Test Bank for Huether and McCances Understanding Pathophysiology

Test Bank for Huether and McCances Understanding Pathophysiology 2nd CANADIAN Edition Power Kean Chapter 1 - 42 Chapter 01: Cellular Biology MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. A student is observing a cell under the microscope. It is observed to have supercoiled DNA with histones. Which of the following would also be observed by the student? a. A single circular chromosome b. A nucleus c. Free-floating nuclear material d. No organelles ANSWERS: B The cell described is a eukaryotic cell, so it has histones and a supercoiled DNA within its nucleus; thus, the nucleus should be observed. A single circular chromosome called a prokaryote contains free-floating nuclear material but has no organelles. REF: p. 2 Downloaded by zena ahmad (zenaahmad772@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|35287698 2. A nurse is instructing the staff about cellular functions. Which cellular function is the nurse describing when an isolated cell absorbs oxygen and uses it to transform nutrients to energy? a. Metabolic absorption b. Communication c. Secretion d. Respiration ANSWERS: D The cell’s ability to absorb oxygen is referred to as respiration while its communication ability involves maintenance of a steady dynamic state, metabolic absorption provides nutrition, and secretion allows for the synthesizing of new substances. REF: p. 2 3. A eukaryotic cell is undergoing DNA replication. In which region of the cell would most of the genetic information be contained? a. Mitochondria Downloaded by zena ahmad (zenaahmad772@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|35287698 b. Ribosome c. Nucleolus d. Nucleus Cytoplasm ANSWERS: C The region of the cell that contains genetic material, including a large amount of ribonucleic acid, most of the DNA, and DNA-binding proteins, is the nucleolus, which is located within thecell’s nucleus. Mitochondria is associated with cellular respiration, while ribosomes are involved with protein manufacturing. Cytoplasm is a fluid filling that is a component of the cell. REF: p. 2 4. Which of the following can remove proteins attached to the cell’s bilayer by dissolving the layer itself? a. Peripheral membrane proteins b. Integral membrane proteins c. Glycoproteins d. Cell adhesion molecules Downloaded by zena ahmad (zenaahmad772@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|35287698 ANSWERS: B Proteins directly attached to the membrane bilayer can be removed by the action of integral membrane proteins that dissolve the bilayer. Peripheral membrane proteins reside at the surface while cell adhesion molecules are on the outside of the membrane. Glycoprotein markscells and does not float. REF: p. 7 5. Which of the following can bind to plasma membrane receptors? a. Oxygen b. Ribosomes c. Amphipathic lipids d. Ligands ANSWERS: D Ligands are the only specific molecules that can bind with receptors on the cell membrane. REF: p. 9 6. A nurse is reviewing a report from a patient with metastatic cancer. What alternation in the extracellular matrix would support the diagnosis of metastatic cancer? a. Downloaded by zena ahmad (zenaahmad772@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|35287698 Decreased fibronectin b. Increased collagen c. Decreased elastin d. Increased glycoproteins ANSWERS: A Only a reduced amount of fibronectin is found in some types of cancerous cells, allowing themto travel or metastasize. REF: p. 10 7. Which form of cell communication is used to relate to other cells in direct physical contact? a. Celljunction b. Gap junction c. Desmosome d. Tight junction ANSWERS: A Cell junctions hold cells together and permit molecules to pass from cell to cell. Downloaded by zena ahmad (zenaahmad772@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|35287698 Gap junctions allow for cellular communication between cells. Neither desmosomes nor tight junctionsare associated with cellular communication. REF: p. 11 8. Pancreatic beta cells secrete insulin, which inhibits secretion of glucagon from neighboring alphacells. This action is an example of which of the following signaling types? a. Paracrine b. Autocrine c. Neurohormonal d. Hormonal ANSWERS: A Paracrine signaling involves the release of local chemical mediators that are quickly taken up, destroyed, or immobilized, as in the case of insulin and the inhibition of the secretion of glucagon.None of the other options involve signaling that is associated with a local chemical mediator like insulin. REF: p. 12 9. In cellular