Anatomy and Physiology Exam Study 1

1. The main site of gas exchange is the A) Alveolar sacs B) alveoli C) alveolar duct D) respiratory bronchiole B 2. The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells, type I and type II. The function of type II is to A) secrete surfactant B) trap dust and other debris C) replace mucus in the alveoli D) protect the lungs from bacterial invasion A 3. Complete the following statement using the choices below. Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is A) less than the pressure in the atmosphere B) greater than the pressure in the atmosphere C) equal to the pressure in the atmosphere D) greater than the intra-alveolar pressure B 4. The relationship between gas pressure and gas volume is described by A) Boyle's law B) Henry's law C) Charles' law D) Dalton's law A 5. The statement " in a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases in the mixture" paraphrase’s A) Henry's law B) Boyle's law C) Dalton's law D) Charles' law C 6. Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by A) humidifying the air before it enters B) warming the air before it enters C) interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid D) protecting the surface of alveoli from dehydration and other environmental variation C 7 With the Bohr effect, more oxygen is released because a(n) A) decrease in pH (acidosis) strengthens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond B) decrease in pH (acidosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond C) increase in pH (alkalosis) strengthens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond D) increase in pH (alkalosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond B 8 The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is A) loss of oxygen in tissues B) increase of carbon dioxide C) acidosis D) alkalosis B 9 The local matching of blood flow with ventilation is A) the Bohr effect B) the Haldane effect C) chloride shifting D) ventilation-perfusion coupling D 10 which of the following is not an event necessary to supply the body with O2 and dispose of CO2? A) pulmonary ventilation B) blood pH adjustment C) internal respiration D) external respiration B 11 The amount of air that can be inspired above the tidal volume is called A) reserve air B) expiratory capacity C) inspiratory reserve D) vital capacity C 12 Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by A) osmosis B) diffusion C) filtration D) active transport B 13 The urinary bladder is composed of _____ epitheilum A) Transitional B) simple squamous C) stratified squamous D) pseudostratified squamous A 14 The fatty tissue surrounding the kidneys is important because it A) ensure adequate energy for the adrenal glands to operate efficiently B) stabilizes the position of the kidneys by holding them in their normal position C) is necessary as a barrier between the adrenal glands and kidneys D) produces vitamin D and other chemicals needed by the kidney B 15 The renal corpuscle is made up of A) Bowman's capsule and glomerulus B) the descending nephron loop C) the renal pyramid D) the renal papilla A 16 The functional and structural unit of the kidneys is the A) nephron B) nephron loop C) glomerular capsule D) capsular space A 17 The chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood across the filtration membrane is A) the ionic electrochemical gradient B) protein- regulated diffusion C) glomerular hydrostatic pressure (glomerular blood pressure) D) the size of the pores in the basement membrane of the capillaries C 18 Alcohol acts as diuretic because it A) is not reabsorbed by the tubule cell B) increases the rate of glomerular filtration C) increases secretion of ADH D) inhibits the release of ADH D 19 Place the following in correct sequence from the formation of a drop of urine to its elimination from the body 1. major calyx 2. minor calyx 3. nephron 4. urethra 5. ureter 6 collecting ducts A) 3,1,2,6,5,4 B) 6,3,2,1,5,4 C) 2.1.3.6.5.4 D) 3,6,2,1,5,4 D 20 Functions of the urinary system include A) regulation of blood volume and blood pressure B) regulation of plasma concentration of certain ions C) helping to stabilize blood pH D) conservation of valuable nurtrients E) all of the answers are correct E 21 A glomerulus is A) the expanded end of a nephron B) a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle C) the source of erthropoietin D) attached to the collecting duct E) the horseshoe- shaped segment of the nephron B 22 Urine is carried to the urinary bladder by A) blood vessels B) lymphatics C) the ureters D) the urethra E) the calyces C 23 All of the following are true of the kidneys except that they are A) located in a position that is retroperitoneal B) surrounded by a fibrous capsule C) located partly within the pelvic cavity D) held in place by the renal fascia E) covered by peritoneum C 24 The prominent indentation on the medial surface of the kidney is the A) calyx B) pelvis C) ureter D) hilum E) pyramid D 25 The cavity of the kidney that receives urine from the calyces is called the A) renal papilla B) renal pelvis C) renal medulla D) renal cortex E) renal sinus B 26 Triangular or conical structures located in the renal medulla are called A) pyramids B) renal columns C) renal pelvises D) nephron E) calyces A 27 Blood leaves the glomerulus through a blood vessel called the A) afferent arteriole B) efferent arteriole C) vasa recta D) interlobular arteriole E) renal vein B 28 Capillaries that surround the proximal convoluted tubules are A) proximal capillaries B) corticoradiate capillaries C) vasa recta capillaries D) efferent arterioles E) perittubular capillaries E 29 The filtration of plasma takes place in the A) nephron loop B) distal convoluted tubule C) papillary duct D) renal corpuscle E) ureter D 30 Filtrate first passes from the glomerular capsule to the A) nephron loop B) proximal convoluted tubule C) distal convoluted tubule D) collecting duct E) minor calyx B 31 The portion of the nephron that empties into the collecting duct is the A) nephron loop B) proximal convoluted tubule C) Distal convoluted tubule D) papillary tubule E) calyx C 32 Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) in the glomerulus is generated by A) blood pressure B) presence of albumin proteins in blood plasma C) constriction of the efferent arteriole D) protein in the filtrate E) filtrate in the capsular space B 33 The main force that caues filtration in a nephron is A) blood colloid osmotic pressure B) glomerular hydrostatic pressure C) osmotic pressure of the urine D) capsular hydrostatic pressure E) reabsorption in proximal convoluted tubule pulls filtrate from blood B 34 The body's water volume is closely tied to the level of which of the following ions? A) calcium ions B) potassium ions C) hydrogen ions D) sodium ions D 35 Which of the following hormones is important in the regulation of sodium ion concentration in the extracellular fluid? A) antidiuretic hormone B) erthropoietin C) aldosterone D) renin C 36 Respiratory acidosis can occur when A) a person consumes excessive amounts of antacids B) a person's breathing is shallow due to obstruction C) a runner has completed a very long marathon D) the kidneys secrete hydrogen ions B 37 Total body water percent is not a function of which of the following? A) age B) body mass C) amount of body fat D) amount of water ingested D 38 which of the following is describes the distribution of sodium and potassium between cells and body fluids? A) K+ mainly in the cells, Na+ in the body fluids B) Na+ mainly in the cells, K+ in the body fluids C) equal amounts of each ions in the cells and body fluids D) little of either in the cells, but large amounts of each in the body fluids A 39 A failing blood pH and a rising partial pressure of carbon dioxide due to pneumonia or emphysema indicates A) respiratory acidosis B) respiratory alkalosis C) metabolic acidosis D) metabolic alkalosis A 40 the movement of fluids between cellular compartments A) requires active transport B) is regulated by osmotic and hydrostatic forces C) requires ATP for the transport to take place D) involves filtration B 41 Which of the following is not a chemical buffer system? A) bicarbonate B) phosphate C) nucleic acid D) protein C 42 Which of the following hormones is important in stimulating water conservation in the kidneys? A) aldosterone B) progesterone C) antidiurectic hormone D) atrial natriuretic peptide C 43 A patient is breathing slowly and blood pH analysis indicates an abnormally high pH value. What is the likely diagnosis? A) respiratory acidosis B) metabolic acidosis