Practice AP Quiz Periods 1-3

Practice AP Quiz Periods 1-3 "The Columbian Exchange (Visual)." American History. ABC-CLIO, 2014. 1. The exchange of new types of food and the desire to gain new sources of wealth resulted in the a. Rise of new social institutions to combat epidemics b. Rapid growth of the European population and the decline of the feudal system. c. Increase in intercontinental wars d. Spread and acceptance of Enlightenment ideas 2. Which group would have benefited most from the Columbian Exchange? a. Indentured Servants b. Native American chiefs c. African slaves d. European explorers 3. The exchange of food, animals, and diseases in the chart were most directly caused by a. Increase in communication between Eastern and Western Hemispheres b. Decline of city-states in Europe and the rise of Native American empires c. Desire to spread Christianity and find new sources of wealth. d. Acceptance of the nutritional value of new sources of food. Ancient Painting of Centeotl, the Aztec deity for maize 4. The painting above shows the importance of maize in Aztec society and religion. Prior to its introduction, how did the absence of agriculture affect Native American societies? a) increased migration due to hunting and gathering b) the development of permanent villages c) social institutions were developed faster d) increased trade and emphasis on agriculture 5. Which of the following would be the most likely result of maize cultivation in Native American societies? a) mobile lifestyles b) hunter-gatherer economies c) social diversification d) increased foraging 6. The exchange of Native American maize for European wheat is most accurately described by what major historical development? a. The growth of Mercantilism in the 13 colonies b. the idea of Salutary Neglect by the British in the New World c. the implementation of the Encomienda system by the Spanish d. the early stages of the Columbian Exchange Questions 7-9 refer to the excerpt below: “Their reason for killing and destroying such an infinite number of souls is that the Christians have an ultimate aim, which is to acquire gold, and to swell themselves with riches in a very brief time and thus rise to a high estate disproportionate to their merits. It should be kept in mind that their insatiable greed and ambition, the greatest ever seen in the world, is the cause of their villainies. And also, those lands are so rich and felicitous, the native peoples so meek and patient, so easy to subject, that our Spaniards have no more consideration for them than beasts. - “The Devastation of the Indies: A Brief Account,” Bartolome de Las Casas, Spanish missionary, 1552 7. De Las Casas’ account suggests Spain’s main focus in colonization was: a. Financial enrichment; b. Religious conversions to the Catholic faith; c. Competition for territory with other European nations; d. Religious competition against the Protestants; 8. Despite de las Casas’ criticism(s), ultimately the Spanish implemented which of the following systems to control the Native American population(s) in the New World: a. The Black Legend; b. Encomienda; c. Intermarriage; d. Mercantilism; 9. Which of the following represents an example of a later, successful Native American revolt against Spanish rule? a. the 1764 Paxton Boys’ Revolt in Pennsylvania; b. New Mexico’s Pope’s Rebellion (1680) c. South Carolina’s Stono Rebellion (1739); d. New England’s King Philip’s (Metacom’s) War (1675); “ . . . [I]n order that they would be friendly to us—because I recognized that they were people who would be better freed and converted to our Holy Faith by love than by force—to some of them I gave red caps, and glass beads which they put on their chests, and many other things of small value, in which they took so much pleasure and became so much our friends that it was a marvel. . . . . They should be good and intelligent servants, for I see that they say very quickly everything that is said to them; and I believe they would become Christians very easily, for it seemed to me that they had no religion.” -The Diary of Christopher Columbus (Thursday, Oct. 11, 1492) This is wisdom and justice on the part of the Great Spirit to create and raise chiefs, give and establish unchangeable laws, rules and customs between the Five Nation Indians, the Mohawks, Oneidas, Onandagas, Cayugas and Senecas and the other nations of Indians here in North America. The object of these laws is to establish peace between the numerous nations of Indians, hostility will be done away with, for the preservation and protection of life, property and liberty. - Iroquois Federation Constitution (credited to Hiawatha) 10. Which of the following observations of Native Americans by Columbus is best supported by the Iroquois constitution? a. that they were friendly and peace-loving b. that they could be easily converted to Christianity c. that they would be good and intelligent servants d. that they had no religion 11. Which of the following assertions in the Iroquois