Political Developments in the Early Republic Lesson

Unit 4 Lesson 11: Political Developments in the Early Republic Overview: ● ___________Washington_________________________ was chosen to serve as the nation’s first President. ● As his cabinet, he chose: ___________Henry Knox__________________ to serve as his Secretary of War, _________Hamiltion______________ to serve as his Secretary of the Treasury, and ________Jefferson___________ to serve as his Secretary of ____state_____. ● ________Hamilton__________________ and ________Jefferson___________ soon became political rivals. Their conflicting visions about the role of government eventually gave rise to the nation’s first political parties and continue to influence the United States today. Launching the New Government Washington’s First Cabinet ● The Department of _______state________- handled relations with other countries. ● The Department of ________war_______- ran the military and managed the defense of the nation. ● The _______treasury__________ Department- managed the government’s finances. ● The ________Attorney General____________- served as the chief lawyer for the national government. Washington As President ● The national treasury was empty, and the nation had no ___________Money_________________. ● ________Congress_______________ had the power to raise funds through ______taxes___________, but its members argued endlessly. ● In 1791, Congress agreed to place an ____________excise tax____________________ (production and sales tax) on ____________whiskey_____________ and other luxury goods. ● Settlers living west of the Appalachian Mountains reacted angrily to the tax. ● Many farmers complained that the tax made their whiskey ________too expensive______________, so they __________refused to pay it________________________. ● In 1794, the “_____________whiskey boys_________________” of western Pennsylvania tarred and feathered tax collectors who tried to enforce the law. ● Hamilton and Washington saw the Whiskey Rebellion as a threat to the _____Authority of the national government _____________________. ● At Hamilton's urging, Washington led 13,000 state militia troops across the mountains to crush the rebels. ● Faced with overwhelming force, the rebellion ended. ● Thomas Jefferson thought that the idea of sending an army to catch a few tax rebels was foolish. ● Jefferson believed that Hamilton was prepared to violate ____________people’s liberties____________________ by using armed force to put down opposition to government policies. The Federalist Party • The _____________Federalist party____________________________ appeared first during the debates over the ratification of the Constitution. Its most influential leader was _______Alexander Hamilton________________________- • Most Federalists shared Hamilton's view that people were basically selfish and out for themselves, so they distrusted any system of government that gave _____________too much power_____________ to “the mob,” or the _______common people________________________. • Federalists believed that “the best people”—______________educated, wealthy___________, publicspirited men like themselves—should run the country. • Federalists favored a _________________strong national government__________________________ • Hamilton wanted to expand the economy and increase the nation's wealth by using the power of the federal government to promote ____________business, manufacturing, trade___________, land grants for education, and infrastructure such as canals and roads. Hamilton’s Debt Plan and the National Bank • Federalists supported a _______________loose construction____________________________, or broad interpretation, of the Constitution. • Using the _________________elastic clause_________________________ allowed Congress to “make all laws which shall be necessary and proper” for carrying out its listed powers. • In 1790, Hamilton presented Congress with a plan to pay off all war debts as quickly as possible. • Hamilton's plan for repaying the debts was opposed by many Americans, especially in the South. • Most __________southern states__________________ had already paid their war debts and saw little reason to help states in the North pay off what they still owed. • To save his plan, Hamilton linked it to another issue: the location of the nation's ______called the district of columbia_________________________. • Hamilton promised to support a location in the __________south___________ if southerners would support his debt plan. • The debt plan was passed, and the nation's new capital—called the _________district of columbia __________—was in the South, on the Potomac River between Maryland and Virginia. • Next, Hamilton asked Congress to establish a ____________national bank___________________. • Hamilton believed would help the government by collecting taxes and keeping those funds safe. • It would print paper money backed by the government, giving the nation a stable currency. • Most important, the bank would make loans to _____________business people_______________ to build new factories and ships. • Once established, in 1791, the Bank of the United States helped the _______nation’s economy_________________ ___________________ grow and prosper. Federalists and the French Revolution • When the French Revolution began, Hamilton hoped that it would lead to the “establishment of free and good government.” • But as he watched it lead instead to chaos and bloodshed, his enthusiasm for the revolution cooled. • When war broke