Categorical Syllogisms and Logical Fallacies Answer Key

 Question 1 6 out of 6 points The first step toward identifying arguments that commit the fallacy of the illicit process is to locate the major and minor terms in an argument structure. Selected Answer:  Tru e Question 2 6 out of 6 points Choose the best answer to fill in the blank. _______________ are frequently marked by the use of the words “some,” “all,” or “no.” Selected Answer:  Categorical syllogisms Question 3 6 out of 6 points The propositions in a categorical system have to comply with a rule of logic that required that at least one premise must be afÏrmative. Selected Answer:  Tru e Question 4 6 out of 6 points Like other syllogisms, syllogistic disjunction is a common way to argue both factual disputes, legal disputes, and disputes about the application of law to facts. Selected Answer:  Tru e Question 5 6 out of 6 points One way to spot the fallacy of the illicit process is to look for patterns of argument featuring distributed terms in the conclusion that are not distributed in the premises. Selected Answer:  Tru e Question 6 6 out of 6 points The propositions in a categorical syllogism have to comply with a rule of logic that requires if either premise is negative, the conclusion must be negative. Selected Answer:  Tru e Question 7 6 out of 6 points Law often involved labeling conduct based on elements. Selected Answer:  Question 8 Tru e 6 out of 6 points A syllogism that has one negative premise and one afÏrmative premise can yield either a positive or negative conclusion. Selected Answer:  Fals e Question 9 6 out of 6 points The hallmark of a disjunctive argument is a disjunctive proposition that presents two alternatives, referred to as disjuncts. Selected Answer:  Tru e Question 10 6 out of 6 points When a disjunction is inclusive, then afÏrming one disjunct requires denying the other. Selected Answer:  Fals e Question 11 6 out of 6 points A valid disjunctive syllogism is one where the categorical premise denies one of the disjuncts of the disjunctive premise and the conclusion afÏrms the remaining disjunct. Selected Answer:  Tru e Question 12 6 out of 6 points Choose the best answer to fill in the blank. A __________ is typically marked by the word “or.” Selected Answer:  disjunctive syllogism Question 13 6 out of 6 points The fallacy of the illicit process and the fallacy of afÏrming a disjunct are both disjunctive syllogisms. Selected Answer:  Fals e Question 14 6 out of 6 points Choose the best answer to fill in the blank. The pattern of argument that commits the _____________ is one that argues what something is from a premise about what something is not. Selected Answer:  Question 15 fallacy of the negative premise 6 out of 6 points Determining distribution of terms is always easy. Selected Answer:  Fals e Question 16 6 out of 6 points The fallacy of the undistributed middle term and the fallacy of the illicit process both apply to categorical syllogisms. Selected Answer:  Tru e Question 17 6 out of 6 points The logical fallacy of the illicit process might seem ot have some persuasive force, but it is not a practical tool for most cases. Selected Answer:  Fals e Question 18 6 out of 6 points Choose the best answer to fill in the blank. If the minor term is distributed in the conclusion but not in the minor premise, the argument commits the fallacy of the ________. Selected Answer:  illicit minor term Question 19 6 out of 6 points Choose the best answer to fill in the blank. _____________ generally take the “if . . . then” form. Selected Answer:  Hypothetical syllogisms Question 20 6 out of 6 points A syllogism based exclusively on negative premises is always invalid. Selected Answer:  Tru e Question 21 25.5 out of 30 points Thoroughly discuss the Fallacy of AfÏrming a Disjunct in your own words (do not copy and paste material from other sources). What is a “disjunct” in an argument? What does it mean to “afÏrm” it? Can this fallacy appear in any argument? Is it limited to a specific category of arguments? Why or why not? Selected Answer: What is a “disjunct” in an Argument? We can find a disjunct in an argument because it usually has the word “or”. It can be inclusive or exclusive. It is a proposition that takes on “either/or” form. Meaning, both of something and either one of somethings. An example of this is: “You can have candy or ice cream.” This statement can mean a person can have candy and ice cream (inclusive). It can also mean a person can have either candy or ice cream, but not both (exclusive). What does it mean to “Affirm” It? To affirm a disjunct means assuming that if one of the premises is true then the other premise has to be false. Affirming a disjunct is a form of argument in which one disjunct of a disjunctive premise is affirmed as a premise while the other disjunct is denied as a conclusion. An example of this is: Charlie is going to bed or watching tv. Charlie is tired, so he went to bed. Therefore, Charlie can not watch TV. Both propositions may be true, but just because Charlie went to bed because he was tired does not exclude the fact that he can also watch TV in bed. Can this Fallacy Appear in any Argument? Is it limited to a specific category of arguments? Why or why not? Yes, this fallacy can appear in any argument, depending on how you phrase it. Using this fallacy in an argument does not limit a person to a specific category. A person can use this fallacy in any argument whether it is a legal or factual dispute or about the application of the law to a certain case. However, it may be unpersuasive because of the risk of assumption it takes on. The syllogism becomes fallacious when it affirms the disjunct and tries to reach a conclusion. Response Great definition, good example, and great format. Do you see where you did Feedback: not accurately address the last subquestions? The following is an example of a thorough answer to this essay question. Although it is not perfect, it serves as a solid sample of what a proper response would be based on the information from our required texts. Please see below: A disjunct7is a term that makes7up a piece7of a larger statement, which can be called a7disjunctive7statement. The two7disjuncts7can commonly be7separated7by "or" which links the two7terms together. In a disjunctive7syllogism, the first7proposition7can be7referred to as the disjunctive7proposition. The fallacy of afÏrming a7disjunct7is rather7selfexplanatory. AfÏrming a disjunct7simply7means7that the categorical premise7afÏrms7one of the7disjuncts7in the7disjunctive7proposition, therefore, invalidating any conclusion. For example. "With his breakfast, John7likes7coffee or tea." "John likes7coffee." "Therefore, John does not like tea." By confirming one of the disjuncts, you7are not7ruling7out the other. When a disjunct is denied, it rules said7disjunct7out as a truthful candidate. By7concluding7that one disjunct is true, you cannot7conclude7that the other is7false. The fallacy of afÏrming a disjunct can only be found in a disjunctive argument or syllogism, as the disjunctive form only appears in such an argument or syllogism. Without the presence of a disjunctive statement, there is no opportunity for a disjunct to be afÏrmed. Thus, making the fallacy of afÏrming a disjunct exclusive to disjunctive argument.