constitution best agrees with the observations of Columbus? a. that they recognized the Great Spirit as the source of their rules and customs b. that the various groups of Indians sought to live together in peace c. that the Indians had an established code of laws d. that the Indians valued life, property, and liberty 12. The Iroquois were more successful in resisting European conquest than were the native Americans encountered by Columbus due largely to what advantage? a. They were more unified. b. They had more resistance to European diseases. c. They were more warlike. d. They were more prosperous. “The main goal of divine Providence in allowing the discovery of these tribes and lands ... is ... the conversion and wellbeing of souls, and to this goal everything temporal must necessarily be subordinated and directed.” “They [the Spaniards] spared no one, erecting especially wide gibbets on which they could string their victims up with their feet just off the ground and then burn them alive thirteen at a time, in honor of our Savior and the twelve Apostles, or tie dry straw to their bodies and set fire to it…The way they normally dealt with the native leaders and nobles was to tie them to a kind of griddle consisting of sticks resting on pitchforks driven into the ground and then grill them over a slow fire, with the result that they howled in agony and despair as they died a lingering death.” Bartolomé de Las Casas 13. Which of the following events is most directly tied to the critique of European atrocities given here by de las Casas? a. b. c. d. De las Casas’ suggestion that Africans be used as slaves in the New World. De las Casas’ suggestion that Native Americans be used as slaves in the New World. Cortes’ invasion of the Aztec Empire Pizarro’s invasion of the Incas 14. De las Casas is concerned that the inevitable consequence of European atrocities is a. The enslavement of Native Americans b. The rejection of Christianity among the Native Americans c. War in the New World d. Retaliation via an invasion of Europe by Native Americans 15. The main motive Europeans had in committing these atrocities was a. Extracting information about rumors of gold in the New World b. Humoring themselves by witnessing the sufferings of the indigenous population c. Gaining a work force to relieve the burdens accompanying manual labor d. Demonstrating their superiority over the indigenous peoples of the New World Text: “The Indians cultivate the earth with diligence. They have learnt to make hoes with fish bones and to fit them with wooden handles. With these they can dig the soil quite easily as it is not heavy. Once the earth has been well broken up and leveled, the women sow beans or millet or maize. To do this they are helped by people who precede them with a stick, and make holes in the soil where the grain or bean or millet is thrown. The sowing completed, they leave the field alone. It is, in fact, then their winter season which is quite cold in this region and which lasts three months, from 24 December to 15 March. Being always naked, the Indians then seek shelter in the forests. The winter over, they return to their houses, anticipating the ripening of the crops. The harvest gathered, they store the maize for the year's uses, and do not trade with any of it except perhaps for some exchange of household articles.” 16. The Timuca Indians in this picture are probably planting: a. Rice b. Corn c. Oranges d. Mestizos 17. This simple picture is an illustration of what kind of relationship between the sexes in the New World? a. The superiority of men over women b. The superiority of women over men c. Equality between the sexes d. Immodesty among the sexes 18. In what part of the world is this kind of event taking place? a. S. America b. Central America c. Yucatan d. N. America “Smallpox was an especially ghastly and highly contagious disease in the ‘New World.’ In central Mexico alone, some 8 million people, perhaps a third of the entire Indian population, died of smallpox within a decade of the arrival of the Spanish. In colonial North America, as Indians died by the tens of thousands, disease became the most powerful weapon of the European invaders. A Spanish explorer noted that half the Indians died from smallpox and ‘blamed us’. Many Europeans, however, interpreted such epidemics as diseases sent by God to punish those who resisted conversion to Christianity.” - George Tindall and David Shi, America: A Narrative History, 2013. “Overall, the death of perhaps 80 million people-close to one-fifth of humankind-in the first century and a half after contact with Europeans represents the greatest loss of life in human history. It was disease as much as military prowess and more advanced technology that enabled Europeans to conquer the Americas.” - Eric Foner, Give Me Liberty: An American History, 2013. 