Presentation Review: Economics Dimensions Of Sustainable Development

SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, AND ECOLOGICAL DIMENSIONS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PRESENTATION LEARNING Introduction • The 'sustainable development' paradigm described in Agenda 21 rests on three conceptual pillars, namely 'economic sustainability', 'social sustainability' and 'environmental sustainability'. • The integration of these three dimensions is urgent to be implemented in policy-making because of the various inequalities in society, including the widening welfare gap. Introduction (2) 3 (three) main reasons for using the term sustainable development: 1. Ecology: The ecological value of biodiversity is very high, therefore, economic activities should not only be about the utilization of natural resources or the environment because it can threaten the ecological function. 2. Moral: While we can now enjoy the richness of natural resources and the environment that has been processed into goods, we should morally think about the availability of natural resources for people living in the future. We should not engage in activities that overexploit natural resources, which in turn can damage the environment, to the detriment of future generations. 3. Economy: It is still debated whether economic activities fulfill the criteria of sustainable development or not, because the sustainable economy is usually paradoxical. On the one hand it can be called sustainable development, on the other hand it can reduce other economic, environmental or moral qualities. 3 Basic Pillars Sustainable Development • In various UN documents related to sustainable development, especially the 2005 World Summit outcome document, it is stated that the three dimensions are interrelated and are the driving pillars for sustainable development. • An overview of sustainable development schemes that are interrelated between the three pillars of economic, social, and environmental pillars can be depicted in Figure 1. 3 Basic Pillars Sustainable Development (2) • Therefore, sustainable development can be expressed as the relationship between environmental, social and economic aspects known as the "three pillars" of sustainability. • In sustainable development there is a balance between natural resources and improving human living standards and preserving them for the future. • Sustainable development is directly or indirectly related to factors that affect our daily lives, natural issues and environmental aspects. 3 Basic Pillars Sustainable Development (3) • The process of sustainable development is fundamentally oriented towards the global economy, natural issues, and human life. • Development in the sense of sustainable development has a broad context, such as the development of cities or regions, agriculture, land, communities, businesses, economies, and so on. • The important thing to consider is how to improve or maintain environmental quality without compromising social justice and economic development needs. 3 Basic Pillars Sustainable Development (4) The Bruntland Commission identified 7 (seven) important objectives for development policy and environment as follows: 1. Re-thinking the meaning of development. 2. Changing the quality of growth (emphasizing development rather than just growth). 3. Meet basic needs for employment, food, energy, water and sanitation. 4. Ensure sustainability at a certain level of growth. 5. Conserve and enhance resources. 6. Change the direction of technology and manage risk. 7. Integrate environmental and economic considerations in decision-making. 1. PILAR / Environmental or Ecological Dimension in Sustainable Development (1) • Ecological sustainability is a prerequisite for development and the sustainability of life. Ecological sustainability will ensure the sustainability of the ecosystem. • To ensure ecological sustainability, the following should be done: a. Maintaining the integrity of the environmental order so that the earth's life support systems are maintained and the systems of productivity, adaptability, and restoration of soil, water, air and all life are sustainable. b. Three aspects must be considered to maintain the integrity of the environmental order, namely; power carrying capacity, assimilative capacity and sustainable use of recoverable resources. c. Maintaining biodiversity in the diversity of life that determines the sustainability of ecological processes. Processes that provide a continuum of services to present and future humans. Environmental or Ecological Pillars/Dimensions in Sustainable Development (2) The environmental dimension of development according to: 1. Creating internal generational justice The utilization of natural resources and the environment to improve the quality of life must be based on the consideration that in a period of time, natural resources and the environment are utilized by more than one group of people with different interests. The polluter pays principle approach is applied to bridge the different interests of natural resource users, both in the function of receiving raw materials or receiving waste. 