Completion of Socio-Political Development of the 19th Century

I. Finishing the sociopolitical developments of the 19th C: Socialism and Anarchy 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. But first: The political spectrum explained: Liberalism and how it changes. Conservativism as a defensive reaction to change: To Repress or Not? Liberalism sees the need for change; Conservativism fights it. Features of Conservativism: 1. Historical Tradition 2. Patriarchalism. 3. *Edmund Burke 6. The State is part of an organic body; rationalist/liberalist writings are irrelevant because they fail to consider local historical tradition, says Burke. The State is more than a contract that one can opt out of. 7. Frederick Wilhelm IV of Prussia: "No piece of paper is going to come between me and my country." 8. Differences of Conservativism from Liberalism: 1. Authority figures (kings down to employers) should be like fathers. 2. MONARCHY!! 3. Agriculture is the primary basis of society, as it always has been. 4. Social problems should be dealt with privately like they always have been; charity organizations, religious realms. No state welfare! 5. They oppose laissez-faire in industry: the state is their household, they have every right to say what goes on in it. 6. Essentially a defensive mode, reacting against incipient change in the face of the industrial revolution. 7. Conservativism is most deeply rooted in multi-national Empires like Prussia, Russia, Austria-Hungary. Why? Cultural tradition with emphasis on loyalty to the monarch; maintenance of feudalism; less concept of Nationalism. 9. Socialism: As liberalism is to free trade, socialism is to the negation of private property (more or less). 1. Henri de Saint-Simon: Baseline standard of living. 2. Charles Fourier: Commune, rotating jobs (essentially, communism w/o the tinge of Marx/Lenin). 3. Flora Tristan: Social welfare, early feminism: Equal pay for = work means solidarity for all workers. 10. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels: The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Das Kapital (three volumes, last one in 1894) 1. Hegelian dialectic: thesis -» antithesis -> synthesis. 2. Marx revises this to include historical law. 3. Marx ties together economy as the basis of all politics and social class; "haves + have nots"; all based on access/lack of access to the "mode of production" 4. Historical inevitability leads to conflict between classes (thesis and antithesis), creating new class (synthesis). In the old age, this was feudalism (haves = lords, have nots = peasants/serfs) >> creation of a middle/merchant class. In the Industrial Revolution age, the new urban working class ("Proletariat") is the synthesis. 5. Through Revolution, class will be eliminated, thus so will Capitalism; and without Capitalism as a basis for the State defending private property and the rights of property owners, therefore the State will also die out after the Revolution. 6. The First International in 1964, London. 11. The difference between socialists and radicals: The rate of change, the use of violence. 12. The next step down the line: Anarchists. 1. More dominant in the East (Prussia, Austria, Russia) because of repressive (autocratic) govts and pre-existing social hierarchy (semi-feudalism still exists); result is that anarchy must be more "radical" than in the west. 2. You have to yell louder to be heard; conversely, govt will repress more strongly than if "radicals" were allowed a forum for expression. 3. Bakunin, Kropotkin: combining anarchism with communism (prelude to Lenin) 4. As Marxism spreads, it divides into factions, largely along class lines: Trade unions grow; where repression is met more strongly, violence is more prevalent. 5. Assassinations and bomb-throwing radicals: Killed in a span of ten years by anarchists who claim no other avenue for change is available, include: President of France 1893; Prime Minister of Spain (1897); Empress of Austria 1898; King of Italy 1900; President of United States 1901. 6. The only rule of anarchism: No rules. Get rid of the State. 7. Primary audience: Working classes (urban). But they must be brought up to the level of proper revolutionary class.