19. Which of the following statements would most directly support Tindall and Shi’s argument as well as Foner’s argument concerning the demise of the Indian population? a. European diseases were the primary reason for the decimation of the Indian population. b. European military superiority was the primary cause of the decline of the Indian population. c. European technological prowess was the primary reason for the deaths of large numbers of Indians. d. European destruction of Native American plant and animal life was the primary cause for the reduction in Indian populations. 20. The passages above best serve as evidence of which of the following? a. Growing conflict between the Spanish and Indians b. Efforts by Indians to resist Spanish colonization c. Creation of a racially-mixed social system among Spanish settlers and Indians d. European initiation of wide spread deadly epidemics “The Acomas must abandon at once the fortified place in which they lie and move down into the valley, where the ministers of the holy gospel who were sent to these kingdoms and provinces by his majesty for this purpose may be able to teach them more easily the matters of our holy Catholic faith.” - Don Juan de Oñate, 1599 21. The passage above reflects the European belief that a. Indians must be converted to Chrisitanity. b. Indians must be contained for military purposes. c. Indians must be taught to cultivate their lands. d. Indians must be allowed to maintain their own governmental structures. 22. The passage above best illustrates a. The Protestant Reformation. b. The Catholic Reformation. c. The period of exploration. d. The Enlightenment. 23. The passage demonstrates the Spanish desire for exploration in order to a. Find gold. b. Glorify the Spanish Empire. c. Glorify the Spanish Monarchy. d. Convert people to Christianity. Their javelins are shafts without iron and some of them have at the end a fish tooth.... All of them alike are of good-sized stature and carry themselves well. I saw some who had marks of wounds on their bodies and I made signs to them asking what they were; and they showed me how people from other islands nearby came there and tried to take them, and how they defended themselves; and I believed and believe that -- they come here from tierrafirme to take them captive. They should be good and intelligent servants, for I see that they say very quickly everything that is said to them; and I believe that they would become Christians very easily, for it seemed to me that they had no religion. Our Lord pleasing, at the time of my departure I will take six of them from here to Your Highnesses in order that they may learn to speak... Christopher Columbus, Journal (1492) 24. Columbus’ reference to ‘nearby’ people who came to take natives ‘captive’ can be best used as a(n) a. Justification of the practice of slavery and the implementation of the encomienda system b. Indication that native populations had developed a variety of social structures. c. Reason for the Spanish to implement technological improvements in their society. d. Reason to introduce new agriculture to the areas in desperate need of superior nutrition. 25. Which of the following would be most likely to refute the point of view expressed by Columbus in reference to Christianizing natives. e. Bartolome de Las Casas f. Hernan Cortez g. Amerigo Vespucci h. Francisco Pizzaro Illustration A – Engraving by F Bartolozzi – Columbus Landing in Cuba in New Spain - Circa 1540-1585 Illustration B – From the Florentine Codex: General History of the Things 26. Illustration A foreshadows the conditions created in illustration B by suggesting that a. Racially mixed populations emerged in the Americas. b. The Columbian Exchange initiated the depletion of Native populations. c. Populations of Native American shifted towards agriculture. d. The growth of mercantile empires stretched across the Atlantic. 27. What do the postures, positions, and expressions of the subjects depicted in the engraving most likely suggest about the artists’ point of view of the natives that encountered Columbus in Cuba (Illustration A)? a. They feared and rejected Columbus’ arrival. b. They had a strong desire to teach Columbus about their religion. c. They wanted Columbus to teach them about agricultural cultivation. d. They revered him and assumed he was otherworldly. “The Execution of the Inca,” Courtesy of the Library of Congress, LC-USZ62-104355 28. Based on the image, what conclusions can be drawn about the interactions between Native Americans and early Europeans? a. Catholic missionaries found that the Native populations readily accepted their new faith. b. Spanish explorers recognized the value of Native peoples to the formation of a Spanish empire in the New World. c. Military strength and technology gave the Spanish no advantage over Native American societies. d. The conquistadors routinely used harsh treatment to subjugate Native American societies. 