Being an Effective Leader

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false. 1) Ideally, all managers should be leaders. Answer: True False 1) _______ 7) Despite the best efforts of researchers, it proved impossible to identify one set of traits that would always differentiate leaders from nonleaders. Answer: True False 7) _______ 8) Effective leaders do not need a high degree of knowledge about the company, industry, and technical matters. Answer: True False 8) _______ 9) Cognitive theories are leadership theories that identified behaviors that differentiated effective leaders from ineffective leaders. Answer: True False 9) _______ 11) According to the University of Michigan studies, leaders who are production oriented are described as emphasizing interpersonal relationships and as taking a personal interest in the needs of their followers. Answer: True False 11) ______ 12) Fiedler's contingency model of leadership style proposed that effectiveness depends on the ability and willingness of the subordinates. Answer: True False 12) ______ 13) According to Fiedler's research, task-oriented leaders tend to perform better in situations that are very favorable or unfavorable to them. Answer: True False 13) ______ 14) According to Fiedler's research, relationship-oriented leaders seemed to perform better in very unfavorable situations. Answer: True False 14) ______ 15) Robert House's path-goal theory is an expectancy theory of motivation. Answer: True False 15) ______ 16) Robert House's achievement-oriented leader sets challenging goals and expects followers to perform at their highest level. Answer: True False 16) ______ 17) Robert House assumed that leadership style changes depending on the situation. Answer: True False 17) ______ 20) Transactional and transformational leadership are opposing approaches to getting things done. Answer: True False 20) ______ 22) A charismatic leader is likely seen as being self-confident and influential. Answer: True False 22) ______ 23) People working for charismatic leaders are motivated to exert extra work effort but express lower satisfaction. Answer: True False 23) ______ 25) The challenge for many managers is learning how to become an effective team leader. Answer: True False 25) ______ 26) Legitimate power and authority are one in the same. Answer: True False 26) ______ 27) Legitimate power and authority are inherent in management positions. Answer: True False 27) ______ 28) Credibility is the degree to which followers perceive someone as honest, competent, and able to inspire. Answer: True False 28) ______ 29) Trust is the belief in the integrity, character, and ability of a leader. Answer: True False 29) ______ 30) Of the five dimensions that make up the concept of trust, loyalty seems to be the most critical when someone assesses another's trustworthiness. Answer: True False 30) ______ MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 34) Persons who are able to influence others and who possess managerial authority are termed 34) ______ ________. A) organizers B) visionaries C) leaders D) managers Answer: C 35) Leadership is ________. A) the process of influencing a group toward the achievement of goals B) the function of influencing a group towards the achievement of goals C) directing a group towards the achievement of goals D) a group that achieves goals Answer: A 35) ______ 36) Leadership ________. A) is based on management direction B) has only been studied since the early twentieth century C) has a requirement of at least five members to be led D) cannot be developed, according to research Answer: B 36) ______ 44) Early research into leadership traits sought ________. A) characteristics that might differentiate leaders from nonleaders B) and found the traits status of leaders C) identification of traits that leaders could use D) to clarify the need for leadership traits Answer: A 44) ______ 45) Research on leadership made it increasingly clear that predicting leadership success involved ________. A) was more complex than a few leadership styles B) something more complex than isolating a few leader traits or preferable behaviors C) proper analysis of leader consideration for people and concern for production D) hiring managers that could demonstrate and develop trust with workers Answer: B 45) ______ 46) Trait theory ignores ________. A) the interactions of leaders B) the interactions of leaders and their group members as well as situational factors C) situational factors in the leadership research D) the characteristics of the group members Answer: B 46) ______ 47) The University of Iowa studies discussed all of the following leadership styles except ________. A) laissez-faire B) accommodating C) autocratic D) democratic Answer: B 47) ______ 48) Which of the following describes the leadership style in which a leader tends to centralize authority, dictate work methods, make unilateral decisions, and limit employee participation? A) democratic style B) laissez-faire style C) cultural style D) autocratic style Answer: D 48) ______ 49) The ________ style of leadership describes a leader who tends to involve employees in decision making, delegate authority, encourage participation in deciding work methods and goals, and use feedback as an opportunity for coaching employees. A) laissez-faire B) autocratic C) democratic D) cultural Answer: C 49) ______ 50) Which of the following describes the leadership style in which the leader generally gives the group complete freedom to make decisions and complete the work in whatever way it sees fit? A) autocratic style B) laissez-faire style C) cultural style D) democratic style Answer: B 50) ______ 51) In the University of Iowa behavioral studies, group members' satisfaction levels were generally ________. A) maintained when the leader was autocratic in the short run B) higher under a democratic leader than under an autocratic one C) improved when the leader was considerate of the outcomes D) higher under an autocratic leader in the long run Answer: B 51) ______ 59) Which of the following are two of the three key situational factors that Fiedler felt were important in determining leader effectiveness? A) task structure and leader-member relations B) maturity of organization and subordinates C) organizational success and position power D) leader-member relations and maturity of followers 59) ______ Answer: A 60) Fiedler's term '________' refers to the degree of influence a leader has over power-based activities. A) leader-member relations B) responsibility C) position power D) task structure Answer: C 60) ______ 64) According to Hersey and Blanchard, a high task-low relationship situation calls for the ________ leadership style. A) delegating B) selling C) participating D) telling Answer: D 64) ______ 65) The ________ theory is a contingency theory that focuses on followers' readiness. A) active leadership B) consideration leadership C) passive leadership D) situational leadership Answer: D 65) ______ 66) Which of the following leadership styles describes a leader who provides both directive and supportive behavior? A) selling B) delegating C) telling D) participating Answer: A 66) ______ 67) The main role of the leader is to facilitate and communicate in which of the following leadership styles? A) telling B) participating C) selling D) delegating Answer: B 67) ______ 68) Which of the following leadership styles describes a leader who provides little direction or support? A) telling B) delegating C) selling D) participating Answer: B 68) ______ 74) According to path-goal theory, a manager who consults with subordinates and uses their suggestions exhibits what type of leadership behavior? A) participative B) supportive C) directive D) achievement oriented Answer: A 74) ______ 82) Transactional leaders are leaders who guide ________. A) or motivate their followers in the direction of established goals by clarifying role and task requirements B) or clarify the group's goals and roles C) and clarify the followers' goals and task requirements D) and direct groups towards their goals and tasks Answer: A 82) ______ 83) Which of the following is an accurate statement about transformational leaders? A) They focus on tasks and pay little attention to followers. B) They exhibit more than just charisma. C) They are poor motivators. D) They clarify task requirements. Answer: B 83) ______ 84) Which type of leaders attempt to instill in followers the ability to question, not only established views, but those views held by the leader? A) transformational B) charismatic C) trait D) transactional Answer: A 84) ______ 85) A leader, such as Esam Janahi of Gulf Finance House, who can inspire followers beyond their own self-interests and have a profound effect on their performance, is known as a(n) ________. A) directive leader B) transformational leader C) informational leader D) transactional leader Answer: B 85) ______ 86) The evidence supporting the superiority of transformational leadership over the transactional variety is ________. A) moderately negative B) inconclusive C) overwhelmingly impressive D) moderately supportive Answer: C 86) ______ 87) Evidence indicates that transformational leadership is strongly correlated with ________. A) lower turnover rates and higher levels of productivity and creativity B) higher turnover rates and higher levels of employee satisfaction and follower well -being C) lower turnover rates and lower levels of goal attainment and follower well-being D) higher turnover rates and lower levels of productivity and employee satisfaction Answer: A 87) ______ 88) All of the following are sources of leader power except ________. A) coercive B) expert C) legitimate Answer: D 88) ______ D) status 89) Which of the following is the type of power a person has because of his or her position in the formal organizational hierarchy? A) coercive power B) legitimate power C) expert power D) reward power Answer: B 89) ______ 90) ________ is the power that rests on the leader's ability to punish or control. A) Coercive B) Expert power C) Reward power power Answer: A 90) ______ 91) ________ is the power to give positive benefit or rewards. A) Expert power B) Reward power C) Referent power Answer: B D) Referent power 91) ______ D) Coercive power 92) A firm's attorney has ________ power when giving legal advice. A) coercive B) expert C) legitimate Answer: B 92) ______ D) status 93) ________ is the power that arises because of a person's desirable resources or personal traits. A) Reward power B) Expert power C) Legitimate power D) Referent power Answer: D 93) ______ 94) When a young child copies a professional sports star's behavior, the star has what kind of power over the child? A) expert B) legitimate C) coercive D) referent Answer: D 94) ______ 95) The most dominant component of credibility is ________. A) honesty B) expertise C) authority Answer: A 95) ______ D) status 96) How are ethics a part of leadership? A) Transactional leaders have been described as fostering moral virtue when they try to change the attitudes and behaviors of followers. B) Trust explicitly deals with the leadership traits of honesty and integrity. C) Unethical leaders may use their charisma in more socially constructive ways to serve others. D) Ethics are used when leaders give themselves large salaries while they lay off employees. Answer: B 96) ______ 97) The dimension of trust that is used to describe honesty and truthfulness is ________. A) loyalty B) integrity C) consistency D) competence Answer: B 