Diatomic Molecule Vibrational and Rotational Spectra

Workshop: Diatomic molecule vibrational and rotational spectra Quantum aspects of physical chemistry We have learned how the adiabatic and Born-Oppenheimer approximations allow us to separate the electronic, vibrational, rotational and center of mass contributions to the energy of a diatomic molecule. The key result is simple expressions for the electronic, vibrational and rotational contributions to the internal energy of the molecule. The purpose of this workshop is become familiar with these energy contributions and to see how to use them to understand vibrational and rotational spectra. à Internal energy components Here is a summary of the expression for the components of the internal energy of a diatomic molecule in the adiabatic and Born-Oppenheimer approximations. The internal energy, Eint = Eelec + Evib + Erot , is the sum of the electronic, vibrational and rotational contributions, Evib = Ñ 1 i „2 E j HRL zy è!!!!!!!!! ÅÅÅÅÅÅ zz , i = 1, 2, 3 …, k ê m Ji - ÅÅÅÅÅ N, k = jjj ÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅ 2 2 k „ R {R=R Eelec = E j HRe L, e Ñ2 J HJ + 1L Erot = ÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅ2ÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅ , J = 0, 1, 2, …. 2 m Re These equations are a complete, approximate description of the quantum aspects of diatomic molecules. To test their correctness, the next step is to see how to use them to account for the structure and spectra of diatomic molecules. à Rotation of diatomic molecules The rigid rotor approximation assumes that the molecule rotates at a fixed internuclear distance equal to the equilibrium bond length, Re . Ñ2 J HJ + 1L Erot = ÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅ2ÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅ , J = 0, 1, 2, …. 2 m Re The mass undergoing the rotational motion is the reduced mass of the molecule, M A MB m = ÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅ M A + MB (I remember that the product of the masses goes in the numerator since the ratio must have units of mass.) To calculate the reduced mass for a given molecule AB we need to determine the mass of each atom, and to do this, we need to know which isotope of each atom is present in the molecule. 1. Recall that isotope masses are given in units of atomic mass, u. The atomic mass unit is defined such that the mass of exactly one gram of carbon 12 is Avogadro's number times u. Verify that this means that the atomic mass unit is 1.66054 μ 10-27 kg. 2. Let's calculate the reduced mass for HCl. Since the energies pertain to a particular molecule, but because in a single molecule we have a particular isotope of each atom, we cannot use average molar masses. Assume that we have an HCl molecule consisting of the most stable isotope of each atom, n amely 1 H and 35 Cl. The molar mass of 1 H is 1.0078 and the molar mass of 35 Cl is 34.9688. Show that the reduced mass of 1 H 35 Cl is 1.62661 μ 10-27 kg. 3. The table below compares the reduced masses of 1 H 35 Cl, 1 H 1 H, and 35 Cl 35 Cl. Explain, both mathematically and in terms of the rotational motion of the molecule, why the reduced mass of Cl2 is so different from that of HCl , and why the reduced mass of H2 is so much smaller than that of HCl. Hint: What is the reduced mass of the molecule AB, in the limit that an atom of B is infinitely heavier than an atom of A. 1 H35 Cl 1 H1 H 35 Cl35 Cl 1.62661 × 10−27 kg 8.36745 × 10−28 kg 3.0691 × 10−26 kg Light can cause a molecule such as HCl to change its rotational state by the tug that the oscillating electric field of the light exerts on the dipole moment on the molecule. The result is that the rotational angular momentum can increase (absorption) or decrease (emission) by one unit, J Ø J ≤ 1. 4. Show that for absorption, J Ø J + 1, the change of energy is h n = DErot = Be 2 HJ + 1L, J = 0, 1, 2, …. in terms the equilibrium rotational constant defined as Ñ2 Be = ÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅ2ÅÅ . 2 m Re At a certain temperature the molecules of gaseous 1 H 35 Cl can be in rotational states with J = 0, 1, …, 5. 5. Complete the table of the energies, in units of Be , of the possible rotational absorption transitions. J initial J final ∆Erot 0 1 2 3 4 5 6. Light of intensity I0 is passed through a gas of 1 H 35 Cl, and the intensity I of the light after it emerges from the gas is measured. Based on your table, sketch how the rotational absorption spectrum—I ê I0 versus light frequency—would look. What is the separation between the lines of the spectrum? 7. Show that for emission, J Ø J - 1, the change of energy is h n = -DErot = Be 2 J , J = 1, 2, 3, …. 