29. How was the initial optimism that motivated Spanish expansion met with disappointment in the New World? a. The Native populations proved stronger and more resistant to Spanish conquest than expected. b. The scourge of disease that swept away large quantities of Native peoples prevented a strong alliance with the Spanish. c. The promise of gold was never fully realized. d. Attempts to Christianize Native Americans were tempered by the appeal of Native religions to the Spanish settlers. 30. How did the Spanish expansion into the Western Hemisphere differ from French and English expansion? a. A primary motivation for settlement was the conversion of Native populations to Christianity. b. Mercantilist policies placed increased emphasis on Spanish desire for the raw materials from the New World. c. The Spanish conquest led to the emergence of a caste system defined by an intermixture among European settlers, Africans, and Native Americans. d. By destroying indigenous groups, the Spanish opened up expansive territory to develop free of Native American interactions. “America was discovered...and the Year ensuing inhabited by the Spaniards, and afterward a multitude of them travelled thither from Spain. ...[Natives of America] are by the Creation of God innocently simple, altogether void of and averse to all manner of Craft, Subtlety and Malice… tractable, and capable of Morality or Goodness, very apt to receive the instilled principles of Catholic Religion… ...The Spaniards first assaulted the innocent Sheep, so qualified by the Almighty, as is premention'd, like most cruel Tygers, Wolves and Lions hunger-starved...they have so inhumanely and barbarously butcher'd and harass'd with several kinds of Torments...” -Bartolome de las Casas, A True History of the Indies (1552) “[Native Americans] themselves boast of their public institutions, for they have cities constructed in an orderly fashion, and kings...they deceive themselves...for in these same institutions I see proof on the contrary of the rudeness, the barbarism, and the inherently slavish nature of these people….[Also] their impious religion and of the wicked sacrifices in which they worshiped the devil as their God, believing that they could offer no better tribute than human hearts…. How can we doubt that these peoples, so uncivilized , so barbarous, contaminated with so many infidelities and vices, have been justly conquered by such an excellent, pious, and just king as the late Ferdinand the Catholic…and by a nation that is most humane and excels in every kind of virtue?” -Juan De Sepulveda, On The Nature of the Natives (1550) 31. Which of the following later developments best reflects the later influence of arguments and ideas like Sepulveda’s? a. The establishment of both native slavery and encomienda systems of labor and governance. b. The extensive use of Native slave labor in French colonial areas. c. The emergence of a racially mixed society in Spanish colonial areas. d. The extensive use of African slave labor in later colonial societies. 32. Which of the following later groups expressed ideas most similar to those in de las Casa’s writings? a. Early 1890s Populist leaders. b. Late 1960s activist writers and leaders. c. Early 1920s Progressives. d. Early 1790s Federalists. 33. Which of the following events or trends was most directly caused by the dialogue and policies indicated in both passages? a. The Pueblo revolt and the Spanish accomodationist responses. b. The increased lethality and frequency of intertribal warfare west of the Appalachian Mountains in the 1700s. c. The rapid growth of an “Atlantic economy” in the 1600s focused around commodity and population interchanges. d. The repeated confrontations among European powers in the 17th and early 18th century over control of Atlantic trade routes and colonial possessions. 34. Both writers reflect which of the following larger contemporaneous contrasts between Spanish colonization and other empires? a. Spanish colonizers placed much greater emphasis on Christianity and religious difference than other colonial powers. b. Spanish colonizers came into much more intense and frequent armed conflict with Native American groups than the Dutch. c. Spanish colonies attempted to maintain closer control and extract greater levels of income from their colonies than other colonial powers. d. Spanish colonizers achieved less success at transplanting religion, social values, and political institutions to the Americas than the English. __________________ European Illustrations of Vespucci’s Letter to Pietro Soderini (1509) 35. Which of the following resulted from the publication of early European explorers’ experiences in the New World? a. European adoption of informal dress and conduct b. The development of ideas of European racial superiority c. The promotion of intermarriage between European Christians and Africans d. The desire to limit invasive species and pathogens from entering Europe 36. Which is most different from the above depiction of the Spanish explorer’s interaction with the natives? a. Jesuit conversion of Native Americans in New France b. The Pueblo revolt in Santa Fe c. Indentured servitude in