metabolism, each enzyme has a high affinity for a: a. solute. b. substrate. c. receptor. Downloaded by zena ahmad (zenaahmad772@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|35287698 d. ribosome. Downloaded by zena ahmad (zenaahmad772@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|35287698 ANSWERS: B Each enzyme has a high affinity for a substrate, a specific substance converted to a product ofthe reaction. Cellular metabolism is not dependent on an attraction between an enzyme and any of the remaining options. REF: p. 16 10. An athlete runs a marathon, after which his muscles feel fatigued and unable to contract. The athlete asks the nurse why this happened. The nurse’s response is based on the knowledge that theproblem is result of a deficiency of: a. GTP b. AMP c. ATP d. GMP ANSWERS: C When ATP is deficient, impaired muscle contraction results. None of the other options are involvedin muscle contraction. Downloaded by zena ahmad (zenaahmad772@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|35287698 REF: p. 16 11. Which phase of catabolism produces the most ATP? a. Digestion b. Glycolysis c. Oxidation d. Citric acid cycle ANSWERS: D While some ATP is produced during the oxidation and glycolysis phases, most of the ATP is generatedduring the citric acid cycle. Digestion does not produce any ATP. REF: p. 16 12. A nurse is teaching the staff about the phases of cellular catabolism. Which phases should the nurseinclude? a. Digestion, glycolysis, oxidation, and the citric acid cycle b. Diffusion, osmosis, and mediated transport c. S phase, G phase, and M phase d. Metabolic absorption, respiration, and excretion Downloaded by zena ahmad (zenaahmad772@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|35287698 ANSWERS: A Only digestion, glycolysis, oxidation, and the citric acid cycle are the phases of cellular catabolism. REF: p. 16 13. A runner has depleted all the oxygen available for muscle energy. Which of the following willfacilitate his continued muscle performance? a. Electron-transport chain b. Aerobic glycolysis c. Anaerobic glycolysis d. Oxidative phosphorylation ANSWERS: C When no oxygen is available, anaerobic glycolysis occurs. The electron-transport chain is part of the citric acid cycle. Aerobic glycolysis involves the presence of oxygen. Oxidative phosphorylation is the mechanism by which the energy produced from carbohydrates, fats, andproteins is transferred to ATP. It is not part of muscle performance. REF: p. 16 14. A faculty member asks a student to identify the appropriate term for the movement of a solute from an area of greater to lesser concentration. Which answer indicates Downloaded by zena ahmad (zenaahmad772@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|35287698 the nursingstudent understood the teaching? a. Osmosis b. Diffusion c. Hydrostatic pressure d. Active transport ANSWERS: B Diffusion is the movement of a solute molecule from an area of greater solute concentration toan area of lesser solute concentration through a permeable membrane. Osmosis is the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to one of lower concentration. Hydrostatic pressure is the force of fluid against acell membrane. In active transport, molecules move up a concentration gradient. REF: p. 19 15. Which description accurately describes electrolytes? a. Small lipid-soluble molecules b. Large protein molecules c. Micronutrients used to produce ATP d. Electrically charged molecules Downloaded by zena ahmad (zenaahmad772@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|35287698 ANSWERS: D Downloaded by zena ahmad (zenaahmad772@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|35287698 Electrolytes are electrically charged molecules. They are not lipid soluble, they are not made upof protein, and they do not play a role in ATP production. REF: p. 18 16. A nurse is reading a chart and sees the term oncotic pressure. The nurse recalls that oncoticpressure (colloid osmotic pressure) is determined by: a. the concentration of sodium. b. plasma proteins. c. hydrostatic pressure. d. the availability of membrane transporter proteins. ANSWERS: B Oncotic pressure is determined by the effect of colloids or plasma proteins. The concentration ofsodium plays a role in tonicity. Hydrostatic pressure is the force within a vessel. Membrane transporter proteins are involved in active transport within a concentration gradient. REF: p. 20 17. A patient has a body fluid of 300 mOsm/kg. This lab result is measuring: a. osmolality. b. osmolarity. c. osmotic pressure. d. oncotic