97) ______ 98) The dimension of trust that is used to describe reliability, predictability, and good judgment in handling situations is termed ________. A) integrity B) loyalty C) competence D) consistency Answer: D 98) ______ 99) Why are more and more companies empowering employees? A) Managers must cope with increased work demands. B) Management needs to make quick decisions. C) Organizational upsizing left many managers with smaller spans of control. D) Empowerment is appropriate for all circumstances. Answer: A 99) ______ 100) One general conclusion that surfaces from leadership research is that ________. A) national culture is a situational variable in determining which leadership style will be most effective B) leaders always make good team leaders C) effective leaders do not use any single style D) women are better leaders than men Answer: C 100) _____ 107) In working with his employees, Kamal tries to ensure that they are involved in decision making and he encourages them to participate in deciding their work methods and goals. Kamal's leadership style can best be described as ________. A) despotic B) laissez-faire C) autocratic D) democratic Answer: D 107) _____ 108) Fiedler's contingency model would classify Jamal as ________ oriented. A) task B) relationship C) employee Answer: A 108) _____ D) organization 109) Fiedler's contingency model would classify Joumana as ________ oriented. A) relationship B) employee C) organization Answer: A D) task 109) _____ 110) Which of the following would be assumed by Fiedler's contingency model about the leadership styles of Jamal and Joumana? A) The leadership styles are fixed, regardless of the situation. B) The leadership styles can be adjusted to fit the situation. C) The leadership styles can be changed with appropriate training. D) Jamal's style is well suited for unstructured tasks. Answer: A 110) _____ 111) Fiedler would expect that the best leadership style was a function of ________. A) formal authority, production process, and personality of employees B) leader-member relations, task structure, and position power C) chain of command, relationships, and power D) type of organization, personality of leader, and education of employees Answer: B 111) _____ 112) Bassema should understand that the path-goal theory is a(n) ________ model of leadership that extracts key elements from the expectancy theory of motivation. A) untested B) fixed C) alternative D) contingency Answer: D 112) _____ 113) Bassema generally lets subordinates know what's expected of them, schedules work to be done, and gives specific guidance as to how to accomplish tasks. She would be termed a(n) ________ leader. A) directive B) participative C) achievement-oriented D) supportive Answer: A 113) _____ 114) Bassema would like to become a participative leader. She should ________. A) be friendly and show concern for the needs of subordinates B) set challenging goals and expect subordinates to perform at their highest level C) let subordinates know what's expected of them, schedule work to be done, and give specific guidance as to how to accomplish tasks D) consult with subordinates and use their suggestions before making a decision Answer: D 114) _____ 115) Lately Bassema has been setting challenging goals and expecting subordinates to perform at their highest level. She is acting as a(n) ________ leader. A) directive B) supportive C) achievement-oriented D) participative 115) _____ Answer: C 116) Bassema has decided that the appropriate leadership style would be to show friendliness and concern for the needs of her subordinates. She wishes to be a(n) ________ leader. A) participative B) directive C) achievement-oriented D) supportive Answer: D 116) _____ 117) When Randa recently met with the employees to let them know both what she expected of them and also the product schedules and assignments, she was performing which of the following leadership styles? A) achievement-oriented leader B) supportive leader C) participative leader D) directive leader Answer: D 117) _____ 118) When Randa spends time with the employees and they see that she is friendly and has concern for the employees, she is performing which of the following leadership styles? A) participative leader B) achievement-oriented leader C) supportive leader D) directive leader Answer: C 118) _____ 119) When Randa consults with the employees for suggestions prior to making a decision, she is performing which of the following leadership styles? A) participative leader B) supportive leader C) directive leader D) achievement-oriented leader Answer: A 119) _____ 120) When Randa meets with the employees to establish challenging goals and expectations for the followers to perform at their highest level, she is performing which of the following leadership styles? A) supportive leader B) directive leader C) achievement-oriented leader D) participative leader Answer: C 120) _____ 121) Selma stopped Sarah in the lunchroom and just had to tell her about ________, where followers make claims about heroic or extraordinary leadership abilities when they observe certain behaviors. A) situational leadership B) transactional leadership C) charismatic leadership D) transformational leadership Answer: D 121) _____ 122) Selma stopped Imad in the parking lot and just had to tell him about ________, where leaders guide or motivate their followers in the direction of established goals by clarifying role and task requirements. A) attributional leadership B) transactional leadership C) transformational leadership D) situational leadership Answer: B 122) _____ 123) Selma stopped Hani in the hall and just had to tell him about ________, that is, leadership characterized by enthusiasm, self-confidence, and the ability to influence people