British North America d. The development of the encomienda system in Spanish America 37. Which of the following would best support the assertion that native Indian groups were more likely to live in permanent settlement in southern regions than northern ones prior to contact with Europeans? a. The prevalence of maize cultivation in Central America and in the American Southwest. b. The existence of Moundbuilding societies in North America. c. Native groups along the Atlantic Seaboard developed hunter-gather economies. d. The Columbian Exchange made permanent settlement by native possible. ______________________ Map by Robert Prom Adapted from maps in Philip D. Curtin, The Atlantic Slave Trade: A Census (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1969) 38. Which of the statements is most directly supported by the maps above? A. The Atlantic slave trade led to a gender imbalance in Western Africa as European slave traders preferred female slaves. B. Because Europeans colonized North America later than Latin America, North American settlers avoided cash crop farming and thus imported fewer slaves. C. Because natives died at great numbers from diseases brought by the Europeans, Indian labor was gradually replaced by African slavery. D. Because slaves died at higher rates in North America than Latin America, plantation owners there eventually relied on European indentured servants. 39. Which of the following was a significant effect of the large number of slaves brought from Africa to the Americas during the sixteenth through eighteenth centuries? A. Many Europeans developed a belief in white superiority to justify their subjugation of Africans even as the Enlightenment proposed new ideas of equality. B. European countries passed laws prohibiting the importation of African slaves into Europe in order to ensure that American plantation owners had an adequate supply. C. Europeans conquered most of Africa in order to completely control the African slave trade and avoid African middlemen. D. Natives in regions, where the largest numbers of slaves were imported, adopted slavery in order to compete with Europeans. 40. Which of the following pieces of evidence best supports the data presented in the maps? A. The regions with the largest populations of slaves became the first colonies to develop active abolitionists societies. B. Slaves were best able to preserve elements of African culture in the regions with the largest populations of slaves. C. Because Brazil was the most wealthy colony, European powers continued to fight each other for control until the early eighteenth century. D. During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, most European settlers settled in Brazil to begin sugar plantations. And, whenever any of the said States shall have sixty thousand free inhabitants therein, such State shall be admitted, by its delegates, into the Congress of the United States, on an equal footing with the original States in all respects whatever, and shall be at liberty to form a permanent constitution and State government: There shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in the said territory, otherwise than in the punishment of crimes whereof the party shall have been duly convicted: Provided, always, That any person escaping into the same, from whom labor or service is lawfully claimed in any one of the original States, such fugitive may be lawfully reclaimed and conveyed to the person claiming his or her labor or service as aforesaid. - Land Ordinance of 1787 41. Which particular section of the United States did this excerpt most apply to? [3.3.II.A] POL1 a. The Southern States b. The New England States c. The Northwest Territory d. The Mid-Atlantic States 42. What trend that began with the ending of the American Revolution is demonstrated in this excerpt? a. The removal of the land requirement in voting. b. The beginning of the outlawing of slavery in the Northern States. c. The beginnings of the abolitionist movement. d. The driving of Spanish settlers off of their land. 43. What future event could be an effect of the creation of this document? 3.3.II.A a. The Treaty of Greenville, which displaced Native American from the Ohio region b. The Louisiana Purchase, which doubled the size of the United States c. The birth of the first two political parties, the Federalists and Democratic Republicans d. Washington’s Farewell Address, warning against entangling alliances 44. Access to what transportation source was a concern of farmers living in Western Tennessee and Kentucky during this period? a. Roads across the Appalachian Mountains b. The Ohio River c. The Mississippi River d. The Great Lakes 45. In what part of the United States were British soldiers occupying forts, causing problems for American westward migration? a. Southern Georgia b. Northwest Territory c. Western Tennessee d. Western Virginia 46. What event is NOT a direct result of the conditions displayed in the map? a. Major land purchases enacted by