Key Concepts and Theories of Growth and Development Summary Quiz

Sherpath: Key Concepts and Theories of Growth and Development Summary Quiz 1. The progression of function in infants can be described by which patterns of growth and development? ● Simple to complex This pattern describes progression of functions. For example, as a child develops language, their vocabulary becomes more detailed and enhanced, and, similarly, an infant holds a toy in his or her hand before he or she picks up a small object with pincer grasp. ● General to specific This pattern describes responses of infant body systems. For example, myelination of the peripheral nerves in the neurological system becomes more developed as the infant grows, allowing the infant to crawl before walking. 2. A rapid pace of growth is common in which age group? ● From birth to 2 years During this period the growth rate is high compared to other age groups. The child grows rapidly, tripling birth weight at 1 year and quadrupling birth weight by age 2. ● From puberty to 15 years From the onset of puberty to 15 years, the growth rate is high compared to other age groups. Hormonal influences during this time prepare the body for adulthood, including this growth spurt, a deposition of fats stores, secondary sexual characteristics, and, for girls, menarche. 3. A nurse is measuring the height and weight of a 4-year-old child during the well-child visit. The child’s parents comment that they are concerned that the child’s growth seems to have slowed down since the child was a toddler. The nurse knows that this is because of which factors? ● Normal growth slows down in this age group. It is normal for children to have slowed patterns of growth between age 2 and the onset of puberty. Rapid growth tends to occur during infancy/toddlerhood and puberty. 4. A typical dietary pattern for optimal growth and development includes which proportions of fat, carbohydrate, and protein? ● 20% fat, 50% carbohydrate, and 30% protein These proportions allow infants and children the nutrients to meet metabolic needs. When these proportions are not included in daily meals, children are at increased risk for developing disease. 5. Multifactorial birth defects result because of a combination of which two factors? ● Genetics Genetics is one of the most important factors involved in the development of multifactorial birth defects. Genetic counseling is available for parents concerned about disorders that run in families. ● Environment Environment is an important factor involved in understanding multifactorial birth defects. Environmental factors can play a role in prenatal and postnatal development. 6. Which two influences on growth and development increase the risk of occurrence of multifactorial birth defects? ● If one close relative has a severe form of the defect, then the risk for multifactorial birth defects increases. The existence of a severe form of the defect is an important factor that will increase the risk of multifactorial birth defects in the developing fetus. ● If several close relatives have the defect, whether mild or severe, it will increase the risk for multifactorial birth defects. If the child has several close relatives with the defect, this is going to increase the risk of occurrence of multifactorial defects. 7. Which are the best resources to find an appropriate growth chart in assessing growth for a 1-year-old child? ● World Health Organization (WHO) growth standards for this age group The CDC recommends that health care providers use the World Health Organization (WHO) growth standards to monitor growth for infants and children ages 0 to 2 years of age and the CDC growth charts for children age 2 years and older. The reason is that the data collected for the WHO growth charts represent infants and children who were breastfed during their first year of life, and this is considered to be the optimal standard of measurement for comparison. 8. A 6-month-old infant is brought to the clinic and after assessing the child’s head circumference, the nurse notes that the head circumference for this baby has gone from the 50th percentile to 10th percentile since the 2-month visit. What might this indicate? ● A delay in skull growth Frequent head growth measurements can provide information on the growth of an infant’s skull. Suture closure may occur at inappropriate times and therefore affect skull growth. ● Disturbances in nutrition intake A lack of proper nutrition can impede growth and development in children including head growth. This can indicate failure to thrive in an infant. ● A problem with brain development Since the skull grows to accommodate the developing brain, head circumference measurements can provide information on brain development. 9. The nurse is assessing a newborn and notes that the head circumference is 13 inches and the chest circumference is 11 inches. What conclusion can be made by the nurse about this ratio? ● The newborn is presenting with a normal growth pattern. The chest circumference of newborns is often smaller than the head circumference and therefore this is a normal presentation at birth. 