2. Maintain a harmonious relationship between humans and the environment In carrying out efforts to maintain natural resources and the environment through the polluter pays principle approach, benchmarks such as environmental quality standards are used, which are determined based on the adaptability of the environment to disturbances caused by natural resource and environmental utilization activities. This approach can not only resolve conflicts in society, but will also create a harmonious relationship between humans and the environment. Environmental or Ecological Pillars/Dimensions in Sustainable Development (3) • One of the issues of global concern on the ecological dimension is change Climate. • Over the past 50 years, it has been proven that the global warming we are currently experiencing is mainly due to human activities, such as emissions of greenhouse gases (e.g. CO2 and N2O). • The concentration of CO2 gas in the atmosphere has increased by 30% over the past 150 years, partly due to the burning of fossil fuel energy sources (petroleum, among others). • In addition, changes in the use of other natural resources also contribute to the increase in the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere: 15% by deforestation and burning of forests and land for conversion (e.g. from protected forest to production forest). Environmental or Ecological Pillars/Dimensions • fertility. This can result from water and wind erosion, soil salinization and acidification, etc. • Other causes of soil fertility loss are the loss of humus layer and micro organisms, food substances in the soil, and the ability of the soil to decompose waste. • Barren (dry) soils are the result of degradation of soil resources as has long been the case in some barren areas in Indonesia, such as in Java in the Gunung Kidul area of Yogyakarta. Worldwide, 15% of soils are degraded. Apart from erosion by water and wind, soil degradation is also caused by the use of chemicals (pesticides). PILAR / Economic Dimension in Sustainable Development (1) • Economic sustainability from a development perspective has two main points both is closely linked to other sustainability objectives. • Macroeconomic sustainability ensures sustained economic progress and promotes economic efficiency through structural and national reforms. • The three main elements for macroeconomic sustainability are economic efficiency, sustainable economic prosperity, and improving equity and distribution of wealth. • The above can be achieved through macroeconomic policies including fiscal reforms, improving public sector efficiency, domestic savings mobilization, exchange rate management, institutional reforms, appropriate market forces, social measures for human capital development and improved income and asset distribution. PILAR / Economic Dimension in Sustainable Development (2) • The main problems in the economic dimension are global change and globalization, namely changes in the state of the global environment (ecology), economic globalization, cultural change and north-south conflict. • Globalization, which has emerged since the 1990s, is unstoppable and must inevitably be faced by every country. • Advances in technology, communication and telecommunications and transportation have further supported globalization so that economic relations between countries and regions have become very easy. • Government support through easy customs clearance further encourages free trade. In the era of globalization, all countries must prepare themselves to be as resilient as possible so as not to be crushed by richer and more advanced countries. PILAR/Social Dimension in Sustainable Development (1) • A major problem in the social dimension is the growth of the world's population. • Over the past hundred years, population growth has accelerated, especially in developing countries. It is estimated that the world population will rise to 7.8 billion people by 2025, of which 6.7 billion people live in developing countries. • This increase in population is due to a number of factors, such as low levels of education, inadequate social security in the country, culture and religion/beliefs, urbanization, and discrimination against women. • These factors lead to uncontrolled population growth, poverty and water shortages, which in turn lead to human malnutrition. PILAR/Social Dimension in Sustainable Development (2) • Overall social and cultural sustainability is expressed in social justice, human dignity and the improvement of the quality of life of all human beings. • Social and cultural sustainability has four objectives: a. Population stability whose implementation requires strong political commitment, community awareness and participation, strengthening the role and status of women, improving the quality, effectiveness and environment of the family. b. Meeting basic human needs, by fighting poverty and reducing absolute poverty. Sustainable development is not possible if there are gaps in the distribution of wealth or social classes. Barriers to social sustainability must be removed by meeting basic human needs. Eliminating social class makes it possible to have equal access to education, equitable land recovery and an increased role for women. PILAR/Social Dimension in Sustainable Development (3) • Social and cultural sustainability has four objectives: c. Maintain cultural diversity, by recognizing and respecting the social and cultural systems of all nations, and by understanding and using traditional knowledge for the benefit of society and economic development. d. Encourage local community participation in decision-making. • Some of the following requirements are important for social sustainability: priority should be given to social spending and programs geared towards shared benefits; investment in resource development e.g. improving the status of women; access to education and health; economic progress should be sustained through investment and technological change and should be aligned with equitable and effective distribution of production assets; regional and rural-urban disparities should be avoided through local decisions on priorities and resource allocation. Thank You!