Review - Med Term Medical Assistant

REVIEW MID-TERM 1.Types of infections: -Endogenous infections(inside) -exogenous infections (outside) 2. Beneficial VS harmful microorganism disease 3. Cycle of infection chain Reservoir host: Pathogens invades the reservoir host, any animal, insect, human. This can cause infections. - - Carrier: unaware of the presence of the pathogens and spread disease. Endogenous infection (INSIDE THE BODY): abnormality or malfunction that has caused normally beneficial or harmless microorganism to become pathogens. EXAMPLE: Escherichia coli bacteria (E.coli) bladder infection, beneficial bacteria found in the intestinal tract. Exogenous infection (OUTSIDE THE BODY): Caused by a pathogen outside the body. EXAMPLE: wound infection, Staph, MRSA. Animal host: West Nile, HIV, Ebola Means of exit: Pathogen exit the body. - Through nose, mouth, eyes, ears Feces or urine Semen, vaginal fluid, discharge through reproductive tract Blood or open wounds EXAMPLE: Respiratory tract= Flu or TB Cholera= through feces REVIEW MID-TERM Secretions= scabies, enterovirus Cuts or needle= Hepatitis B Vectors= malaria Crossing the placenta= syphilis, rubella Means of transmission: Direct or indirect. - Direct: Pathogens moves immediately from one host to another. EXAMPLE: skin to skin, Sexual contact such as kissing, pregnancy or birth, contact with soil or germ, saliva, blood. Indirect: Only if the pathogens are capable of existing independently. Airborne transmission, Vector borne transmission, Foodborne transmission, Droplet transmission. Means of entrance: Pathogens enters the body. EXAMPLE: cavity lined with mucous membrane, mouth, nose, throat, vagina, or rectum, ear, eyes, intestinal tract, urinary tract, reproductive tract, break of the skin. - Fecal-oral= gastroenteritis Skin broke= hookworm Mucus membrane= syphilis Blood= Hep B, HIV Susceptible host: Pathogens has been transmitted and the person has little or no immune to infections, ability to resist it. - Factors: Immune system, environment, type of pathogens, genetics. Other factors: Age, nutritional status, disease, stress levels, hygiene habits, general health. 4. Routes of infections transmission - Airborne transmission: Pass through AIR, spread rapidly through air. EXAMPLE: inhaled soil particles, secretions droplets from sneeze or cough, fungal. Respiratory disease can cause influenza, flu. Contaminated droplets can cause influenza, chickenpox, and TB. Droplets from cough and sneeze can can carry up to 3 feet. - Bloodborne transmission: Contact of blood or open wound, Direct or indirect. DIRECT IS when contaminated blood touch another person’s broken skin, mucous membrane, or when pregnant woman transmit disease to her fetus across the placenta. INDIRECT IS when is spread through blood transfusion, needlestick injury, improperly sterilized dental equipment. -Transmission during pregnancy or birth: Pregnant women pass pathogens to the fetus. Infections can be transmitted while the fetus is in the mother’s uterus. EXAMPLE: Rubella, herpes, gonorrhea, syphilis, or streptococcal infection. CONGENITAL: infection that is present in a childbirth. - Foodborne transmission: Ingesting contaminated food or liquids when handled by an infected person who has poor hygiene habits. People who produce less stomach acid may become infected with small dose of pathogens while those who has a higher acid productions becomes more effected. FOOD POISONING CAN CAUSE E.COLI. REVIEW MID-TERM - Vector borne transmission: Living organism that carriers microorganism from an infected person to another person known as vector. Common carries are insects such as, fleas, flies, mosquitos, and ticks. FLEAS are responsible for plague, is identified as bioterrorism agent HOUSEFLIES carry pathogens from garbage and feces on their bodies and feet. MOSQUITOES carries several diseases, are responsible for West Nile Virus, Zika virus and malaria TICKS carry microorganism responsible for Lyme disease, and Rocky Mountain spotted fever. -Transmission by touching: Direct or indirect. DIRECT occurs through contact with an infected person’s mucous membrane, sexual contact such as penis, vagina, urethra, mouth, anus. INDIRECT occurs through fomites, inanimate reservoir of pathogenic microorganism such as drinking glass, doorknob, shopping cars, pencil, or any surface. Use contact protection with dealing with Pt with diarrhea, draining wounds, uncontrolled secretions, ostomy tubes, rash, decubiti’s ulcers pressure sores. 