Organizational Theory

Organizational Theory A. Definition of Theory Calvin S. Hall and Gardner Lindsey (1970) argue that theory is a set of conventions created by theorists, consisting of a group of relevant assumptions that are systematically related to each other. A theory is not seen from its right or wrong, but rather from whether the theory is useful in predicting an event or can produce a relevant concept that can be verified. B. Definition of Organization According to Sutarto (1985) that an organization is a system of mutual influence between people in a group who work together to achieve certain goals. According to Herbert and Gullet, what is meant by organizing is the process by which the structure of an organization is created and established. This process includes the provision of specific activities that are necessary to complete all organizational goals, grouping these activities in a logical order, and the tasks of this group of activities for a position or person in charge. Barnard argues that an organization is a system of cooperative activities between two or more people. Organization is a grouping of people into cooperative activities to achieve predetermined goals, while organizing is the activity of people in grouping, arranging and organizing various kinds of work that need to be carried out to achieve educational goals in (Henry Fayol, 1974). Organization is the assignment of people into job functions that must be carried out so that cooperative activities occur in achieving goals. While organizing is the arrangement and grouping of various jobs based on the type of work, the order of the nature and function of the work, time and speed (Griffin: 1959). C. Understanding Organizational Theory According to Lubis and Husaini (1987), organizational theory is a collection of knowledge that discusses the mechanism of cooperation between two or more people systematically to achieve predetermined goals. Organizational theory is a theory for studying cooperation in each individual. The nature of groups in individuals to achieve goals along with the methods used by using theories that can explain behavior, especially motivation, of individuals in the process of cooperation. D. Understanding Organizational Theory According to Groups Organizational theory is a system that systematically regulates an organization, explaining the scope of organizational activities, goals, and organizational households. E. Organizational Goals People form or are involved in an organization, namely to perfect individual goals or what they aspire to. People enter a group of course with certain goals that are expected to create satisfaction. People form or are involved in an organization, namely to perfect individual goals or what they aspire to. People enter a group of course with certain goals that are expected to create satisfaction. There are several types of goals in an organization that provide direction for the implementation of activities and decision making, namely: • Environmental goals, namely the conditions in which other organizations exist in their environment; • Output goals, namely showing the form and amount of output that will be produced by the organization; • System goals, namely related to the maintenance or care of the organization's own maintenance; • Product goals describe the characteristics of the product or service that will be provided to consumers, these goals determine the quantity, quality, type, pattern, and other characteristics that describe the characteristics of the product or service offered; • Sub-unit goals, namely describing the goals of a section or a work unit that is part of an organizational unit. F. Types of Organizations Wursanto (2003) sees the types of organizations from the leadership aspect, the formal aspect, the objective aspect, the territorial aspect, and the social needs aspect. The following are the types of organizations according to Wursanto: a) Types of Organizations from the Leadership Aspect. Organizations seen from the leadership aspect consist of two types, namely single organizations and multiple organizations. Single organizations, if the leadership of the organization is in the hands of one person. The name of the leader used depends on the type of activity of the organization. This type of organization is usually in the form of a Presidium, Council, Committee, Assembly and others. An example of a presidium is the Ampera cabinet presidium. An example of a council is the Central Leadership Council (DPP), the Regional Leadership Council (DPD). b) Formality Organizations seen from the formal aspect consist of two, namely formal organizations and informal organizations. Formal organizations if activities are carried out by several people who are members of a group consciously coordinated to achieve predetermined goals. The people who are members of the group have a clear organizational structure. Informal organization, the organization is freely and spontaneously formed and its membership is acquired consciously or unconsciously. c) The main purpose of the organization This organization is seen from the main purpose of the organization. An example of this type of organization is a business organization that aims to gain maximum profit. The activities carried out are to produce and distribute goods and services. This business organization can be further divided into private and government organizations. d) Territorial Aspect This type of organization is seen from the broad scope of the organization's territorial activities. Generally, this type of organization is grouped into territorial units such as local organizations, regional organizations, national organizations, and international organizations. The forms can vary depending on the purpose of the organization. e) Social Needs This type of organization is seen from the needs of society. This type of organization or association is formed consciously and voluntarily by members of society. For example, cooperatives, farmer associations, professional associations, and others.