Abstract
This paper introduces internet of things which connects the whole world through devices such as sensors, actuators and other embedded devices. Internet of things can be used in agriculture for efficient crop production. India is very much popular for crop production. As day by day the population increases, production of crops has to be increased. To produce more efficient crops, soil pH is more important. Crop growth is based on soil nutrient level Hence the nutrient level has to be monitored frequently for crop production. For this there are various techniques for nutrient detection. In this paper, the nutrient level of soil are detected and monitored using pH sensor and microcontroller is used. The values are then stored and updated to cloud server for future use. Along with that an application done for farmers order to know the nutrients which present in the soil.
INTRODUCTION
Soil testing is an important diagnostic tool for determining the nutrient needs of plants and for environmental assessments. Some soils are inherently deficient in plant nutrients. Other soils had sufficient levels of nutrients in the past, but removal with crop harvest has depleted the reserves. Thus, soil testing is widely accepted and used in most advanced crop-production areas of the world to determine fertilization needs for crops. Soil testing can also be used to identify application rates of waste materials containing nutrients or other elements that could harm the environment. Waste materials such as animal manures and industry by-products may provide various plant nutrients.
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Soils are tested routinely for the primary nutrients phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and nitrogen (N). In some regions, soils are also routinely tested for other primary nutrients such as calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sulfur (S), and for other nutrients required in very small amounts by crops such as boron (B), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), and zinc (Zn). Soils receiving waste materials are also tested for elements such as arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), and selenium (Se) among others
LITERATURE REVIEW
In this paper identification to soil nutrients using ph is used to identify various soil nutrients with the help of pH value. As per the availability of nutrients, recommendations of cultivating the particular crop will be given. This project uses microcontroller which determines PH of diluted soil sample using Glass ph electrode. PH is defined as the negative logarithm (base 10) of the activity of hydronium ions (H+or, more precisely, H3O+aq) in a solution. It ranges from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral. A pH below 7 is acidic and above 7 is basic. The optimum pH range for most plants is between 5.5 and 7.0
In a Survey it is observed that when the farmers was grow the crop and suddenly the crops fails so they don't know the reason behind this why the crops fails? For the better cultivation of crops they need to study first about the nutrients which are present in soil and which soil is suitable to grow which type of crops
Existing System
The existing system deals only about automatic irrigation, manual fertiliser spraying without testing of soil. Soil testing is not done by farmers. So farmers feed the fertilizers as it is in the field without any proper knowledge. Mostly fertilizers are feed in agriculture land manually by the farmers. The main drawbacks are feeding fertilizers manually will spoil the crops. If the fertilizers level high then the crop will be damaged and make a loss to the farmers.
Proposed System
This proposed work will help the farmer to put fertilizers in correct ratio and in correct time. This will be automatically done by mixing the fertilizers in the water tank and spraying it evenly so that incorrect mixing of fertilizers will be avoided. The main advantage is it requires proper amount of fertilizers and maintaining the value of pH. So that the fertilizers will be evenly distributed in agriculture land. The damage due to fertilizers will be reduced by using this proposed system. The overall process will be controlled by the Arduino and Humidity sensors. . This system helps to improve productivity of crop by getting quick result of soil quality and recommending proper fertilizer.
Soil pH is an indicator of soil acidity and basicity. Most soils have a pH in the range of 4 to 10. The pH of a particular soil, such as 5 or 8, reflects a certain chemical and mineralogical environment in that soil, and thus the pH is of great importance to plant roots and microbial activity. Within the pH range of 4 to 10, the primary effect of soil pH on plant growth does not depends on hydroxyl ions and hydrogen ions but associated with chemical environments. In general, the major influence of pH is on ion activities that affect the toxicity of elements like Al and Mn or on nutrient. Nitrogen availability is maximum between pH 6 and 8 because the mineralization of N is maximum in this range. The availability of P in acid soil is reduced by precipitation and adsorption by Fe and Al. For these reasons soil pH is one of the most important factors affecting soil fertility and so is commonly managed to increase crop yields. Based on pH status the plant type which must be grown on the particular soil is decided. This serves as an awareness to farmer.
Conclusion
This proposed system suggested the fertilizer details to farmer in a way that farmer could feed the land in an even manner and without any deficiency to crops. The farmer could get all the proper information about the details of the soil including pH and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium levels. This avoids over dosage of fertilisers and it is user-friendly to farmers. This proposed system could be further enhanced by using advanced measurement techniques and this could be monitored by using LabVIEW. This could be further improvised with intelligent techniques.
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