5. Dispose sharps and contaminates wastes properly: -Used sharps must never bent, broken, recapped - After use, placed them in a rigid, leakproof, puncture-resistant biohazards waste container for sharps. -Disposable and reusable sharps are kept in separate containers. - Don’t over fill the container, and replace it when is two-thirds full. - Always wear gloves, and place biohazardous waste in appropriate containers as soon as possible, - Keep lid close, place in a secondary container if the first is contaminated. - Drop- don’t push 6. % alcohol in hand sanitizers - %60 to %95 this can be in gels, foams, or liquids. 7. Differences between sanitization & disinfection: -Sanitization: Scrubbing instrument and equipment with special brushes and detergent to removes blood, mucus. Used to clean items that touch only healthy intact skin. First step before disinfection and sterilization. EXAMPLE: Blood pressure, Ophthalmoscope, Otoscope, penlight, reflex hammer, Stethoscope, tape measure, tuning fork. Place them in a sink or container filled with water and neutral PH detergent solution. Nicks and scratches can affect their functions and bacterial contamination. Separate the sharp instruments from all other equipment Rinse the equipment in hot, running water, handle only one item at a time. Never use metal brush, or steel wool. Pay attention hinges, ratches, nook, crannies REVIEW MID-TERM ULTRASONIC CLEANING for delicate instruments and for moving parts. A special bath, sound waves, is safe for even fragile instruments, -Disinfection: The second step in infection control. Process that destroy most, but not all microorganism. Usually for instruments that don’t penetrate patient skin or that is contact with the mucous membrane. EXAMPLE: Enamelware, Endotracheal tubes, Glassware, Laryngoscope, nasal specula. -When wet items are put in the disinfectant bath, the surface moisture may dilute the solution, trace of soap in sanitation process can alter the chemical makeup of the disinfectant, and evaporation can alter too. 8. What is used to disinfect contaminated surfaces: Germicidal soap products, Alcohol, Chlorine and chlorine products, Formaldehyde, Glutaraldehyde, Hydrogen peroxide, Iodine and Iodine compounds, Acid products. - Use sterile transfer forceps or sterilizing forceps to remove items from whatever disinfection unit is used. 9. ADA 1990 & accommodations offices need to make: -Americans with disabilities act -Doorway at least 16 inches wide, Pt with wheelchair can pass through -hallways 60 inches in diameters -stable, firm, slip-resistant flooring. -door opening hardware that can grasped with one hand. -bars in the lavatory 10. Temp for lab fridge & exam rooms: - lab fridge is 36*F and 46*F - food refrigerator is 32*F and 40*F -exam rooms are 70*F and 72*F 11.Instruments to examine what body orifices: -Anoscope: open the anus, stool specimen obtained to check for blood. - Examination light: source of light. - Laryngeal mirror: Reflects the inside of the mouth and throat. - Nasal speculum: enlarge the opening of the nose. - Ophthalmoscope: lighted instruments to examine the inner eye. - Otoscope: examine the ear canal and the tympanic membrane, consist of light source, magnifying glass, ear speculum. REVIEW MID-TERM -Pen light: small flashing check for pupil response of the eye. - Reflex hammer: patients reflexes, has a hard rubber triangular head. -Sphygmomanometer: blood pressure cuff -Stethoscope: body sounds -thermometer: check temp - Turning fork: patient hearing - Vaginal speculum: enlarge the vagina to see the cervix 12. Types of labs: - Reference lab: Laboratory owned and operated by an organization outside the practice. Have more technological resources. - Physician’s office laboratory POL: Responsible for accurate and timely processing of routine test and for reporting test results to the physician. This includes chemical analyses, hematologic test, microbiologic test and urinalysis. - Point of care Test POCT: Test performed at or near the patient, where the patient is being treated. Is used to monitor the patient condition after the diagnose is made. Shorter waiting, earlier treatments, decreased number of follow up appointments. 