Gram-Positive Aerobic Bacilli

? A. Gram-Positive Aerobic Bacilli Mnemonic: "BLiNC the Positive Rod" B – Bacillus anthracis & cereus Li – Listeria monocytogenes N – Nocardia C – Corynebacterium diphtheriae ? B. Gram-Positive Anaerobic Bacilli Mnemonic: "Cant’ Air P(B)end!" (They hate oxygen!) C – Clostridium spp. A – Actinomyces spp. P – Propionibacterium / Cutibacterium acnes ? C. Gram-Negative Aerobic Bacilli Mnemonic: "Pretty Little Bee Bear Fix Hive And Create Honey" P – Pseudomonas aeruginosa L – Legionella pneumophila B – Brucella spp. B – Bordetella pertussis F – Francisella tularensis H – Haemophilus influenzae A – Acinetobacter spp. C – Campylobacter jejuni H – Helicobacter pylori ? D. Gram-Negative Anaerobic Bacilli Mnemonic: "Bad Foul Poop" (They thrive in gut/foul-smelling infections) B – Bacteroides fragilis F – Fusobacterium spp. P – Prevotella spp. ? Culture Media Types 1. ? Transport Media ? Function: Preserves specimens during transport Prevents overgrowth or death of organisms No nutrients to avoid bacterial multiplication ? Examples: Media Description Stuart's For Neisseria gonorrhoeae; clear, semi-solid Amies Modified Stuart’s; for Streptococcus, Neisseria Cary-Blair For Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio; alkaline pH Venkatraman Ramakrishnan (VR) For Vibrio cholerae ? Mnemonic: “STU-AM-CARY-VRr” S – Stuart’s A – Amies C – Cary-Blair V – VR media 2. ? Enriched Media ? Function: Enhances growth of fastidious organisms (those needing extra nutrients) ? Examples: Media Description Blood agar For Streptococci; shows hemolysis types (?, ?, ?) Chocolate agar Heated blood; for Neisseria, Haemophilus Loeffler’s medium For Corynebacterium diphtheriae Buffered charcoal yeast extract (BCYE) For Legionella pneumophila ? Mnemonic: “BLOOD-CHOCO-LOE-BUFF” B – Blood agar C – Chocolate agar L – Loeffler’s B – BCYE E – Enriched! 3. ? Differential Media ? Function: Distinguishes between organisms based on biochemical reactions Often contains indicators (like pH changes) ? Examples: Media Description Blood agar Hemolysis patterns (? = green, ? = clear, ? = none) MacConkey agar Differentiates lactose fermenters (pink) from non-fermenters (colorless) EMB (Eosin Methylene Blue) E. coli shows metallic green sheen TCBS agar Differentiates Vibrio cholerae (yellow colonies) from others (green) ? Mnemonic: “Blood Mac EMB TCBS” B – Blood agar M – MacConkey E – EMB T – TCBS C – Color change = Differential! 4. ? Selective Media ? Function: Suppresses unwanted organisms Allows only specific bacteria to grow (selectively) ? Examples: Media Description MacConkey agar Bile salts & crystal violet inhibit Gram-positive; selects Gramnegatives EMB agar Inhibits Gram-positives, selects Gram-negatives Thayer-Martin Contains antibiotics; selects Neisseria Sabouraud Dextrose Agar Low pH inhibits bacteria; selects fungi XLD agar Selects Salmonella, Shigella (deoxycholate inhibits coliforms) ? Mnemonic: “MET SXLD” M – MacConkey E – EMB T – Thayer-Martin S – Sabouraud X – XLD ( Xenophobia = hates others = selective! ) ? ACID-FAST ORGANISMS ? Mnemonic: “My New Red Truck Goes Crazy Cart Inside” Group Examples Acid-Fast Type Mycobacterium M. tuberculosis, M. leprae, etc. Fully acid-fast Nocardia N. asteroides, N. brasiliensis Partially acid-fast Rhodococcus R. equi Partially acid-fast Tsukamurella T. paurometabola Partially acid-fast Gordonia G. bronchialis Partially acid-fast Cryptosporidium Protozoan cysts Acid-fast oocysts Cyclospora Protozoan cysts Weakly acid-fast Isospora/Cystoisospora Protozoan cysts Weakly acid-fast ? NON-ACID-FAST ORGANISMS ? 1. GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIA ? Mnemonic: “Sarap, Sarap Boiled Egg Chicken Leg Like Cor” Genus Species/Examples Clinical Notes Staphylococcus S. aureus, S. epidermidis Skin infections, sepsis, device infections Streptococcus S. pyogenes, S. pneumoniae Pharyngitis, pneumonia, meningitis Bacillus B. anthracis, B. cereus Anthrax, food poisoning Enterococcus E. faecalis, E. faecium UTI, endocarditis Clostridium C. difficile, C. tetani Tetanus, botulism, diarrhea Listeria L. monocytogenes Meningitis, neonatal sepsis Lactobacillus Various species Normal flora; probiotics Corynebacterium C. diphtheriae Diphtheria ? 2. GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA ? Mnemonic: “Ewan Ko Bakit Sobrang Sikip, Pag Nabigla Hay Virgin Lang Pala Ako!” Genus Species/Examples Clinical Notes Escherichia E. coli UTI, diarrhea, sepsis Klebsiella K. pneumoniae Pneumonia, liver abscess Bordetella B. pertussis Whooping cough Salmonella S. typhi, S. enteritidis Typhoid, gastroenteritis Shigella S. dysenteriae, S. sonnei Bloody diarrhea Pseudomonas P. aeruginosa Burn wound infections, pneumonia Neisseria STI, meningitis N. gonorrhoeae, N. meningitidis Haemophilus H. influenzae Meningitis, otitis, epiglottitis Vibrio V. cholerae Cholera Legionella L. pneumophila Legionnaires' disease Proteus P. mirabilis, P. vulgaris UTI, stone formation Acinetobacter A. baumannii Nosocomial infections ? 3. SPIROCHETES ? Mnemonic: “ TuBoL “ Genus Species Clinical Notes Treponema T. pallidum Syphilis Borrelia B. burgdorferi, B. recurrentis Lyme disease, relapsing fever Leptospira L. interrogans Leptospirosis ? Not visible with Gram stain; use dark-field microscopy or silver stain ? 4. ATYPICAL BACTERIA (Lack Cell Wall or Special Staining Needed) ? Mnemonic: “ My Chika Rin Eh Cox “ Genus Species Notes Mycoplasma M. pneumoniae No cell wall; not Gram or acidfast Chlamydia C. trachomatis, C. pneumoniae Obligate intracellular; special stains Rickettsia R. rickettsii, R. prowazekii Intracellular; Giemsa stain Ehrlichia / Anaplasma E. chaffeensis, A. phagocytophilum Tick-borne infections Coxiella C. burnetii Q fever; intracellular ? 5. FUNGI, PARASITES, AND VIRUSES (ALL NON-ACID-FAST) ? Mnemonic: “ Fun Para Vir “ Type Examples Notes Fungi Candida, Aspergillus, Histoplasma Stain with PAS, GMS, not acid-fast Parasites Giardia, Entamoeba, Plasmodium Special stains; not acid-fast Viruses Not bacteria; do not stain by AFB All (e.g., Influenza, HIV, Herpes) ? SUMMARY TIP: Acid-fast = Mycolic acid. No mycolic acid = Not acid-fast. ? A. Intestinal Nematodes (8 total) “EAT SANd TTCo Watch BOLD” Nematode Common Name 1. Ascaris lumbricoides Giant intestinal roundworm 2. Enterobius vermicularis Pinworm / Seatworm 3. Trichuris trichiura Whipworm 4. Ancylostoma duodenale Old World hookworm 5. Necator americanus New World hookworm 6. Strongyloides stercoralis Threadworm 7. Capillaria philippinensis Pudoc worm 8. Trichostrongylus spp. Rat Lung worm infective larvae can penetrate the skin of humansingestion of infected fish Skin Penetration“SANd”Ingested (Oral route)“EAT” ? B. Tissue Nematodes (6 total) Nematode Common Name 9. Trichinella spiralis Pork worm (muscle) 10. Wuchereria bancrofti Lymphatic filariasis (elephantiasis) 11. Brugia malayi Malayan Filiarial worm 12. Onchocerca volvulus River blindness 13. Loa loa African eye worm 14. Dracunculus medinensis Guinea worm (skin blister) Vector Borne“Watch BOLD”UndercookedMeat ? TREMATODES ? 1. Blood Flukes (Schistosomes) “MR HUJI” IM Species Schistosoma mansoni Disease Manson’s Blood Fluke Intestinal + liver (large bowel) RECTUM Schistosoma haematobium Vesical Blood Fluke Urinary schistosomiasis (bladder) Schistosoma japonicum Oriental Blood Fluke Intestinal + liver (small bowel) Schistosoma intercalatum Schistosoma mekongi ? 2. Intestinal Flukes “FHEM” Species Notes Fasciolopsis buski Giant intestinal fluke — from water plants (uncooked water chestnuts) Echinostoma ilocanum Garrisons fluke — from snails/fish Heterophyes heterophyes Von Siebold’s fluke, from undercooked fish ? 3. Liver Flukes “FaFa Clo OP2 Dic” Fluke Intermediate Host(s) Fasciola hepatica Snail ? aquatic plants Sheep liver fluke Fasciola gigantica Snail ? aquatic plants Giant/Tropical liver fluke Clonorchis sinensis Snail ? fish Chinese/Oriental liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini Snail ? fish Southeast Asian liver fluke Opisthorchis felineus Snail ? fish Cat/Siberia liver fluke Dicrocoelium dendriticum Snail ? ant Lancet Fluke ? 4. Lung Flukes Species Disease Paragonimus westermani Oriental Lung fluke — from raw freshwater crab or crayfish Paragonimus mexicanus ? 5. Pancreatic Flukes Species Disease Eurytremia pancreaticum ? 10 Cestodes (Tapeworms) Order Pseudophyllidean # 1 Cestode Diphyllobothrium latum Transmission Disease Raw freshwater Vitamin B12 deficiency, fish Megaloblastic anemia Order Cyclophyllidean # Cestode Transmission Disease 1 Taenia solium Undercooked Pork Taeniasis, Cysticercosis ? 2 Taenia saginata Undercooked Beef Taeniasis 3 Hymenolepis nana Ingestion of eggs (direct) Most common tapeworm Dwarf Tapeworm in humans 4 Hymenolepis diminuta Rat Tapeworm 5 Dipylidium caninum 6 Echinococcus granulosus Rare in humans Ingesting infected dog/cat Tapeworm in children fleas Dog feces ? ingestion of eggs Hydatid cysts (liver, lung, brain) Hydatid Worm Echinococcus 7 multilocularis 8 Spirometra spp. (sparganosis) 9 Bertiella studeri Foxes, dogs, ingestion of Alveolar echinococcosis eggs (deadly) Alveolar Hydatid Worm Ingesting contaminated water/frogs Subcutaneous or ocular sparganosis Rare, from primates via Zoonotic infection (nonmites pathogenic)