8. Complete the table of the energies, in units of Be , of the possible rotational emission transitions. J initial J final −∆Erot 1 2 3 4 5 9. A gas of 1 H 35 Cl is heated and the intensity of light emitted in rotational transitions is measured versus frequency. Based on your table, sketch how a plot of the rotational emission spectrum—intensity versus light frequency—would look. What is the separation between the lines of the spectrum? Energies of rotational transitions are usually expressed as wavenumbers, nè = 1 ê l (note the "~" over the symbol n). The conventional unit of wavenumber is cm-1 . The conversion factor from energy to wavenumber is Hh cL-1 , and it is common refer to units in wavenumbers as a measure of energy. Thus, the energy of the 1 H 35 Cl J = 0 Ø J = 1 absorption line is 21.1874 cm-1 . 10. What is the value of the 1 H 35 Cl rotational constant Be in wavenumbers? The constant è expressed in wavenumbers is written Be , with "~" over the symbol Be . Answer: 10.5937 -1 cm . 11. Show that the energy of the 1 H 35 Cl J = 1 Ø J = 2 absorption line is 42.3748 cm-1 . 12. Calculate the energy, in cm-1 , of the 21.1874 cm-1 . 1 H 35 Cl J = 1 Ø J = 0 emission line. Answer: The great importance of the rotational constant is that it is a "measure" of the bond distance. 13. Show that the equilibrium internuclear distance of 1 H 35 Cl is Re = 1.27455 Þ. Hint: è Be = h c Be . à Vibration of diatomic molecules The vibrational energy of a diatomic molecule in the harmonic oscillator approximation is 1 Evib = h ne Ji - ÅÅÅÅÅ N, i = 1, 2, 3, …, 2 in terms of the oscillator frequency ne = H2 pL-1 i „2 E j HRL yz ÅÅÅÅÅÅ zz . k = jjj ÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅ 2 k „ R {R=Re è!!!!!!!!! k ê m and the force constant Light can cause a molecule such as HCl to change its vibrational state if the dipole moment of the molecule changes as the molecule vibrates. In this case the vibrational quantum number can increase (absorption) or decrease (emission) by one unit, i Ø i ≤ 1. 14. Show that for the vibrational absorption, i Ø i + 1, the change of energy (in wavenumbers) is DEvib 1 k nè = ÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅ = ÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅ $%%%%%% ÅÅÅÅÅ = nèe hc 2pc m 15. Show that for the vibrational emission, i Ø i - 1, the change of energy is DEvib 1 k nè = - ÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅ = ÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅ $%%%%%% ÅÅÅÅÅ = nèe hc 2pc m 16. From these results, what do you expect the vibrational absorption spectrum of a molecule such as HCl to look like, versus light frequency? Hint: How would the spectrum change if temperature is changed? The great importance of the vibrational constant is that it is a "measure" of the strength of the bond. 17. Assume that the energy of the 1 H 35 Cl i = 1 Ø i = 2 vibrational absorption line is 2885.31 cm-1 . Show that the value of the force constant is k = 480.474 kg s-2 . 18. Explain whether the dissociation energy of oscillator approximation. 1 H 35 Cl can be estimated in the harmonic Real molecules dissociate and so we know that far from the equilibrium position the higher order, so-called anharmonic terms in the Taylor series expansion of the electronic energy, E j HRL, can no longer be neglected. 19. Explain why in real molecules the separation between vibrational energy levels must decrease with increasing vibrational quantum number i. An approximate way to account for the decrease in energy level spacing is to view the harmonic oscillator energy expression, Evib = h ne Hi - 1 ê 2L, as the first term in a expansion in powers of i - 1 ê 2. Adding the next terms gives Evib = h ne Hi - 1 ê 2L - h xe ne Hi - 1 ê 2L2 The dimensionless quantity xe is known as the anharmonicity constant. The negative sign takes account of the decrease in separation between successive energy levels. 20. Show that the separation between adjacent energy levels in wavenumbers is DEi,i+1 ê Hh cL = nèe - 2 i xe nèe . 21. The energy of the 1 H 35 Cl i = 2 Ø i = 3 vibrational absorption line in wavenumbers is 2779.67 cm-1 . Show that nèe = 2990.9476 cm-1 and xe nèe = 52.8186 cm-1 . Hint: In determining the force constant earlier, we assumed the i = 1 Ø i = 2 transition energy was nèe , but in fact it is nèe - 2 xe nèe . A way to estimate the dissociation energy of a diatomic molecule is to determine the value of the vibrational quantum number, imax , at which the vibrational energy stops increasing. This is the maximum possible value of the vibrational quantum number i in the anharmonic approximation. 22. Show that imax = Hnèe + xe nèe L ê H2 xe nèe L. 23. Show that the maximum possible value of the vibrational quantum number in this anharmonic approximation to 1 H 35 Cl is imax = 28.8. Whether we round the value down or up is determined by which rounding will give the highest energy value. 24. Show that using imax = 28 the dissociation energy of 1 H 35 Cl is 42307 cm-1 while using imax = 29 the dissociation energy of 1 H 35 Cl is 42340 cm-1 . Based on these results, è the estimated dissociation energy is De = 42340 cm-1 . The measured dissociation energy of 1 H 35 Cl is 53194 cm-1 . So the simple anharmonic approximation, and the measurement of the energies of two vibrational absorption lines has allowed us to estimate the dissociation energy to within 20%. In this way we see that vibrational frequency and anharmonicity together are a "measure" of the bond strength.