World War I Study Guide Key

NAME: __________________________________ DATE: _________ PERIOD: ______ WORLD WAR I STUDY GUIDE Causes of World War II military buildup colonies 1. A massive ______________________ was needed to protect overseas __________ & armed forces IMPERIALISTIC powers. The size of ___________________ & navies grew sharply, especially Germany in ___________. Countries with militaries were ready to use them as soon as any trouble Trigger happy erupted. “__________ - _________” is when a country is ready to fire at the least provocation, regardless of situation or consequences. allied militarism 2. Countries ________ to protect themselves against _______________ from other countries. Triple Alliance An example is the _________ ____________ which united Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Triple Entente Italy. Another example is the ___________ ____________ which united Russia & France (which had already allied) with Great Britain. Alliances should keep war from starting because no country should want to start war with a different country and its allies as well. Alliance _____________ & entente are basically the same thing. Entente can mean more of a cooperation than an alliance. Imperialism 3. _____________________ is the policy of extending the rule or authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies. Germany France Russia Germany, ______________, _____________, & _____________________ were all IMPERIAL nations. To keep imperial lands safe from conquest by other imperial countries, militarism ________________ grew. Nationalism 4. _____________________ is a strong devotion to one’s national group or culture. It began in power struggles. In the late 1800s when new countries were formed, which caused ________ Balkan _________ Peninsula in Southeast Europe, areas with certain ethnic groups might wanted freedom country _____________ from an empire or bigger ____________. Serbs had Serbia, but many lived Serbia outside its borders. _________ wanted to expand its borders, but Austria-Hungary __________________________ wouldn’t let Serbia expand. Early Battles Franz Ferdinand 5. Archduke _______________________ was assassinated on June 28, 1914 by a Serbian Serbia Nationalist. As a result, Austria-Hungary declares war on __________ after it does not agree to ultimatum all terms of the _______________. NAME: __________________________________ DATE: _________ PERIOD: ______ France Britain 6. Germany signed a treaty with _________ and __________ guaranteeing Belgian neutrality. Belgium Schleiffen Germany marched through ___________ to reach France as part of the ______________ Plan in August 1914. Central 7. The _____________ Powers (Bad Guys) were Austria-Hungary, Germany, & the Ottoman Allies Empire. The _________ were Russia, France, Great Britain, & Italy and eventually the United States joined this side later. trenches 8. In northern France, Germany built series of ____________ as they retreated. The Allies built their own trenches also. This area became deadlocked (no one advanced) and was known as Western Front the __________________ (west of Germany. Trench & Gas Warfare Trench 9. ___________ Warfare is a form of combat in which soldiers dug trenches, or deep ditches, to seek protection from enemy fire & to defend their positions. Soldiers lived very close to other soldiers __________ and there was not much room. Trenches could be miserable sometimes. muddy Trench Foot Rainstorms created ___________ conditions. “__________ ________” is when your feet get lice rats wet and stay wet for such a long time. There was also bad sanitation, ________ & _______. poison gas 10. A new weapon used in the war was ______________. There were different types that choke burn could blind, __________, or ________ soldiers. Poison gas had limited value because the wind Gas ________ could blow back on your side. _______ masks could help soldiers through an attack. Weapons of World War I machine guns were used in battles. Early machine guns were big & heavy 11. Rapid-fire _________ cooling and needed a crew of four to six people to operate. They lacked _________ mechanisms minute because they shot 400-600 small caliber rounds per ___________. portable 12. Later machine guns were lighter & more __________. By 1918, guns for infantrymen ___________________ now existed. They were lighter weight but lacked enough ammunition. tanks warships aircraft By the end of war, guns had been added to _______, ___________, & __________. landships 13. Tanks were also known as ____________. They were armored vehicles that could cross no man's land rough battlefield terrain such as ________________. The first tank was called NAME: __________________________________ DATE: _________ PERIOD: ______ Little Willie “______________” and weighed 14 tons and had 12-foot long track frames. It had space for three men and had a maximum speed of 2 mph (on rough terrain). Tanks were first ______ France developed in Great Britain. Soon, __________ & the US became interested. They were not Cambrai very reliable or useful at first but were used later in the war at the Battle of __________. observe 14. Aircraft was used to __________ enemy positions and was armed with machine guns & bombs __________. Planes were used to attack battlefields & cities and even enemy planes. These dogfights were called “___________.” Most countries had few planes at the start of war, but production of rapidly generals planes increased _________. Planes had to be easy to fly, which allowed ____________ to begin including planes in planning. U-boats Germans 15. __________ were submarines used by the ____________ in WWI and WWII. They had a unrestricted policy of _________________ submarine warfare, meaning any ship traveling in water around seen Great Britain was subject to attack. U-Boats were easy to attack without being ________. supply Merchant ship attacks cut off British _________ lines. As a result, Great Britain developed convoys that helped against the threat of attack. The United States entered the war on the _________ Allied __________ side because Americans had been killed because of unrestricted submarine warfare. flamethrower 16. The _________________ came in different