HW4 - TP3 Vocab List

VOCAB LIST FOR TP3 MIDPOINT QUIZ Enlightenment- philosophers applied empirical reason (observable reason) to all aspects of life to guide learning about the world's problems regarding things like religion, politics, and economics. Nationalism- the idea that some people developed a new sense of identity and commonality with those living around them, could be based on language, religion, social customs, and/or territory. Also Became a way to advocate for political independence. It was sometimes harnessed by governments to foster a sense of unity. John Lockei n developing his theory of our duty to obey the state, he attacked the idea that might make right:Starting from an initial state of nature with no government, police or private property, we humans could discover by careful reasoning that there are natural laws that suggest that we have natural rights (rights one is to have once born into this world) of life, liberty, and property. Social Contract(the unwritten contract that exists between the ruler and ruled) with others, and out of this contract emerges our political obligations and the institution of private property. Natural Rights- rights that you are born with Mary Wollstonecraft-She argues that women ought to have an education commensurate with their position in society, claiming that women are essential to the nation because they educate its children and because they could be "companions" to their husbands, rather than mere. Instead of viewing women as ornaments to society or property to be traded in marriage. Classic Liberalism-- a political philosophy founded on ideas of liberty and equality. Liberals Generally support ideas such as free and fair elections, civil rights, freedom of the press, freedom of religion , free trade, and private property. Jamaica Letter-Montesquieu has written, to release a nation from servitude than to enslave a free nation. This truth is proven by the annals of all times, which reveal that most free nations have been put under the yoke, but very few enslaved nations have recovered their liberty. Despite the convictions of history, South Americans have made efforts to obtain liberal, even perfect, institutions, doubtless out of that instinct to aspire to the greatest possible happiness, which, common to all men, is bound to follow in a civil society founded on the principles of justice, liberty, and equality. American Revolution- T he conflict arose from growing tensions between residents of Great Britain's 13 North American colonies and the colonial government, which represented the British crown. Skirmishes between British troops and colonial militiamen in Lexington and Concord in April 1775 kicked off the armed conflict. By the following summer, the rebels were waging a full-scale war for their independence. France entered the American Revolution on the side of the colonists in 1778, turning what had essentially been a civil war into an international conflict. After French assistance helped the Continental Army force the British surrender at Yorktown, Virginia, in 1779, the Americans had effectively won their independence, though fighting would not formally end until 1783. Haitian Revolution-t he Haitian Revolution has often been described as the largest and most successful slave rebellion in the Western Hemisphere. slaves initiated the rebellion in 1791 and by 1803 they had succeeded in ending not just slavery but French control over the colony Latin American Revolutionsvarious revolutions that took place during the late 18th and early 19th centuries and resulted in the creation of a number of independent countries in Latin America. These revolutions followed the American and French Revolutions, which had profound effects on the Spanish, Portuguese and French colonies in the Americas. Most were led by creoles (people born in the Americas but their parents are Spanish). New independent countries included: Venezuela, Ecuador, Brazil (from Portugal), Uruguay, Paraguay, Columbia, Peru, Chile, and Argentina. Many of these successful revolts against Spain were led by Simon Bolivar and Jose de San Mart in . French Revolution-t he French Revolution began in 1789 and ended in the late 1790s with the ascent of Napoleon Bonaparte. During this period, French citizens razed and redesigned their country’s political landscape, uprooting centuries-old institutions such as absolute monarchy (killing Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette in the process) In the years that followed, France will have an all-powerful emperor (Napoleon), go back to a King (Louis XVIII), have 2 more revolutions in 1830 & 1848, but will begin to have a more democratic form of government for the most part. Filipino Nationalism- Propaganda Movement in the Philippines began with an upsurge of patriotic sentiments and nationalistic ideals in the 1800s Philippines that came as a consequence of more than three centuries of Spanish rule. This served as the backbone of the first nationalist revolution in Asia, the Philippine Revolution of 1896, and continued not only against Spain but also the United States. These nationalistic sentiments have led to a wide-ranging campaign for political, social, and economical freedom in the Philippines. German Unification- - Once separated into as many as 300 small kingdoms, Germany finally unified under the guidance of the Prussian, Otto von Bismarck in 1871 Tanzimat Movement- These reforms encouraged Ottomanism among the diverse ethnic groups of the Ottoman Empire, attempting to stem the tide of nationalist movements within the Empire. The reforms attempted to integrate nonMuslims and non-Turks more thoroughly into Ottoman society by enhancing their civil liberties and granting them equality through out the Empire. The First Industrial Revolutionwas the of change from a mostly agrarian and handicraft economy to one dominated by and . These technological changes introduced new ways of working and living and fundamentally transformed society. This process began in in the 18th century and from there spread to other parts of the world. The Domestic Systemld system where home-based workers, using small machines in their homes, produced under contract to merchant sellers, who often supplied the household workers with the raw materials needed to complete the goods. Households would create the good from start to finish and would be paid for finished goods by the merchant. The Factory Systemnew system where large buildings (which at first were usually built next to rivers for water current power) were used to concentrate the large machines needed to complete the work, and all of the workers needed to man the machines/oversee production in order to more efficiently produce goods in one single location. Steam Engine- invented by James Watt in the late 1700’s, energy source is usually heated water produced by burning coal. Fossil Fuels- burns gasoline which is a byproduct of oil. Meiji JapanAfter a US naval officer sails into one of Japan’s harbors in 1853 demanding that Japan trade with the western societies and leave its isolationist ideas behind, this will eventually lead to the fall of the Tokugawa Government in Japan and the rise of the Meiji Gov’t (1868-1912) of Japan. The expansion of U.S. and European influence in Asia . Muhhammad Ali- - In the early 1800’s Muhammad Ali ‘nationalized’ all the land of Egypt, thereby officially owning all the production of the land. He accomplished the state annexation of property by raising taxes on the ‘tax-farmers’ who had previously owned the land throughout Egypt. Adam SmithWestern European countries began abandoning mercantilism and adopting more free market policies, partly in response to the growing acceptance of Adam Smith’s theories of laissez-faire capitalism and free markets .British man who’s 1776, book, “ The Wealth of Nations” , is considered the first modern work of economics. It is critical of Mercantilism and talks of more free markets (ie capitalism ). He discusses supply and demand of goods. Smith is cited as the father of modern economics and is still among the most influential thinkers in the field of economics today. Capitalismb ased on the private ownership of the means of production (the necessary assets and resources to produce goods and services). In a capitalist economy, anyone can start a business (entrepreneurship) if they possess the means of production or capital (money) to d o so. Supply and demand. SuffrageSocialism- modern socialism originated from an 18th-century intellectual and working class political movement that criticized the effects of industrialization and private property on society. In the early 19thcentury, "socialism" referred to any concern for the social problem. socialist economic system would consist of a system of production and distribution organized to directly satisfy economic demands and human needs, so that goods and services would be produced directly for use instead of for private profit driven by the accumulation of capital. Communism- is a revolutionary socialist movement to create a classless, moneyless and stateless social order structured upon common ownership of the means of production, as well as a social, political and economic ideology that aims at the establishment of this social order Anarchismdefined as a political philosophy which holds the state to be undesirable, unnecessary, or harmful, as opposing authority or hierarchical organization. Proponents of anarchism, known as "anarchists", advocate stateless societies based on voluntary associations. Self-Strengthening Movement-s everal officials now argued that in order to strengthen itself against the West, it was necessary to adopt Western military technology and armaments. This could be achieved by establishing shipyards and arsenals, and by hiring foreign advisers to train Chinese artisans to manufacture such weapons in China.