What modification was done? Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have a long history in application of fermented food products. Progress in gene technology allows their modification by introducing new genes or by modifying their metabolic functions. These modifications are important as may lead to improvements in food technology. LAB are widely used as starter cultures for fermentation in the dairy, meat...
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Billions of nerve cells make up the human brain. They are all connected, however in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) these connections are broken. The result is death of nerve cells and tissue damage which can result in a range of symptoms such as confusion, memory loss and difficulty competing daily tasks. There is currently no cure for AD. Gum disease, also...
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To determine and evaluate the virulence of the bacterial isolates against Cx. quinquefasciatus, the bioassay tests were carried out at 30 ± 1°C; against 100 late third instar larvae kept in 1000 ml sterile distilled water in glass beakers. Mortality was recorded at 24h intervals. 5 ml suspension (containing ≈109 bacteria/ml) of each of the bacterial isolates was mixed with...
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Microorganisms are extremely minute lifeforms which are omnipresent. These lifeforms exist in the most varied habitats of the world. Soil, water, excreta, etc are some of the richest sources of microorganisms especially of a wide variety of bacteria. A number of microbiological techniques are employed for the isolation and characterization of bacteria. Bacteria can be allowed to grow and multiply...
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While researching for this paper, I’ve learned a little bit more about the history of dental carries and its effects on us even in the early days. I found a few authors who took time to really study the behaviours of oral bacteria that lives in our mouth. This paper also tells the importance of being well educated regarding our...
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A variety of health problems in human beings have resulted from the pollution of the environment caused by diesel oil. This paper provides a summary of a study on the action of degradation that occurs as a result of the action of bacteria on diesel in the presence of waste food materials. During the experiment, the author aimed towards several...
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How to prevent and what effects does E. coli produce on the body? The main origin of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli outbreaks are raw or undercooked meat products, raw milk and faecal-contaminated vegetables. Considering that the E. Coli bacteria we all have in our body. We can cite the most important themes that should be known about this bacterium as:...
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Abstract In the process of agar preparation, the agar powder was used along with the distilled water. Both were poured together in big flask and mixed well. Then, the flask was put in autoclave machine for sterilization with loosely closed stopper. After autoclaving, the solution was transferred to the Petri dishes. Then, petri dishes were put in incubator. The gram...
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INTRODUCTION The main goal of this experiment was to separate strain from a natural and the existence of living microbes which are present in the environment. The natural environment has a lot of bacteria suspended in the air. The surfaces around the lab can have capability of contamination too. In this experiment, microorganisms were taken from different sources to determine...
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Since the invention of mobile cell phones, people have been carrying them wherever they go and using them for long periods of time throughout the day. Today’s cell phones can do everything from making a phone call across the world, to searching the internet and taking high definition photographs of anything in sight. Cell phones also have applications that people...
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Introduction Human Growth Hormone (HGH) is used medically to treat patients and especially children who suffer from pituitary deficiency. This hormone considered to be a protein which contains a specific molecular weight of 22,000 which is extracted or taken from the human pituitary glands (Dr. David Goeddel, 1979) . It was produced using molecular biological techniques derived from a specific...
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Bacteria - these are single cell microorganism that come in many shapes and forms these can be ball, rod or spiral shaped. most bacteria's are not harmful and some can be helpful less than 1 percent of these are infectious which can multiply in the body leading to disease. They can produce toxins that can make someone very ill. bacteria...
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Streptococci species are commonly isolated on Blood agar, a commonly used media in microbiology laboratories. Blood agar is composed of Tryptic Soy mixed with 5% of sheep red blood cells. This media is not only used to isolate streptococci, but also staphylococci species of bacteria via hemolysis which refers to the breakdown of red blood cells in enriched agar base...
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Abstract With people suffering from the lack of clean water or people that are not sure if the water they are drinking is indeed safe, therefore many people catch illnesses caused by unsafe water. By having enough knowledge about the quality of water they drink, they can avoid these situations. The device aims to detect the pH levels of water...