out between ______________france and england__________________________ in 1793, most Federalists sided with __________great britain_________________________. • Some were merchants and shippers whose business depended on __________trade_______________ with America's former enemy, while others simply felt more comfortable supporting orderly Great Britain against revolutionary France. • Great Britain was all that Hamilton hoped the United States would become one day: a _________ __________powerful and respected____________________ nation that could defend itself against any enemy. Thomas Jefferson and the Republican Party • To counter Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson created the __________democraticrepublican________ _______________________________ (Republican) Party. • Republicans favored true democracy and had no patience with the Federalists' view that only the “best people” should rule. • To Republicans, this view came dangerously close to ________monarchy_____________________-. • To keep the national government small, they insisted on a ____________strict construction___________________ __________________________, or interpretation, of the Constitution. • Republicans favored _______________strong state governments________________________. • They also favored an economy ______________based on agriculture_______________________________ and opposed any measures, such as the national bank, designed to encourage the growth of business and manufacturing. • They viewed the bank as unconstitutional and ______against farmers________________________. • While the bank was happy to loan money to businesspeople to build factories and ships, it did not make loans to farmers • Jefferson assumed that informed citizens could make good decisions for themselves and their country. Republicans and the French Revolution • Despite the violence of the revolution, most Republicans continued to support _____France__________. • While regretting the bloodshed, they argued that the loss of a few thousand aristocrats was a small price to pay for freedom. Washington’s Farewell Address • Near the end of his second term, Washington announced that _________he would not run again________________. • Before leaving office, the president prepared a message that became known as Washington's Farewell Address. • • He reminded Americans of all that bound them together as a people. Warned of two threats to the nation's future • One of those threats was problems the _______nation was having with other countries_________. • The other threat was the “_____spirit of party_____________________.” • Washington said that it was natural for people to hold different opinions, but he warned against the dangers of passionate ______________loyalty to parties____________________. If fighting between parties was not controlled, it could tear the young nation apart. • Despite his worries for the future, Washington had much to be proud of as he left office. • The new government was up and running, and the nation was growing so fast that it had added three new states: _____________Kentucky, Tennessee, Vermont______________________________. • Most of all, Washington had steered his government safely through quarrelsome times, leaving the nation united and at peace. The Presidency of John Adams ● ● ● ● ● ● ● By the third election in 1796, it was clear that ______political parties__________ had become part of the election process. The Republicans supported Thomas Jefferson for president who had the support from many farmers in the South and West. The Federalists supported John Adams, who appealed to lawyers, merchants, ship owners, and businesspeople in the _____north______. When the electoral votes were counted, John Adams was elected president by just three votes, and Jefferson came in second, making him vice president. Under John Adams, Federalists in Congress passed four controversial laws known as the _Alien and Sedition Acts________, which were aimed at ______aliens or noncitizens________________ They lengthened the time it took for an _____immigrant___________ to become a ______citizen_____ with the right to vote—from 5 to 14 years. The other two Alien Acts allowed the president to either jail or deport aliens who were suspected of activities that threatened the government. The fourth law, known as the Sedition Act, made _______sedition____________- encouraging rebellion against the government- a crime. In 1800, the federal government moved to the city of Washington in the _________________District of Columbia_________________________. The Election of 1800 ● ● In 1800, Republican leaders supported ________Thomas Jefferson_______________ for president. The Federalists chose _______John Adams_________________ to run for reelection as president. During the campaign, Republican newspapers attacked Adams as a ______Tyrant___________, even accusing him of wanting to turn the nation into a ● ● ● ● monarchy. ________Hamilton__________ and his followers refused to support ______Adams__________ because of disagreements over the president's foreign policy. Adams lost the election which resulted in a tie vote between _______Jefferson_____________ and _________Aaron Burr____________. The election was sent to the House of Representatives, and after days of deadlock,________Hamilton_____________ broke the tie and __________Jefferson______________ was eventually elected president. In 1804, the _____12th Amendment____________ was added to the Constitution to prevent _____such ties_______.