sizes for different circumstances. Grenades impact time-fused could be detonated two different ways: ________ or ___________. A bayonet had more of a mortar psychological use and ____________ could be fired from inside a trench. Propaganda Propaganda government 17. _____________ is information such as posters & pamphlets created by ______________ to public opinion influence public opinion. Governments used propaganda to control _______________ and spirits keep up _________. The U.S. Enters the War Unrestricted submarine warfare 18. __________________________________ was Germany’s policy of attacking any ship that tried to get through its U-boat blockade of Great Britain. It was an effective way to keep Britain supplies and other necessary items. German U-boats sank The ___________ low on _________ Lusitania 1,200 ______________, a British passenger liner, killing ________ people. This made trade with any nation ____________ difficult. NAME: __________________________________ DATE: _________ PERIOD: ______ The Zimmerman Telegram 19. _____________________________ was sent from German Foreign Minister Arthur British Zimmerman to the German Ambassador in Mexico City. The ___________ intercepted the Mexico that ___________ Germany message. Promised ________ would help recover land from the United States the U.S. than _______________ if they would join in war. Mexico was a bigger threat to _______ Germany ___________ due to proximity. American Propaganda 20. ________________________ was information designed to influence people’s opinions Germans published by the government. It portrayed __________ as bad, barbaric, dangerous, wicked, women Americans ape/gorilla, abuse of _________, etc. It also caused ____________ to become enraged at the Germans _______________ and ready to go to war. Great Britain and ___________ France 21. Americans traded with ____________ during the war. Britain’s blockade unable Germany made the U.S. _________ to trade with ____________. The U.S. wanted to continue trading Britain British with _____________, but refused to trade with the ___________ because it blockaded Britain Germany – technically taking an act of war with _________. The End of the Fighting April 1917 Germany 22. In ________________, the United States entered the war. ________________ had to win the war in Europe before the United States was able to help the Allies. A New German Offensive Western Front 23. Germany refocused efforts at the ________________. Germany no longer had to worry Russia March 1918 about fighting ________________ in the east. In ________________, Germany started a major 40 miles offensive. At the beginning, Germany gained a lot of land, about ________________. By June 1918 ________________, America had sent enough soldiers to help Europe and gave the Allies 800,000 hope. Around ________________ German soldiers had died by this time. German Collapse Second Battle of Marne 24. At the ________________________________, the Allies stopped the German soldiers. They had defeated the Germans at the same place in 1914. The Allies used tanks aircraft ________________ & ________________ to gain ground. Many Germans just gave up ________________, as they knew they had been defeated. NAME: __________________________________ DATE: _________ PERIOD: ______ October 1918 Hindenburg Line 25. In ________________, Allied forces broke through heavily defended ________________. German leaders approached the Allied leaders, asking for a truce. November 11, 1918 an armistice was agreed to. This day has since become a holiday, 26. On ________________, Veteran's Day called ________________. After the armistice was agreed to, the leaders had to come up with a treaty about the post-war world. The Costs of War 27. There will always be costs to war. War is never free, speaking in monetary terms or 9 million otherwise. For instance, during the war ________________ soldiers died and around 21 million ________________ soldiers were wounded. And soldiers are not the only people who die 13 million during war. Around ________________ civilians died during the war. Also, events occurring at home can cause people to die. For instance, 70 million people died from the Spanish Flu Pandemic which lasted only about a year. ________________, $332 billion 28. Speaking in monetary terms, around ________________ was the total “cost of war”. Because of where the majority of fighting was located during the war, economies in America Japan ________________ & ________________ prospered. In countries such as France, Belgium, farmland cities and Russia, ________________ & ________________ were destroyed by war, greatly affecting the countries’ economies. 29. Governments also changed during the course of the war and shortly thereafter. Communism ________________ became the economic and political theory used in Russia. Monarchies ________________ in Austria-Hungary, Germany, & the Ottoman Empire were governmental systems that were overthrown at the end of the war. Similar to political changes, there was unrest in colonies controlled by European powers. democracy 30. The Allied Powers had fought in the war partially to promote ________________, a political system colonists then expected to receive. However, colonies did not receive this type of government and their independence had to wait. As certain countries and empires were broken 15 apart as a result of the Treaty of Versailles, ________________ new nations/mandates were created before 1921. These countries were Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, East Prussia, Poland, Lebanon, Transjordan, Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Syria, Iraq, & Palestine. NAME: __________________________________ DATE: _________ PERIOD: ______ Differing Allied Goals 31. All leaders of the Allied Powers wanted different things for the post-war world. America’s Woodrow Wilson leader, ________________, specifically came up with a plan for organizing the post-war world, Fourteen Points called the ________________. This plan called for, among other things, reduction of weapons ________________, rights of all people to choose their own governments, and an organization ________________ for world’s nations to join to prevent future