Presentation Review: Conservation And Sustainable Development

CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PRESENTATION LEARNING Introduction (1) • Conservation and sustainable development (CSD) is one of the most important perspectives in natural resource management and policy. • The concept of CSD involves economic activity in order to achieve environmental, social, and economic goals in an equal and balanced manner. • Although sustainability is sometimes criticized as a vague concept, CSD can be operationalized by developing indicators for different objectives through a collaborative process, and finding a number of positive solutions to solve the sustainability problem. Introduction (2) • It is well known that resources are the pillars of ecosystems where natural resources such as agriculture, forestry, agroforestry, soil, animals, etc. are released to increase biodiversity and produce their own ecosystem services. • These ecosystem services not only maintain the resilience of soil-food-climate resources but also a doorway to achieving sustainable development goals. • However, overexploitation, deforestation, incorrect land use practices, unsustainable land management, intensive agriculture, high synthetic inputs, etc. have disrupted our natural ecosystems by affecting their resources and depletion. Introduction (3) • FAO states that every year about 6.5 Mha (million hectares) of tropical forest area is converted into agricultural land due to increasing population and human needs that affect the existence of natural resources, both quality and quantity such as forest trees, wild animals, soil quality, etc. • For example, soil/land is another important natural resource that is degraded to the extent of 147.0 Mha in mainland India, such as, water erosion, acidification, flooding, wind erosion and soil salinity. • Land resources support people and livestock for 18 and 15% of the global population, while different land use systems such as agriculture, forestry and fisheries systems contribute to GDP (gross domestic product) and job creation. • Resource conservation and management has become very important due to its incalculable contribution to national and international sustainable development and addressing environmental sustainability. • Therefore, ecologically-oriented and sustainable intensification practices are the strategy to adopt. good for conservation and natural resource management. Conservation and Sustainable Development (1) • Conservation and sustainability are undoubtedly linked, with both ideas focusing on protecting nature, understanding the role of humans, and the importance of finding solutions to climate change. • Conservation is also considered part of sustainability because conserving resources, including land, water and fossil fuels, is directly related to ensuring the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. • The goal of sustainability relies heavily on social, economic and environmental development that is directly or indirectly linked to the conservation of natural resources (Niesenbaum 2019). • The overexploitation and destruction of resources is a major hurdle behind successful sustainable development. • In this context, attention should be paid to ecologically oriented sustainable practices in an effort to minimize resource depletion in present and future perspectives Biodiversity, Conservation, and Sustainable Development (1) Sustainable Development is about the Sustained existence of Natural Resources (Sustainable Development is about the existence of Sustainable Natural Resources) • The idea of sustainability is essentially ensuring that the system and its components are sustainable over time (Chapin and Whiteman 1998). • These systems can be described as worlds, ecoregions, biomes, ecosystems and/or species. • From a sustainability point of view, of course, every component must contribute to the maintenance of the a diverse balance of life. • The word conservation has the same meaning, implying "whatever is there stays there" in its current form, function and geographical location. • Hence, a basic understanding of both concepts (sustainability and conservation) shows the linkage. Biodiversity, Conservation, and Sustainable Development (2) • Conservation of biodiversity aims to sustain the various forms of life on earth, while sustainable development seeks to use different natural resources but in a way that should be conserved in the long term. • The preservation or conservation of biodiversity will build the resilience of natural systems, while the application of sustainability elements will be a measure to prevent the misuse of ecological systems. • These linkages are shown in some detail in each subheading below. For a comprehensive understanding, the narrative will be built on the various sustainable development goals (SDGs), which have gained consensus, and can be interpreted in real terms as globally accepted. The Urgency of Biodiversity Conservation in Sustainable Development To be remembered (the importance of biodiversity) The Urgency of Biodiversity Conservation in Sustainable Development (2) Threat to Biodiversity • Biodiversity conservation is closely linked to sustainable development. • Loss of biodiversity will affect current economic growth & economic capacity for future generations. sustain economic growth in the future. The Urgency of Biodiversity Conservation in Sustainable Development (3) Causes of biodiversity loss The Urgency of Biodiversity Conservation in Sustainable Development (4) Biodiversity Loss and Conservation Efforts • Conservation of biodiversity is a global environmental issue that as important as climate change. • In a 1998 survey of 400 biologists: "species loss is fast becoming the environmental concern of today's experts, surpassing pollution, global warming." • In general, Conservation of natural resources: economizing the use of natural resources and treating them according to natural laws 🡺 An effort or action to maintain the existence of something continuously sustainable both in quality and quantity The Urgency of Biodiversity Conservation in Sustainable Development (5) DEFINITION OF CONSERVATION • Conservation 🡺 Conservation: con (together) and