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Introduction Production of curd by using Bacterial Probiotics Acidification of milk is one of the methods used in preservation of milk. Acidification, gives the milk a sour taste and it is achieved by bacterial fermentation or by the addition of an acid (for example: lemon juice or vinegar). The acid causes milk to coagulate and solidify fully or partially. Coagulation...
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Though many people may believe that there are other major factors that are a threat to mankind and viruses are not even a major issue, they actually are. I totally agree that they are one of the biggest threats to mankind as they can be extremely harmful based on the type and they are the cause for hundreds of deaths...
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A few years back, the products labelled “probiotic” have become popular due to their ability in stimulating the growth of beneficial flora in the gut. Such products are Yakult, Vitagen and probiotics supplement pill. Then, I realize that bacteria in probiotic products are from a group known as Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB). LAB can be found in food and feed...
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Bacteria are thought to be the initial occupants of planet earth. They first appeared some 4 billion years ago, when the earth was void and just an empty wasteland. Bacteria are everywhere, from our stomachs, to the food we eat, to our toilet seats. And while a large percentage of them are necessary for life to exist, yet another percentage...
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Plants are affected by various factors including abiotic and biotic stresses in nature. Due to the recent climate changes, crop production has seriously dropped. One of the many abiotic factors that contributes to this issue is osmotic shock or osmotic stress in plants, which results from salinity, drought, and low temperature (Upadhyaya et al., 2013). Osmotic adjustment plays a significant...
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The transformative history of infections speaks to an interesting, though cloudy, theme for virologists and cell scientists. Due to the extraordinary assorted variety among infections, researcher have battled with how to characterize these elements and how to relate them to the traditional tree of life. They may speak to hereditary components that picked up the capacity to move between cells....
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Fast foods are able to eat foods that prepared and sold by vendors on streets and similar public places.They provide a source of able to eat, top quality and nutritional value meals with reasonable price, while giving an honest income for the vendors (Swanepoel et al., 1998). They feed tons of consumers daily with a good sort of RTE foods;...
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Enterococci are facultative anaerobic and Gram-positive bacteria often forming normal fecal flora of humans. However, these bacteria are increasingly appearing as primary pathogens among patients with compromised immune systems (Hemalatha, Bhaskaran, Sowmiya, & Anusheela Howlader, 2017). This manifestation is believed to be due to its resistance to various antibiotics along with its ability to form biofilms and acquiring some virulence...
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Bacteria is an example of a unicellular prokaryote. Several bacteria move by turning the flagellum (Kojima, 2015). Several movable bacteria move in fluid or on a firm exterior utilising their flagellum. The flagellum has a spiral shape and expands from the cell body. The flagellum’s turning movement causes the bacterial cell to swim. The rotary motor located in the inner...
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Gene regulation is the way genes are expressed, and it starts with the central dogma. Gene regulation starts with the DNA which makes mRNA which then makes proteins. Prokaryotes, which are bacteria (for example E. coli), eat whatever we eat; therefore, if we drink milk, the bacteria will break down the lactose using gene regulation (Anderson, 2011). Bacterial genes are...
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INTRODUCTION Folate is a water-soluble B- vitamin which has an essential nutritional function in the human body, especially very important for pregnant women and lactating mothers. The major sources of folate are green leafy vegetables, liver, legumes, egg yolk, wheat germ, milk and milk products, and yeast (Lin & Young, 2000). Folate deficiency is a global issue especially from developing...
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Abstract The purpose of this experiment was to determine the optimal temperature for both bacterial enzyme amylase, known as Bacillus licheniformis (B. licheniformis), and fungal enzyme amylase, known as Aspergillus oryzae (A. oryzae). During this experiment, both enzymes were exposed to 4 different temperatures (0 ᵒC, 25 ᵒC, 55 ᵒC, and 85 ᵒC) for specific time intervals. The time intervals...
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