American Presidents b. Conflicts over the usage of the Mississippi River c. The Adams-Onis Treaty d. The deterioration of relations between the United States and France following the Revolutionary War -------------------------------- That the said colonies and plantations in America have been, are, and of right ought to be. subordinate unto, and dependent upon the imperial crown and parliament of Great Britain; and that the King's majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the lords spiritual and temporal, and commons of Great Britain, in parliament assembled, had, hash, and of right ought to have, full power and authority to make laws and statutes of sufficient force and validity to bind the colonies and people of America, subjects of the crown of Great Britain, in all cases whatsoever. -Declaratory Act 1766 47. What conditions in the colonies caused the need for the creation of this document? a. Colonial challenge to British parliamentary authority b. British policy of salutary neglect. c. The increase in formalized communication between many of the colonies d. The writing of the Declaration of Independence 48. What argument would American colonists make in opposition to the British policy depicted in the document? a. The American colonies are too economically valuable to be denied representation b. The American colonies are not directly represented in Parliament. c. The British are not protecting the colonies from Native American attacks. d. The actions of the Sons of Liberty do not reflect the beliefs of the majority of the colonial population. 49. In which part of the colonies would the majority of American colonists be least likely to agree with the British policy expressed in the document? a. The New England colonies b. The Middle Colonies c. The Southern Colonies d. The Trans-Appalachian frontier Benjamin Franklin - Pennsylvania Gazette - May 9, 1754 50. This cartoon was originally intended to a. Encourage participation in colonial protests against British taxation b. Promote a greater measure of colonial home rule as embodied in the Albany Plan of Union c. Foster the development of Committees of Correspondence during the revolutionary period d. Encourage the formation of an inter-colonial military force to combat Native Americans on the frontier 51. This cartoon most directly reflects the a. Increasing level of colonial autonomy under the policy of Salutary Neglect b. Attempts by Native American tribes to divide the loyalties of the colonists c. Real and perceived threats to colonial unity during the French and Indian War d. British government’s effort to unify the colonies for the pursuit mercantilist economic aims 52. Which of the following represents a future example of the struggles highlighted in the cartoon? (3.1 II C - POL) a. Existence of substantial number of loyalists in the colonies b. Lack of colonial representation in the Second Continental Congress c. Widespread participation in colonial boycotts of British exports d. Lack of state representation at the 1786 Annapolis Conference _____________________________ “The Bostonians Paying the Excise-man: Or Tarring and Feathering,” Philip Dawe [?], 1774 53. This political cartoon demonstrates [3.1 II A; POL] a. Colonial dissatisfaction with British mercantilist economic policies b. Widespread violent resistance to British authority throughout the colonies c. British oppression of colonial political dissenters d. Tensions between wealthy coastal merchants and backcountry farmers 54. Supporters of the actions of those represented in the image would agree with which of the following statements: [3.1 II A; POL, WOR] a. Parliament is well within their rights to impose new, necessary taxes to provide for colonial defense. b. Colonial gentry possessed an unfair monopoly on colonial trade c. British economic policies placed unnecessary and unjust constraints upon the colonial economy. d. Colonial smuggling was directly responsible for British reactionary policies 55. What event from the Federalist Period (1789-1800) most reflects the sentiments of the people represented in the image? [3.1 II A; 3.2 II D; POL] a. The creation of a trade treaty with Great Britain b. The federal enforcement of a national excise tax on whiskey c. The establishment of the First National Bank d. The appointment of Federalists to the judicial branch on the eve of Jefferson’s presidency “That this Assembly doth explicitly and peremptorily declare, that it views the powers of the federal government, as resulting from the compact, to which the states are parties; as limited by the plain sense and intention of the instrument constituting the compact; as no further valid that they are authorized by the grants enumerated in that compact…” –Virginia Resolution (1798) “…since the discretion of those who administer the government, and not the constitution, would be the measure of their powers: That the several states who formed that instrument, being sovereign and independent, have the