servare (keep/save) which means to keep what you have, but use it wisely 🡺�������� Roosevelt (1902) • Conservation in its current sense, is often translated as the wise use of of nature resources (wise utilization of natural resources). • Conservation can also be viewed in economic and ecological terms. • Economic aspect: trying to allocate natural resources for now, • Ecological perspective: conservation is the allocation of natural resources for present and future use. future. Hypothesis of Relationship between Biodiversity Loss and Economic Growth Economic Growth and Biodiversity Pressures • The main pressures on biodiversity are directly related to the use of natural resources, such as: materials, energy and land. • Drivers: local socioeconomic aspects as well as those from outside the region, such as human population, economic activities, technology and local policies. Biodiversity Conservation and Ecosystem Resilience (1) • The discussion of biodiversity conservation is inseparable from the aspects of resilience and the stability of biodiversity itself. • Holling (1973) in his writings on resilience and stability of biodiversity illustrates the existence of multiple stability domains (multiple stability). domains or multiple basins of attraction) in natural systems, which are associated with ecological processes, disturbances, and heterogeneity over temporal and spatial scales. • Biodiversity resilience focuses on ecosystem resilience, which is an important factor underlying sustainable production of SDALs in complex systems faced with uncertainty. Biodiversity Conservation and Ecosystem Resilience (2) • Ecosystem resilience is defined as the amount of disturbance that can be absorbed by a system and still be in a state or domain of attraction that is Same. • Resilience also includes the ability of a disturbed and changing ecosystem to reorganize and renew itself. For example in figure 1) the reef is in a state of coral dominance. In figure 2) the reef is still dominated by corals, but ecosystem resilience is eroded as a result of human activities (e.g. fisheries exploitation reduces diversity in grazer functional groups and eutrophication from human activities on land increases algal growth). As a result, in figure 3) systems are increasingly vulnerable to disturbances that could previously be absorbed (e.g. storms and disease). Such events may now be driving reefs to an undesirable state of algal dominance (figure 4) and leading to the loss of important ecosystem services. Biodiversity Conservation and Ecosystem Resilience (4) • Ecosystem resilience = Holling sustainability concept • "Holling Sustainability": ecosystem sustainability (biodiversity) is in line with Holling's concept of resilience, where an ecosystem is declared sustainable and resilient if it can maintain "itself" over time by adapting to existing pressures. • The concept is important in the economic (ecosystem) valuation of biodiversity, where the ecological valuation of ecosystems is related to the ability to maintain (resilience) the complexity, structure, and capacity of the ecosystem itself. • For example: in the context of Ecology, for example, trees can stabilize slopes or value survival of certain traits of an ��������🡺 perspective on ecosystem functions that have economic significance. Biodiversity Conservation Efforts in Support of Ecosystem Resilience • Conway (1987) and Barbier (1987) see the sustainability of a system (ecosystem) as a form of resilience of the system itself, i.e. their ability to recover when experiencing shocks. • This is also discussed by Redclift (1987): as the amount of biodiversity decreases, and as the environment is degraded by economic processes, economic activities become less resilient when subjected to environmental shocks, so the economy may no longer be sustainable in the long run due to possible stresses on the system or shocks to it. • Therefore, it is necessary to conserve biodiversity/ecosystems in a sustainable manner. more measurable and actionable. • One of them is in the form of establishing economic instruments. Mechanism of Economic Instruments in Biodiversity Conservation (1) Economic Incentives (Economic Instruments) for Biodiversity Conservation • Economic Instruments: Measures that provide economic incentives for sustainable economic development and disincentives for practices that degrade the environment or deplete natural resources (UNEP Definition) 🡺 encourage behavior change • The basic goal of economic incentives for biodiversity conservation is to influence people's behavior by making biodiversity more desirable to conserve, rather than expend during economic activities. Mechanism of Economic Instruments in Biodiversity Conservation (2) Why is economic incentive needed? The Reasons: Economic actors, including government, industry, the private sector and households tend to under-value, overconsume and under-conserve biodiversity - the production and use of biodiversity. consumption. Implication: biodiversity degradation. Therefore, if biodiversity is to be conserved, it is necessary to change their behavior including replacing or modifying economic activities that lead to biodiversity degradation and loss. Mechanism of Economic Instruments in Biodiversity Conservation (3) Economic incentives in Conservation • Economic incentives for biodiversity conservation can take many forms 🡺 their effectiveness depends on various factors, such as social and political and economic characteristics. • Economic incentives for biodiversity conservation should be carefully chosen to address the causes of biodiversity loss. Mechanism of Economic Instruments in Biodiversity Conservation (4) Conservation Economy instrument type ❖ Direct incentives: Mechanisms that are targeted to specific goals and encourage people to conserve biodiversity by rewarding changed behavior; ❖ Indirect incentives: Mechanisms that encourage people to conserve biodiversity by setting general enabling conditions that would cause them to change their economic behavior; ❖ Disincentives: Mechanisms that "penalize" people when they degrade biodiversity, and instead discourage them from engaging in activities that cause biodiversity loss. Thank You!