pressure. Downloaded by zena ahmad (zenaahmad772@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|35287698 NURSINGTB.COM ANSWERS: A Osmolality measures the number of milliosmoles per kilogram of water, or the concentration of molecules per weight of water, while osmolarity measures the number of milliosmoles per liter of solution, or the concentration of molecules per volume of solution. Osmotic pressure is the amount of hydrostatic pressure required to oppose the osmotic movement of water. Oncoticpressure is from plasma proteins, not body fluids. REF: p. 19 18. A nurse is discussing the movement of fluid across the arterial end of capillary membranes intothe interstitial fluid surrounding the capillary. Which process of fluid movement is the nurse describing? a. Hydrostatic pressure b. Osmosis c. Diffusion d. Active transport ANSWERS: A Blood reaching the capillary bed has a hydrostatic pressure of 25–30 mm Hg, which is sufficient force to push water across the thin capillary membranes into the interstitial space. Downloaded by zena ahmad (zenaahmad772@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|35287698 Osmosis involves the movement of fluid from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. It does not involve pressure or force. Diffusion is the passive movement of a solute from an area of higher solute concentration to an area of lower solute concentration.Active transport involves movement up a concentration gradient. REF: p. 19 19. How are potassium and sodium transported across plasma membranes? a. By passive electrolyte channels b. By coupled channels c. By adenosine triphosphate enzyme (ATPase) d. By diffusion ANSWERS: C The transporter protein ATPase is directly related to sodium and potassium transport via activetransport. Electrolyte movements require energy and do not move passively, nor are they transported by diffusion. Enzymes, not electrolytes, are passed via coupled channels. REF: p. 21 20. The ion transporter that moves Na+ and Ca2+ simultaneously in the same direction is an exampleof which of the following types of transport? a. Biport b. Uniport Downloaded by zena ahmad (zenaahmad772@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|35287698 c. Antiport d. Symport ANSWERS: D When ions are transported in one direction, it is termed symport. There is no such term as biport. Uniport refers to the movement of a single molecule. Antiport refers to the movement ofmolecules in the opposite direction. NURSINGTB.COM REF: p. 19, Figure 1-22 21. During which process are bacteria engulfed for ingestion? a. Endocytosis b. Pinocytosis c. Phagocytosis d. Exocytosis ANSWERS: C Downloaded by zena ahmad (zenaahmad772@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|35287698 Phagocytosis (cell eating) involves the ingestion of large particles, such as bacteria, through the formation of large vesicles. Endocytosis involves the formation of vesicles to facilitate movement into the cell. Pinocytosis is a type of endocytosis in which fluids and solute molecules are ingested through the formation of small vesicles. Exocytosis occurs when coatedpits invaginate and internalize ligand-receptor complexes in coated vesicles. REF: p. 22 22. Some cancer drugs work during the cell cycle phase where nuclear and cytoplasmic divisionsoccur. What is this cell cycle phase called? a. G1 b. S c. M d. G2 ANSWERS: C The M phase includes both nuclear and cytoplasmic divisions. The G1 phase includes the periodbetween the M phase and the start of DNA synthesis. The S phase includes synthesis of DNA in the cell nucleus. The G2 phase includes RNA and protein synthesis. REF: pp. 25-26 23. Which causes the rapid change in the resting membrane potential that initiates an actionpotential? a. Potassium gates open, and potassium rushes into the cell, changing the Downloaded by zena ahmad (zenaahmad772@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|35287698 membranepotential from negative to positive. b. Sodium gates open, and sodium rushes into the cell, changing the membrane potentialfrom negative to positive. c. Sodium gates close, allowing potassium into the cell to change the membranepotential from positive to negative. d. Potassium gates close, allowing sodium into the cell to change the membrane potentialfrom positive to negative. ANSWERS: B When the threshold is reached, the cell will continue to depolarize with no further stimulation.The sodium gates open, and sodium rushes into the cell, causing the membrane potential to reduce to zero and then become positive (depolarization). Sodium is involved