions in the blood the zona reticularis of the suprarenal cortex produces androgens the zona fasciculata of the suprarenal cortex produces glucocorticoids the zona glomerulosa of the suprarenal cortex produces mineralcorticoids the suprarenal medulla produces catecholamines a hormone that promotes gluconeogenesis in the liver is cortisol a hormone that helps to regulate the sodium ion content of the body is aldosterone Cushing disease results from an excess of glucocorticoids reduction of fluid losses at the kidneys due to the retention of Na+ is the action of aldosterone the suprarenal medulla produces the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine damage to cells of the zona fasciculata of the suprarenal cortex would result in decreased ability to convert amino acids to glucose a rise in cortisol would cause an increaase in each of the following, except ACTH levels if a patient is administered a powerful glucocorticoid (such as prednisone) to supress the immune system, what unintended effects might this have on blood chemistry both an increase of insulin and an increase in blood glucose too little secretion of cortisol and aldosterone causes Addison disease a hormone that is synergistic to growth hormone is cortisol cells of the suprarenal cortex produce aldosterone which of the following hormones increases and prolongs effects of the sympathetic nervous system epinephrine which gland is called the "emergency gland" and helps the body to adjust to stress adrenal (suprarenal) which group of hormones cause and an anti-inflammatory action glucocorticoids hormones from the adrenal cortex that electrolyte balance are mineralcorticoids which of these statements about melatonin is false exposure to light stimulates production pinealocytes produce melatonin melatonin is produced by the pineal gland each of the following is true of the pineal gland, except that it is a component of the hypothalamus the condition known as seasonal affective disorder (SAD) may be caused by increased levels of melatonin alpha cells are to ____ as beta cells are to ____ glucagon; insulin if a diabetic patient received too much insulin, the low blood sugar could be corrected by injecting glucagon the primary targets of insulin are -skeletal muscle fibers -adipocytes -liver cells -cardiac muscle cells the pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar levels to fall is insulin in persons with untreated diabetes mellitus -blood glucose levels are very high -excessive thirst is shown -glucose is present in the urine in large amounts -a large excretion of urine occurs which of the following might occur in an overdose of insulin low blood glucose Shelly has a hormone-secreting tumor of the suprarenal gland. the tumor is causing her to have a deep voice, to grow extensive body hair, and to stop menstruating. this tumor probably involves cells of the zona reticularis when blood glucose levels rise insulin is released when blood glucose levels fall glucagon is released the beta cells of the pancreatic islets produce insulin he delta cells of the pancreatic islets produce somatostatin the exocrine portion of the pancreas produces digestive enzymes type II diabetes is characterized by a lack of response by target cells to insulin which of the following hormones stimulates skeletal muscle fibers to take in glucose from the blood insulin which of the following directly regulates the secretion of insulin blood-glucose concentration the currently recognized normal range of blood-glucose is 70-110 mg/dl the pancreatic islets (islets of langerhans) contain four types of endocrine cells the pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar to enter its target cells is insulin inability of the pancreas to produce insulin results in diabetes mellitus a rise in angiotensin II levels would result in all of the following, except increased urine production angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II by converting enzymes in the lungs the enzyme renin is responsible for the activation of angiotensin the interstitial cells of the testes produce testosterone follicle cells in the ovary secrete ____ when stimulated by FSH estrogen a structure known as the corpus luteum secretes progesterone the hormone that opposes the release of FSH in both males and females is inhibin the hormones that are important for coordinating the immune response are thymosins which of these hormones increases production of red blood cells erythropoietin the kidneys secrete -renin -erythropoietin -calcitrol -hormones to regulate sodium ion concentration cholecalciferol is synthesized within the epidermis of the integumentary system the heart is known to secrete all of the following hormones, except thymosin and thyroxine increased aggressive and assertive behavior is associated with an increase in which of these hormones sex hormones the hormone that dominates during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is epinephrine proper growth requires which of these hormones -thyroid hormone -calcitrol -insulin -growth hormone during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) there is mobilization of energy reserves if stress lasts longer than a few hours, an individual will enter the ____ phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) resistance hormones that dominate during the resistance phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) are the glucocorticoids during the resistance phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) lipid reserves are mobilized the exhaustion phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is characterized by failure of electrolyte balance Which of the following statements is true about paracrine communication? All of the answers are correct: -Many cells produce paracrine factors. -Paracrine factors are rather similar to hormones. -The cells make local hormones, made by cells that affect surrounding cells. -It is used for the regulation of cell and organ activities. Which of the following hormones is/are water soluble and therefore bind(s) to extracellular receptors? insulin and epinephrine