Victims and Victimization

Victims and Victimization 1. Criminologists who focus their attention on crime victims refer to themselves as: a. victimologists. b. sociologists. c. criminal psychologists. d. behaviorists. 2. Although it is difficult to estimate, the average cost of one murder to society is about: a. $500,000 b. $1,000,000 c. $5,000,000 d. $9,000,000 3. Victims suffer stress and anxiety long after an incident is over. What is true about the longterm stress suffered by victims? a. Any stress experienced by young victims usually diminishes by the time they reach adolescence. b. Younger victims are less prone to suffer PTSD than are adult victims. c. Childhood trauma, including rape and molestation, is significantly associated with visual, auditory, and tactile hallucinations. d. Unlike spouse abuse, child abuse rarely leads to despair, depression, and homelessness. 4. What is known about the stress and anxiety suffered by crime victims? a. The stress and anxiety felt by victims lasts, on average, six months. b. Stress and anxiety felt by child victims peaks during adolescence and ends by the time they reaches adulthood. c. The stress and anxiety suffered by both adolescent and adult victims may last long after the incident is over and the justice process has been forgotten. d. Children are resilient, and the stress and anxiety they experience, as a result of victimization, is short term. 5. Aftermath: Violence and Remaking of the Self, by Susan Brison, recounts the difficult times _____victims have recovering from the ordeal. a. burglary b. simple assault c. rape d. domestic violence 6. The notion that adult victims of violence are quite likely to later become perpetrators is referred to as: a. the cycle of violence. b. double marginality. c. the revolving door. d. life course persistence theory. 7. Some believe that the relationship between victimization and criminality is __________, and that victims and criminals comprise two separate groups. a. spurious b. reciprocal c. radical d. persistent 8. Approximately _____ criminal victimizations occur each year. a. 5 million b. 10 million c. 15 million d. 20 million 9. The NCVS shows that violent crimes are most likely to occur in: a. open public areas. b. schools. c. behind closed doors. d. wooded areas. 10. What percentage of rapes and sexual assaults occur at night? a. 10 percent b. 33 percent c. 66 percent d. 90 percent 11. Schools are the locals of a great deal of victimization because they are populated by one of the most dangerous segments of society: a. teenage boys. b. adult males. c. teenage girls. d. teachers. 12. The NCVS tells us that which of the following is most vulnerable to crime? a. The West b. Large homes c. Urban homes d. All of the above are equally vulnerable to crime. 13. Referring to the relationship between marital status and crime victimization, who is least likely to become a crime victim? a. Someone who is married b. Someone who has never married c. Someone who is divorced d. Someone who is a widow 14. Elderly individuals are more likely than younger individuals to be victims of which type of crime? a. robbery b. rape c. fraud d. murder 15. _________ refers to the victims’ physical weakness or physiological distress which renders them incapable of resisting or deterring crime and makes them easy targets. a. Chronic victimization b. Target vulnerability c. Target gratifiability d. Target antagonism 16. When victims act provocatively, use threats or fighting words, or even attack first, it is known as _____ precipitation. a. passive b. active c. aggressive d. reactive 17. When the victim exhibits some personal characteristic that unknowingly either threatens or encourages the attacker, it is known as _____ precipitation. a. passive b. active c. aggressive d. reactive 18. Not being able to find a job, Nicole List becomes increasingly frustrated as she visits her unemployment office each month. On Nicole’s most recent visit, she became verbally abusive and threatening to the unemployment representative. Continuing her abusive tirade, Nicole stood up and leaned over the representative’s desk. In fear and frustration, the unemployment representative hit Nicole with a stapler that was on the desk. Nicole’s victimization in this case might be termed _____ precipitation. a. passive b. active c. atoned d. reactive 19. In routine activities theory, police and homeowners would be an example of: a. suitable targets. b. motivated offenders. c. capable guardians. d. protective sentinels. 20. In routine activities theory, a large number of unemployed teenagers would be an example of: a. suitable targets. b. motivated offenders. c. capable guardians. d. protective sentinels. 21. Places containing elevated numbers of motivated offenders result in an elevated chance of being victimized. Such places are termed: a. hot targets. b. hot spots. c. suitable targets. d. chronic spots. 22. According to routine activities theory, homes that contained easily sellable objects such as laptop computers, stereos, and television sets would be classified as: a. hot targets. b. hot spots. c. suitable targets. d. chronic spots. 23. According to routine activities theory, if a person is intoxicated to the point where s/he is disoriented and walking home alone, s/he may be viewed as a more ________ than a nonintoxicated person walking with a group. a. suitable target b. capable guardian c. motivated offender d. potential mark 24. Cohen and Felson argue that crime rates _______ between 1960 and 1980 because the number of adult caretakers at home during the day decreased as a result of increased female participation in the workforce. a. decreased b. skyrocketed c. remained stable d. increased 25. A local program to assist victims and witnesses with applying for compensation, transportation, crisis intervention, and other needs caused by a crime is known as: a. social services. b. a victim-witness assistance program. c. a crime crisis center. d. a guardian ad litem program. 26. Which is not typically covered by victim compensation programs? a. replacement costs for stolen property b. loss of wages c. counseling expenses d. medical expenses 27. Most victims are referred to a specific set of services called: a. crisis intervention. b. priority programs. c. victim based initiatives. d. zero-tolerance interventions. 28. Victim impact information/victim impact statements are part of which act? a. Federal Crime Act of 1994 b. Federal Lautenberg Act c. Victims Crime Act of 1991 d. Violence Against Women Act 29. Kleck’s research on fighting back found that: a. many more criminals are killed each year by police officers than are killed by victims fighting back. b. collateral injury is relatively rare, and victims should be encouraged to fight back. c. collateral injury is relatively high, and victims should be encouraged to not fight back. d. the more crime in an area, the less fear in the area. 30. Every state now has a set of legal rights that are primarily referred to as: a. the Victim’s Bill of Rights. b. Victim Reconciliation Acts. c. the Constitution of Victim Rights. d. mediation laws. 31. The NCVS indicates that more than 25 million theft and violent victimizations occur each year. a. True b. False 32. Numerous research efforts show that victims of interpersonal violence experience high rates of psychological problems. a. True b. False 33. The estimated personal costs of crime are $90 billion per year. a. True b. F