Carbonic Acid Lab Report

Lab Report Pre Lab 1. ● Carbonic acid ○ H2CO3 → 2H^+ + CO3^-2 ● Sulfuric acid ○ H2SO4 → 2H^+ + SO4^-2 ● Sodium carbonate ○ Na2CO3 → 2Na^+ + CO3^-2 ● Magnesium chloride ○ MgCl2 → Mg^+2 + 2Cl^● Sodium phosphate ○ Na3PO4 → 3Na+ + PO4^-3 ● Magnesium sulfate ○ MgSO4 → Mg^+2 + SO4^-2 ● Calcium sulfate ○ CaSO4 → Ca^+2 + SO4^-2 ● Calcium chloride ○ CaCl2 → Ca2+ + 2Cl^2. 3. Calcium Chloride can be a hazard because it can cause serious eye damage or eye irritation. Calcium Sulfate is not hazardous but should be disposed properly. Magnesium Sulfate is not hazardous and does not seem to have any fire, radiation, or waste concerns. Sodium Phosphate can be hazardous because it can cause eye, skin, and respiratory irritation. In order to prevent this, avoid inhaling it and touching it. Magnesium Chloride should not be ingested or touched. It can cause skin and eye irritation if it comes in contact with part of your body. Sodium Carbonate can be dangerous if it comes in contact with skin or if it is inhaled. It can cause eye and skin irritation as well as irritation of the lungs if inhaled. This is non-flammable. Sulfuric Acid has the greatest health hazard. It can be corrosive if it comes in contact with skin or eyes and it is hazardous if inhaled. Getting Sulfuric Acid on your skin may leave burns so it is important to follow the first aid protocols if it does come in contact with skin. This is also nonflammable though. Since Sulfuric Acid is a poisonous liquid, it needs to be exposed of properly. Carbonic Acid can also cause eye and skin irritation along with respiratory irritation if inhaled. This is non-flammable as well. 4. The first scientific paper has the better graph for several reasons. Everything is clearly labeled and color coded to make it easier to find specific information while the second scientific paper is very disorganized, making it difficult to distinguish between different points. Both papers do a good job with labeling the axis. The trend lines in the first paper are clearly labeled and are easy to read while the trend lines in the second paper are all black and are difficult to read. The first paper included a legend that is easy to read while the second paper included a legend that is somewhat confusing. Overall, the first paper has a graph that is easier to read and is less confusing. Observations/ Meaningful Data Tables/ Meaningful Figures/ OR Analysis/Conclusions 1. Trial Sodium Calcium Phosphate Chloride Mass (g) Mass (g) Watch Glass Mass (g) Watch Glass with Sample Masss (g) Mass of Isolated Material (g) 1 0.079g 0.143g 38.566g 40.380g 1.814g 2 0.226g 0.129g 38.410g 39.514g 1.113g 3 0.444g 0.141g 43.941g 46.105g 2.164g 4 0.102g 0.195g 39.476g 39.507g 0.031g 5 0.329g 0.193g 38.355g 43.589g 5.234g 6 0.531g 0.195g 37.636g 39.843g 2.207g 2. As shown in the table above, the mass of the isolated material differs between trials. The mass of the isolated material did not have a drastic change between trials one through three because only the sodium phosphate had a different mass with each trial. In trials three through six, the sodium phosphate had a different mass with each trial and the calcium chloride had a different mass than in the first three trials. Because the mass of both substances changed in the third through sixth trial, the mass was altered more drastically compared to the first three trials. The mass of the isolated materials differed between each trial because the mass of the substances used (sodium phosphate and calcium chloride) changed in each trial which affected the final isolated mass of the material. 3. During the experiment, the amount of sodium phosphate and calcium chloride used was varied which impacts the measured results. Because a different amount of the substances was used in each trial, the final mass of the isolated materials will also vary from trial to trial. Besides the different masses of the substances in each trial, every trial should have been completed in the same way following the procedure. However, errors are bound to occur in any experiment which can affect the final mass of the isolated materials. Also, while this is not necessarily an error, the procedure lists that when retrieving the substances of sodium phosphate and calcium chloride, 0.010g more or less of that material can be retrieved. So, in trials one through three when ideally 0.130g of calcium chloride is supposed to be retrieved, some groups got a little more or less of that substance. Although 0.010g does not seem like a lot, it can have a small effect on the outcome of the final mass of the isolated materials. 4. The chemical equation for the reaction that took place in this experiment is 2Na3PO4 + 3CaCl2 → Ca3(PO4)2 + 6NaCl. The compound created from this reaction is Ca3(PO4)2. This compound is insoluble which means that it will form a precipitate. The precipitate created can be separated and observed to discover the chemical composition of the products. 5. Yes, the stoichiometry between the sodium phosphate and calcium chloride can be determined by looking at the product of the reaction. The product should have a mass that is equivalent to the mass of the limiting reactants. 