13. How monitor blood sugar works? - Require sterile lancet to perform a capillary puncture -collect the blood on the reagent strips. -poct 14. Departments that analyze different specimens: -Cytology: examination of the cells to make a diagnosis. -Toxicology: identify poisons or other chemical, drug testing -Immunology: identify disorders and disease of the immune system -Blood banking: Processing and storing the blood and blood products for transfusion and blood disorders treatments. -Urinalysis: testing urine in the kidney disease and disorders and certain metabolic disorders. Testing for glucose in the urine. -Histology: evaluation of the tissue to make a diagnosis, biopsy. -Serology: Testing the liquid part of the blood for antibodies against microorganism. Testing for malaria, and viral hepatitis. REVIEW MID-TERM -Chemistry: testing for certain substances in the blood, urine, other body fluids. This include cholesterol, electrolytes, glucose, calcium, and potassium. -Microbiology: Testing for the presence of pathogenic microorganism such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoans, and parasite in the blood, urine, sputum. -Hematology: testing for blood to identify problems with count, size, number of blood cells. 15. Shapes and names of bacteria’s: Coccus: spherical, round, or ovoid. Found in skin. Staphylococci Can cause infections including acne, abscesses, food poisoning, and pneumonia. Diplococci, boxing gloves pairs of cocci, causes of gonorrhea and meningitis. Streptococci chains of round bead, grow in chains, responsible for infections such as strep throat, pneumonia, rheumatic fever. Bacillus: is rod shape, little rods or rounded sticks, responsible for variety of infections, gastroenteritis, TB, pneumonia, whooping cough, urinary tract infections, botulism, and tetanus. Spirillum: Spiral shaped stretched out springs or coils, responsible for infections such as syphilis and lyme disease. Vibrio: comma shaped commas or hooked structures, found in water and are motile, meaning that they move. Disease such as cholera and food poisoning. 16. Anaerobic: Without oxygen Aerobic: With oxygen 17. C&S stand for? -Culture and sensitivity 18. Types of Urine samples? What’s the greatest concentration of substance? First morning: the greatest concentration of substances, is collected after a night’s sleep. Random urine: sample taken at any time of the day and collected in a clean, dry container. Urine should be process within 1 hour of collection. Clean-catch midstream urine: may be collected at random or first thing in the morning, required special cleansing of the external genitalia to void contamination. Timed urine specimen: Measure patients urinary output or to analyze substances. Discard the first specimen. Then collect all urine for specific time (2 to 24 hours). Do not mix with stool or toilet paper. Keep in the refrigerated until returning it to the licensed practitioner. REVIEW MID-TERM 24 hour urine specimen: collected over a 24 hour period, analyze the quantitative and qualitative of sodium, chloride, calcium. 19. How to instruct a patient to obtain a clean catch: - Required special cleansing of the external genitalia to void contamination -Voiding a small amount of urine into the toilet prior to collecting the midstream specimen flushes the normal flora. 20. Normal value of protein in urine: - negative to trace 22. Normal color of urine: - pale yellow to dark amber 23. Terms (Urine related) -Oliguria: Insufficient production of urine, occurs in conditions such as dehydratation, decreased fluid intake, shock, and disease. - Anuria: absence of urinde production -Hematuria: presence of blood in the urine -Glycosuria: presence of significant glucose in the urine 24.Know urea and uric acid means and what they are products: - wastes products - formed by the breakdown of proteins and nucleic acid 25. label and identify kidney and bladder REVIEW MID-TERM