in creating the action potential, not potassium. The sodium gate and channel must be open, not closed. The action potential is not affected by a change in the potassium gate. REF: pp. 24-25 24. A cell is isolated, and electrophysiology studies r restingmembrane potential is O NURSINGTB.Ceveal that the M Downloaded by zena ahmad (zenaahmad772@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|35287698 −70 mV. The predominant intracellular ion is Na +, and the predominant extracellular ionis K+. With voltage change, which of the following would result in an action potential? a. K+ rushing into the cell b. Na+ rushing into the cell c. Na+ rushing out of the cell d. K+ rushing out of the cell ANSWERS: A With voltage change, potassium rushes into, not out of, the cell. Sodium movement is not relatedto this process. REF: pp. 24-25 25. A nurse teaching the staff about platelet-derived growth factor includes information thatplatelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) stimulates the production of: a. platelets. b. epidermal cells. c. connective tissue cells. d. fibroblast cells. Downloaded by zena ahmad (zenaahmad772@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|35287698 ANSWERS: C Different types of cells require different growth factors; for example, PDGF stimulates the productionof connective tissue cells, but not platelets, epidermal cells, or fibroblast cells. REF: p. 27 26. The phase of the cell cycle during which the centromeres split and the sister chromatids arepulled apart is referred to as: a. anaphase. b. telophase. c. prophase. d. metaphase. ANSWERS: A Anaphase begins when the centromeres split and the sister chromatids are pulled apart. Duringtelophase, a new nuclear membrane is formed around each group of 46 chromosomes, the spindle fibers disappear, and the chromosomes begin to uncoil. During prophase, the first appearance of chromosomes occurs. Metaphase occurs when two centrioles located at oppositepoles of the cell pull the chromosomes to opposite sides of the cell. REF: p. 26 27. What is the role of cytokines in cell reproduction? a. Provide growth factor for tissue growth and development. Downloaded by zena ahmad (zenaahmad772@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|35287698 b. Block progress of cell reproduction through the cell cycle. Downloaded by zena ahmad (zenaahmad772@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|35287698 c. Restrain cell growth and development. d. Provide nutrients for cell growth and development. ANSWERS: A Cytokines play a major role in the regulation of tissue growth and development but do not restrain it. Cytokines help overcome intracellular braking mechanisms tNURSINGTB.COM hat restrain cell growth and promote cell growth, but they donot provide nutrients. REF: p. 26 28. A biopsy of the lung bronchi revealed ciliated epithelial cells that are capable of secretion andabsorption. These cells are called columnar epithelium. a. simple b. ciliated simple c. stratified d. pseudostratified ciliated ANSWERS: B Ciliated simple columnar epithelium is found in the lungs. Simple columnar epithelium is found from the stomach to the anus. Stratified columnar epithelium is found in the lining of the epiglottis, part of the pharynx, the anus, and the male urethra. Pseudostratified Downloaded by zena ahmad (zenaahmad772@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|35287698 ciliate columnar epithelium is found in the lining of the large ducts of some glands (parotid, salivary),male urethra, respiratory passages, and Eustachian tubes of the ears. REF: p. 30, Table 1-6 29. A student is reviewing functions of the cell. The student would be correct in identifying a chieffunction of the nerve cell as: a. sensory interpretation. b. conductivity. c. maintenance of homeostasis. d. communication. ANSWERS: B Conductivity, not sensory interpretation, homeostasis, or communication, is one of the eight chieffunctions of nerve cells. REF: p. 2 MULTIPLE RESPONSE 1. A nurse recalls that the basic types of tissues are: (select all that apply) a. nerve. Downloaded by zena ahmad (zenaahmad772@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|35287698 b. epithelial. c. mucosal. d. connective. e. skeletal. f. muscle. ANSWERS: A, B, D, F The basic tissue types include nerve, epithelial, connective, and muscle. Mucosal is a type of epithelialcell, while skeletal is a type of connective tissue. REF: p. 27 2. Characteristics of prokaryotes include which of the following? (select allthat apply) a. They contain no organelles. b. Their nuclear