to behave in certain ways. A) transactional leadership B) charismatic leadership C) situational leadership D) attributional leadership Answer: B 123) _____ 124) Selma had to tell Zeina about the findings concerning women and leadership. Zeina was interested in the fact that all but which of the following is true concerning women and leadership? A) Women tend to share power less than men. B) Women are less likely to use a directive style than men. C) There are differences between how men and women lead. D) Women utilize a democratic style more than men. Answer: A 124) _____ 125) At home, Salma was fixing dinner and thinking about the new CEO her firm had hired. In her speech the previous day, the new CEO had discussed her experience in the industry and her education. Salma thought that the new CEO would do a great job given these characteristics, coupled with how well-spoken she was and the fact that she just looked like a CEO. Laughing, Salma realized that she had been judging the new CEO in a manner consistent with the ________ theories of leadership that were popular in the 1920s and 1930s. A) situational B) contingency C) trait D) behavioral Answer: C 125) _____ 126) Tamara held ________ power. A) legitimate B) expert Answer: D 126) _____ C) reward D) coercive 127) Kays held ________ power. A) expert B) coercive Answer: C C) legitimate D) reward 128) Fadi held ________ power. A) coercive B) referent Answer: D C) legitimate D) reward 129) Amira held ________ power. A) legitimate B) referent Answer: D C) reward D) expert 130) Firas held ________ power. A) referent B) reward Answer: A C) legitimate D) expert 127) _____ 128) _____ 129) _____ 130) _____ ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper. 131) In a short essay, identify seven traits associated with leadership. Answer: a. Drive leaders exhibit a high effort level. They have a relatively high desire for achievement; they are ambitious; they have a lot of energy; they are tirelessly persistent in their activities; and they show initiative. b. Desire to lead leaders have a strong desire to influence and lead others. They demonstrate the willingness to take responsibility. c. Honesty and integrity leaders build trusting relationships between themselves and followers by being truthful or non-deceitful and by showing high consistency between word and deed. d. Self-confidence followers look to leaders for an absence of self-doubt. Leaders, therefore, need to show self-confidence in order to convince followers of the rightness of their goals and decisions. e. Intelligence leaders need to be intelligent enough to gather, synthesize, and interpret large amounts of information, and they need to be able to create visions, solve problems, and make correct decisions. f. Job-relevant knowledge effective leaders have a high degree of knowledge about the company, industry, and technical matters. In-depth knowledge allows leaders to make well-informed decisions and to understand the implications of those decisions. g. Extraversion leaders are energetic, lively people. They are sociable, assertive, and rarely silent or withdrawn. 135) In a short essay, discuss the situational leadership theory as developed by Paul Hersey and Ken Blanchard. Next, list and discuss the four specific leadership styles and the four stages of follower readiness as defined by Hersey and Blanchard. Answer: The situational leadership theory is a contingency theory that focuses on followers' readiness. Hersey and Blanchard argue that successful leadership is achieved by selecting the right leadership style, which is contingent on the level of the followers' readiness. The emphasis on the followers in leadership effectiveness reflects the reality that it is the followers who accept or reject the leader. Regardless of what the leader does, effectiveness depends on the actions of his or her followers. And, readiness refers to the extent to which people have the ability and willingness to accomplish a specific task. The four specific leadership styles are as follows: a. Telling (high task—low relationship) the leader defines roles and tells people what, how, when, and where to do various tasks. b. Selling (high task—high relationship) the leader provides both directive and supportive behavior. c. Participating (low task—high relationship) the leader and follower share in decision making; the main role of the leader is facilitating and communicating. d. Delegating (low task—low relationship) the leader provides little direction or support. The final component in the model is the four stages of follower readiness: a. R1 People are both unable and unwilling to take responsibility for doing something. They're neither competent nor confident. b. R2 People are unable but willing to do the necessary job tasks. They're motivated but currently lack the appropriate skills. c. R3 People are able but unwilling to do what the leader wants. d. R4 People are both able and willing to do what is asked of them. 137) In a short essay, differentiate between transactional and transformational leaders. Answer: Transactional leaders are those who guide or motivate their followers in the direction of established goals by clarifying role and task requirements. Transformational leaders, however, pay attention to the concerns and developmental needs of individual followers. They change followers' awareness of issues by helping those followers look at old problems in new ways. They are able to excite, arouse, and inspire followers to put out extra effort to achieve group goals. Transformational leadership is built on top of transactional leadership. Transformational leadership produces levels of employee effort and performance that go beyond what would occur in a transactional approach alone.