University:
Union College
Course:
BIO 104 | Cellular Foundations of Life
Academic year:

2024
Views:

29

Pages:

3
Author:

Aleena K.

1/5/2024 Lecture Notes What is the most important characteristic in determining if something is living? Defend your answer Reproduction is necessary for the propagation of the species Viruses cannot reproduce Central dogma: info is stored in DNA and that info is copied from DNA into RNA and RNA is used as a set of instructions to make a protein true for either bacteria or lens cell in the eye (Information) theme of biology) Genomics vs Proteomics we have two of these because different proteomes but the same genomes in between, is the (all of the RNA produced in the cells) different proteins but the same genome Lot of emphasis on energy transfer & transformation of energy & matter sunlight from photosynthesis then converted to sugar All of the energy that powers our cells comes from the Sun Plants are the ultimate solar cells 1/5/2024 Lecture Notes 1 Ultimately, all of life comes from the Sun It’s important on a cellular, molecular, and ecosystem level to have interactions interactions can be described in how they are regulated: negative feedback, positive feedback Negative feedback is the most common form of regulation in all cells: when you have enough of something, you stop making it Ex: glucose Insulin has one job: to get glucose out of the bloodstream Positive feedback: Ex: childbirth As labor progresses, more oxytocin (stimulates uterus contractions) Covalent bond: sharing of electrons Memorize Table 2.1 Elements in the Human Body Take water out of the equation and then C is the most abundant element in the human body (dry weight %) C, N, O, H (without water) Carbon is the most prevalent because of carbs, DNA, RNA, and lipids (fatty acids and cholesterol) Calcium goes up because calcium is in bones Need to think about it in the perspective of with or without water Carbon is the most versatile element because it can make 4 bonds and is symmetrical when it does it Carbon has the most structural stability Si can make 4 bonds so why aren’t we silicon-based? Silicon-based life forms (?) Molecules behave differently that individual atoms difference between H atom vs H molecule 1/5/2024 Lecture Notes 2 H2 molecule is more stable and far less reactive than H atoms Big theme: size and shape/structure determine function Endorphins are peptides, small chains of amino acids Endorphine receptors respond to the structure, not the molecule Chemical reactions make and break chemical bonds (relates to responding to the environment) The reason why we can respond to life is because of the making and breaking of chemical bonds Life is dynamic Once you form a chemical bond, it doesn’t have to be forever Ex: If I make starch and it stays glycogen forever, what good is it? It’s only functional if you can get glucose from it. You need the ability to make and break chemical bonds to maintain homeostasis, to respond to the environment Photosynthesis is an important chemical reaction Allows for transformation of energy In biological systems, most chemical reactions are reversible Chemical equilibrium: crucial for homeostasis Covalent bonds are stronger than non-covalent bonds inherently, that makes them different. If we want something permanent, we use a covalent bond The strongest non-covalent bond is ionic bond H-bond is the most important bond in nature 1/5/2024 Lecture Notes 3

Сharacteristic in Determining if Something is Living

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