material is not encased by a nuclear membrane. c. They contain a distinct nucleus. d. They contain histones. e. They contain a cellular membrane. ANSWERS: A, B Downloaded by zena ahmad (zenaahmad772@gmail.com) NURSINGTB.COM lOMoARcPSD|35287698 The prokaryotes lack a cellular membrane that encases nuclear material, thus they have no distinctnucleus; organelles and histones are also missing. REF: p. 1 Chapter 02: Genes and Genetic Diseases Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology,6th Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. A nurse recalls the basic components of DNA are: a. pentose sugars and four phosphate bases. b. a phosphate molecule, deoxyribose, and four nitrogenous bases. c. adenine, guanine, and purine. d. codons, oxygen, and cytosine. ANSWERS: B The three basic components of DNA are deoxyribose; a phosphate molecule; and four types ofnitrogenous, not phosphate, bases. DNA does not contain condone. Downloaded by zena ahmad (zenaahmad772@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|35287698 REF: p. 38 2. Which of the following mutations have the most significant effect on protein synthesis? a. Basepair substitutions b. Silent mutations c. Intron mutations d. Frameshift mutations ANSWERS: D The frameshift mutation involves the insertion or deletion of one or more base pairs of the DNAmolecule. This greatly alters the amino acid sequence, which affects protein synthesis. The base pair substitution is a type of mutation in which one base pair NURSINGTB.COM replaces another. Silent mutations do not change amino acids or protein synthesis. Intron mutations are part of RNA sequencing. REF: p. 39 3. The base components of DNA are: a. A, G, C, and U. b. P, G, C, and T. c. A, G, C, and T. d. X, XX, XY, and YY. Downloaded by zena ahmad (zenaahmad772@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|35287698 ANSWERS: C The four base components of DNA are cytosine, thymine, adenine, and guanine, and are commonly represented by their first letters (A, C, T, and G) and not components identified as Por U. X, XX, XY, and YY are components of human chromosomes. REF: p. 38 4. A DNA strand has a region with the sequence ATCGGAT. Which of the following would be acomplementary strand? a. CGATACGT b. TAGCCTAG c. TUGCCTUG d. UAGCCUAG ANSWERS: B The consistent pairing of adenine with thymine and of guanine with cytosine is known as complementary base pairing; thus, A complements to T and C to G and vice versa throughout thestrand. A complements to T; thus, the first letter must be a T. U does not represent a complementin the sequence. Downloaded by zena ahmad (zenaahmad772@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|35287698 Understanding Pathophysiology 6th Edition Huether Test Bank REF: p. 39 5. A biologist is explaining how RNA directs the synthesis of protein. Which process is the biologistdescribing? a. Termination b. Transcription c. Translocation d. Translation ANSWERS: D In translation, RNA directs the synthesis of a polypeptide, interacting with transfer RNA (tRNA),a cloverleaf-shaped strand of about 80 nucleotides. Termination does not involve synthesis of protein. Transcription is the process by which DNA specifies a sequence of messenger RNA (mRNA). Translocation is the interchange of genetic material between nonhomologous chromosomes. REF: p. 41 6. What is the result of homologous chromosomes failing to separate during meiosis? a. Neurofibromatosis NURSINGTB.COM b. Nondisjunction c. Polyploidy d. Conjoined twins Downloaded by zena ahmad (zenaahmad772@gmail.com) NURSINGTB.COM lOMoARcPSD|35287698 Understanding Pathophysiology 6th Edition Huether Test Bank REF: p. 39 ANSWERS: B Nondisjunction is an error in which homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids fail to separate normally during meiosis or mitosis. Neurofibromatosis is not due to chromosome failure during meiosis. Polyploidy occurs when a euploid cell has more than the diploid numberof chromosomes. Conjoined twins are not due to chromosome failure during meiosis. REF: p. 45 7. A cell that does not contain a multiple of 23 chromosomes is called a cell. a. diploid b. euploid c. polyploid d. haploid ANSWERS: C A polyploid cell is one in which a euploid cell has more than 23 pairs of chromosomes. A diploid cell is when the somatic cell nucleus has 46 chromosomes in 23 pairs. A euploid cell isa cell with multiples of the normal number of chromosomes. A haploid cell has only one member of each chromosome pair, for a total of 23 chromosomes. Downloaded by zena ahmad (zenaahmad772@gmail.com)