Patho Practice Quiz Week 5

Patho Practice Quiz Week 5 Which of the following is considered to be the most dangerous arrhythmia? Ventricular fibrillation Confirmation of the diagnosis of a myocardial infarction would include: specific changes in the ECG AND elevation of cardiac isoenzymes in serum. (1 & 3) Which of the following statements regarding aneurysms is true? Manifestations of aneurysms result from compression of adjacent structures. The most common factor predisposing to the development of varicose veins is: increased venous pressure. In the period immediately following a myocardial infarction, the manifestations of pallor and diaphoresis, rapid pulse, and anxiety result from: onset of circulatory shock. Septic shock differs from hypovolemic shock in that it is frequently manifested by: fever and flushed face. More extensive permanent damage is likely when a myocardial infarction is caused by: an embolus. A very rapid heart rate reduces cardiac output because: ventricular filling is reduced. Which of the following compensations that develop in patients with congestive heart failure eventually increase the workload of the heart? Faster heart rate and cardiomegaly, Peripheral vasoconstriction, AND increased secretion of renin (1,2, & 3) Which statement applies to paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea? It is caused by increased blood in the lungs when lying in a supine position. In patients with congestive heart failure, ACE inhibitor drugs are useful because they: reduce renin and aldosterone secretion. Varicose ulcers may develop and be slow to heal because: edema reduces arterial blood supply to the area. Excessive fluid in the pericardial space causes: reduced venous return. Septic shock is frequently caused by infections involving: gram-negative endotoxin-producing bacteria. Which of the following structures is most likely to be located in the renal medulla? Loop of Henle Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidney? Production of albumin Which of the following describes the correct flow of blood in the kidney? Afferent arteriole to the glomerular capillaries to the efferent arteriole Which of the following describes the flow of filtrate in the kidney? Bowman’s capsule to the proximal convoluted tubule to the loop of Henle Which of the following describes the normal flow of urine? Collecting duct to the renal pelvis to the ureter to the bladder Which statement about the bladder is TRUE? Three openings from the urinary bladder form the trigone. Which of the following increases glomerular filtration rate? Increased hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries Which substance directly controls the reabsorption of water from the collecting ducts? Antidiuretic hormone Under what circumstances do cells in the kidneys secrete renin? Blood flow in the afferent arteriole decreases. From the following, choose the substance likely to appear in the urine when the glomerulus is inflamed. Albumin Involuntary urination by a child after age 4 or 5, when bladder control is expected, is referred to as: enuresis. When a respiratory infection with high fever is present in the body, how would the kidney tubules maintain normal pH of body fluids? Secrete more acids and reabsorb more bicarbonate ions. When comparing normal kidney function with dialysis, which of the following mechanisms is not possible in dialysis? Active transport What is the cause of most cases of pyelonephritis? An ascending infection by E. coli Which disease is manifested by dysuria and pyuria? Cystitis Why may acute pyelonephritis and cystitis follow untreated prostatitis? There is a continuous mucosa along the involved structures. Pyelonephritis may be distinguished from cystitis by the presence in pyelonephritis of: urinary casts and flank pain. In a case of acute pyelonephritis, what is the cause of flank pain? Inflammation, stretching the renal capsule What causes the dark urine associated with acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis? Blood and protein leaking through the capillary into the filtrate Renal disease frequently causes hypertension because congestion and ischemia stimulate release of renin Urinary casts are present with acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis because: inflamed tubules compress red blood cells (RBCs) and protein into a typical mass. Why does metabolic acidosis develop with bilateral kidney disease? Tubule exchanges are impaired. What would be the long-term effects of chronic infection or inflammation of the kidneys? Gradual necrosis, fibrosis, and development of uremia What factors contribute to headache, anorexia, and lethargy with kidney disease? 1. Increased blood pressure 2. Elevated serum urea 3. Anemia 4. Acidosis What are the significant signs of nephrotic syndrome? Hyperlipidemia and lipiduria Common causes of urolithiasis include all of the following EXCEPT: hyperlipidemia. Which of the following is a predisposing factor to bladder cancer? Exposure to chemicals and cigarette smoke What is the common initial sign of adenocarcinoma of the kidney? Microscopic hematuria Which of the following does NOT usually result from nephrosclerosis? Acute renal failure Which of the following relates to polycystic kidney disease? It results in gradual degeneration and chronic renal failure. Which of the following is related to Wilms’ tumor? A genetic defect With severe kidney disease, either hypokalemia or hyperkalemia may occur and cause cardiac arrhythmias. Which of the following would likely cause chronic renal failure? Diabetes Which of the following indicate a decreased GFR? Increased serum urea and decreased serum bicarbonate Which of the following congenital defects is a common cause of cystitis in young children? Vesicoureteral reflux Which factor contributes to severe anemia in individuals with chronic renal failure? Limited protein intake Which of the following causes acute renal failure? Bilateral acute glomerulonephritis Which of the following is a significant indicator of renal insufficiency? Increased serum urea and creatinine