10. How does Erickson’s theory of child development influence pediatric nursing? ● It provides a theoretical basis for the emotional care required for nursing. Erikson’s main contribution to the study of human development lies in his outline of a universal sequence of phases of psychosocial development influences. This information aids pediatric nursing by providing a framework for how to work with children of different ages and developmental levels. 11. Which statement reflects a child’s ability to develop autonomy according to Erikson? ● The child is able to pour milk from a cup. Erikson suggested that, for a toddler, one important developmental task is to acquire a sense of autonomy rather than a sense of shame and doubt. 12. A mother presents to the nurse and states, “just recently my child has developed a positive, ‘can-do’ attitude towards all of her tasks.” Based on this comment the child has recently reached which stage of psychosocial development according to Erikson? ● Initiative vs guilt The initiative vs guilt stage happens during the preschool years and is a time when a child will present with a “can-do” attitude. 13. According to Piaget’s cognitive theory, which concept is demonstrated by an infant looking for a pacifier that has fallen out of the crib? ● Object permanence This scenario reflects the development of object permanence, which is the awareness that objects continue to exist even when they disappear from sight. Object permanence develops in the sensorimotor period, when reflexive behavior is used to adapt to the environment and the child has an egocentric view of the world. 14. What is a child at the concrete operational stage able to understand? ● Fact vs. fiction During the period of concrete operations, the child is no longer bound by perceptions and can distinguish fact from fantasy. The concept of time becomes increasingly clear during this stage, although far past and far future events remain obscure. Although reasoning powers increase rapidly during this stage, the child cannot deal with abstractions or with socialized thinking. 15. Match the period of cognitive development with the appropriate characteristic. Egocentric view of the world. ● Sensorimotor Thinking is magical and dominated by perception. ● Preperational Thinking becomes logical. ● Concrete operational Situations can be analyzed. ● Formal operational 16. A school-age child asks the school nurse about sexual development, which indicates that the child is in which Freudian stage of development? ● Phallic or Oedipal/Electra stage During this stage the genitals become the focus of sexual curiosity, the superego (conscience) develops, and feelings of guilt emerge. Children at this stage are school age and often ask many questions. 17. Match Freud’s stage of psychosexual development to the corresponding activity. Child is found playing with contents of diaper. ● Anal stage Child has an increased interest in genitals. ● Phallic stage Child’s superego represses thoughts of sexuality. ● Latency stage Child experiences personal and family turmoil. ● Puberty stage 18. Order the stage of psychosexual development as they occur in chronological order. ● Oral Stage—infancy ● Anal Stage—toddlerhood ● Phallic Stage—pre-school ● Latency Stage—school-age ● Puberty—adolescence 19. A child prefers to be with friends rather than with parents. The child is demonstrating which of Kohlberg’s levels of morality? ● Level of self-accepted moral principles This is a stage that reflects a time when a child is social and will want to be with friends. The individual will develop a conscience at this stage. This stage is usually experienced by adolescents who will be social and want to spend time with friends rather than with parents. 20. Match the scenarios with the corresponding stages or levels of morality as stated by Kohlberg. Premorality or preconventional morality, stage 0 ● Decisions are made on the basis of what pleases the child. Morality of conventional role conformity ● Morality is based on avoiding disapproval or disturbing the conscience. Morality of self-accepted moral principles ● Right is determined by what is best for the majority. Premorality or preconventional morality, stage 2 ● Child conforms to rules out of self-interest. 21. A 5-year-old who steals money from his or her mother’s purse and does not understand consequences is likely at which stage of morality? ● Premorality/preconventional morality At this level a child does not have a developed conscience. Right or wrong is determined by physical consequences: “If I get caught and punished for doing it, it is wrong. If I am not caught or punished, then it must be right.” ● Instrumental hedonism and concrete reciprocity This is another stage found within the level of premorality, when the child will not understand the difference between right and wrong. The conscience is not fully developed at this stage. The child thinks at this stage, “If you do something bad to me, then it’s OK if I do something bad to you.”