wars. George Clemeneau wanted to punish ________________ Germany 32. France’s leader, ________________, and make them David Lloyd George also wanted to pay for costs of war. Great Britain’s leader, ________________, punish Germany ________________, but he didn’t want to weaken the country. He wanted the country to help communism Italy stop ________________ from spreading out of Russia. Vittorio Orlando, ________________’s leader, wanted to gain territory. Orland was essentially ignored during collaboration. Treaty of Versailles compromised 33. Finally, the Allies ________________ on their goals. The resulting treaty, the Treaty of Clemeneau Wilson Versailles, was closer to ________________’s goals than ________________’s. Germany ________________ had not been part of the discussion about the terms of the treaty. Germany had to accept the terms of the treaty. Germany was forced to do many things, as the treaty ordered: Pay reparations 1) ________________________________________________ Take responsibility for conflict 2) ________________________________________________ Return conquered land to France & Russia 3) ________________________________________________ Give land for formation of Poland 4) ________________________________________________ Give colonies around the world to various world powers 5) ________________________________________________ Limit size of military 6) ________________________________________________ June 28, 1919 34. On ________________, Germany finally signed the treaty. Wilson did get something he had League of Nations It was outlined in his Fourteen Points: a worldwide organization, called the ________________. Germany an international body of nations to prevent future wars. ________________ was not asked to be a member of this organization. And, despite the idea of such an organization was Wilson’s, the did not United States ________________ join the league. NAME: __________________________________ DATE: _________ PERIOD: ______ Other Treaties Allied 35. Because the Treaty of Versailles focused on the goals of the ________________ Powers, Central other treaties were needed to determine what to do with the ________________ Powers. Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire ________________ and ________________ were broken apart as a result of treaties. They mandates became other nations or ________________, territories that the League of Nations gave to other European powers to rule after the war. Syria Lebanon 36. For instance, France controlled ________________ & ________________ while Great Palestine Iraq Balfour Declaration Britain controlled ________________ & ________________. In the ________________, Palestine British foreign minister wanted to establish a Jewish homeland in ________________. Transjordan Eventually, ________________ was created from this country. Mandates were supposed to be govern territories until they were able to ________________ themselves. Russian Revolution Bolsheviks 37. The _________________ were a small Marxist group who wanted to change life in Russia. Vladimir Lenin The leader was ________________________. Their goal was to overthrow the czar. If the czar was overthrown, industrial workers could govern Russia. Czar Nicholas II hoped war would revolution unite Russia & stop talk of _______________. Patriotism increased rapidly, but Russia was not factories/supplies transportation system ready for war. Russia lacked _____________________, ______________________________, modern equipment competent military leaders ______________________________________, and _________________________________. Nicholas II 38. In 1915, ________________ took command of Russian military. If Russia failed in WWI, so peasants would Nicholas II. Food & other goods grew scarce and _______________ grew desperate. Alexandra Nicholas II went to war and left _________________________ in charge (unpopular). Rasputin Alexandra took advice from________________________ (corrupt/immoral). marched 39. On March 8, 1917, in Petrograd, Russia unhappy citizens _____________. Police & Duma (Russia’s legislature) defied soldiers were sympathetic to the marchers. The ________ abdicate Nicholas II and on March 15, 1917 Nicholas II forced to ___________. Aleksandr Kerensky as the 40. The Duma established a temporary government with ____________________ changes leader. Many Russians didn’t like this government. The Bolsheviks wanted basic __________. Lenin was still the leader. In mid-1917, Kerensky’s government was still fighting Central Powers weak & __________. collapsed in WWI. The Russian army was _______ NAME: __________________________________ DATE: _________ PERIOD: ______ 41. In November 1917, the Bolshevik Red Guard attacked Kerensky’s government. Kerensky’s fight communist government didn’t put up much of a ________. Lenin established a radical ________________ illegal program that made private ownership __________. Land was redistributed to peasants. Leon Trotsky 42. Lenin wanted to end Russia’s involvement in war. ___________________ was sent to negotiate with the Central Powers. Russia lost much land to Central Powers because of lack of military strong ____________. Some Russians disliked the negotiations & their results. The opponents White Army army leaders of Bolsheviks were the ___________________ including _________________, political opponents wealthy _______________________________________, and ___________ Russians. France United States 43. ____________ & ___________________ supported the White Army. The fighting & famine Bolsheviks of the Russian revolution cost millions of lives. By late 1920, the ________________ New Economic Policy triumphed. In 1921, a __________________________ was introduced permitting some capitalist activity and by 1922, the economy began to improve. Russia reunited with neighboring lands that had belonged to Russian Empire and became the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics _______________________________________________ or (USSR) or Soviet Union. Map: Be able to locate the following nations: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Germany Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire France Italy Belgium Russia Great Britain