6. Figure 1 Figure 1 shows the relationship between the amount of sodium phosphate used and the mass of the isolated material. As shown in the graph, in trial 5, the mass of the isolated material is the highest mass out of all the trials while trial 4 had the lowest isolated mass out of all the trials. This corresponds with the data because trial 4 had a small amount of sodium phosphate while trial five had a larger amount of sodium phosphate. This graph is appropriate because it shows the relationship between the trials and the mass of the two substances well. You can see that the amount of sodium phosphate does not change very drastically, but even the smallest changes can affect the mass of the isolated material. Figure 2 Figure 2 shows the relationship between the amount of sodium phosphate and the amount of calcium chloride. The graph shows that the amount of calcium chloride stays very constant throughout trials one through three and through trials four through six while the amount of sodium phosphate continually gets larger going from trials one to three and then again from four to six. This graph is appropriate because this line graph is a good comparison of the amount of each substance used. It is properly labeled and it is easy to read and understand. Figure 3 Figure 3 shows the relationship between the moles of sodium phosphate and the moles of calcium chloride. In order to calculate the moles of these substances, you have to find the molar mass of sodium phosphate and calcium chloride. Then, for every trial, take the amount of sodium phosphate and divide that mass by the molar mass of sodium phosphate to get the moles. Repeat this for calcium chloride but instead take the amount of calcium chloride and divide that mass by the molar mass of calcium chloride to get the moles. This is a good graph because it shows the difference in the number of moles well. It shows that when a substance has more mass, it also has more moles. The graph is easy to read, it has a legend, and it is labeled correctly. Appendix 7. Trial Sodium Phosphate Mass (g) Calcium Chloride Mass (g) Watch Glass Mass (g) Watch Glass with Sample Masss (g) Mass of Isolated Material (g) Moles of Sodium Phosphate (g/mol) Moles of Calcium Chloride (g/mol) 1 0.079g 0.143g 38.566g 40.380g 1.814g 0.000482g 0.00129g 2 0.226g 0.129g 38.410g 39.514g 1.113g 0.001379g 0.00116g 3 0.444g 0.141g 43.941g 46.105g 2.164g 0.00271g 0.00127g 4 0.102g 0.195g 39.476g 39.507g 0.031g 0.000622g 0.00176g 5 0.329g 0.193g 38.355g 43.589g 5.234g 0.00201g 0.00174g 6 0.531g 0.195g 37.636g 39.843g 2.207g 0.00324 0.00176g 8. Another experiment that could be conducted is to do this experiment and then add a second part. For the second part of the experiment, you could keep trials one through three of sodium phosphate at a constant and then increase the mass by a little and keep trials four through six at a constant. Then, you could manipulate the mass for every trial of calcium chloride. This would drastically alter the results of the final mass of the isolated material. This experiment would be interesting to conduct because it would show how different amounts of certain substances influence the product of the reaction. In Alfadda, Saleh, Houillier, and Geibel’s experiment, they conducted a study that shows the importance CaSR on helping treatments of diseases. This study mentioned that the G-protein coupled receptor has a diverse function and because of this, it is found in many areas of the body. This study interested me because it showed that even one receptor has a large influence on an entire system. In the experiment we tested, we saw that a small change in one of the reactants caused a major change in the reactant. This large influence is similar to how the G-protein coupled receptor in the researchers’ experiment affected so many areas of the body. Continuing on the topic of receptors in the body, an experiment conducted by Sharan, Siddiqui, Swarnkar, and Chattopadhyay tested the effects of a calcium-sensing receptor in the biology of bones. The study mentions that hormones are released and some hormones reales Ca2+o and CaR is the sensing receptor for that. If a mutation occurs in the CaR gene, functions can be lost or impaired. This study was interesting because it highlighted the importance of receptors and hormones functioning correctly in order to maintain homeostasis. The topic of homeostasis connects with the lab we conducted because when two substances are mixed, they react in a way that produces a product so that the new substance can reach a state of homeostasis. Riccardi and Brown conducted an experiment that tests the physiology and pathophysiology of a calcium-sensing receptor found in the kidney and concluded that the CaSR gene has the ability to integrate and derive signals from the tubular fluid or plasma. The study also found that mutations on this gene can cause the activation and inactivation of certain antibodies.The researchers discovered that CaST genes can be used to treat hyperparathyroidism and renal failure. This study was interesting because it shows how important it is to understand the effect and role of a gene. If you understand how it works and the impact it has, you can manipulate it to achieve desired goals such as create a drug to help fix medical issues.