unquestionable right to judge of its infraction; and that a nullification, by those sovereignties, of all unauthorized acts done under color of that instrument, is the rightful remedy…” Kentucky Resolution (1799) 56. The ideas represented in the excerpts above were a direct response to which of the following? [3.2 II D; POL] a. Concerns about the weakness of the national government b. Dissatisfaction with the newly emerged political party system c. Complaints by citizens about unfair taxation d. The suppression of individual liberties by the federal government* 57. Which of the following Supreme Court cases most directly contradicts the arguments set forth in the excerpts above? [3.2 II D;POL] a. Gibbons v. Ogden, denying state control over interstate commerce b. Schenk v. United States, establishing the principle of “clear and present danger” c. McCulloch v. Maryland, which supported the supremacy of the national government over the states * d. Marbury v. Madison, establishing the principle of judicial review 58. How did the ideas reflected in these excerpts impact future political conflict in the United States? [3.2 II, 4.3 II B, D, 4.3 II B, 5.2 II C; POL] a. The expansion of slavery to newly acquired western territories. b. Recurring debates over the right of states to secede from the Union. * c. Expansion of civil liberties to disenfranchised populations d. The forced removal of native populations to western territories ________________________ 59. The development of the plantation system as shown in the illustration above most strongly suggests which of the following? a. The Spanish and the Portuguese developed the first successful sugar plantations that depended on slaves imported from Africa. b. The Spanish treated slaves with such brutality that they were not self reproducing. c. Plantations innovated many practices that became typical in factories during the Industrial Revolution. d. Plantation owners cared for their slaves carefully to maximize slaves’ lifespans and to derive the maximum amount of labor from them. 60. The early plantations of the Americas differed most from those of the early nineteenth century with respect to the a. cash crop they produced b. their profitability c. the system of labor employed d. the environmental destruction they caused 61. Cash crops extracted through the plantation system with slave labor led many Europeans to a. adopt calls of abolition in protest of the injustices of the Atlantic slave trade b. add new products such as tobacco and sugar to their diets c. demand taxes on imported goods from the New World d. petition their governments to colonize more regions of the world Sepúlveda, Treatise on the Just Causes of War Against the Indian. In prudence, talent, virtue, and humanity they are as inferior to the Spaniards as children to adults, women to men, as the wild and cruel to the most meek, as the prodigiously intemperate to the continent and temperate, that I have almost said, as monkeys to men. Now compare the [Spanish] traits of prudence, intelligence, magnanimity, moderation, humanity, and religion with the qualities of these little men...who not only are devoid of learning but do not even have a written language; who preserve no monuments of their history... who have no written laws but only barbaric customs and institutions. And if we are to speak of virtues, what moderation or mildness can you expect of men who are given to all kinds of intemperance and wicked lusts, and who eat human flesh? Las Casas, Apologetic History of the Indies The Indians are so skilled in every mechanical art that with every right they should be far ahead of all the nations of the known world. In the liberal arts which they have been taught up to now, such as grammar and logic, they are remarkably adept. With every kind of music they charm the ears of the audience with wonderful sweetness. They have important kingdoms, large numbers of people who live settled lives in a society, great cities, kings, judges and laws, persons who engage in commerce, buying, selling, lending, and other contracts of the law of nations.. 62. Sepúlveda’s observation could be used by historians as evidence to support which of the following? a. Spanish belief that Indians were not ‘civilized.’ b. Spain’s desire to assimilate Indian populations c. Spanish glorification of indigenous culture d. Spain’s desire to educate and missionize Indian populations 63. For Sepúlveda, which of the following is evidence of the lack of civilization present in the Indians? a. Monotheism b. Literacy c. Cannibalism d. Monogamy 64. Sepúlveda’s and similar arguments were used to rationalize which of the following? a. Intermarriage b. Mercantilism c. the Encomienda system d. Asiatic exploration 65. The difference between the two excerpts are best explained by which of the following historical events: a. The introduction of the Spanish mission system b. The arrival of Columbus in 1492 c. The defeat of the Aztecs d. Pizarro’s conquest of the Incan Empire