HBA Final Exam Part A

01/06/2021 HBA FINAL EXAM PART A HBA FINAL EXAM PART A Terms in this set (45) Studying the function of the b. central nervous system physiology brain and spinal cord would best fall under which category? a. peripheral nervous system physiology b. central nervous system physiology c. organic physiology d. cellular physiology e. organic anatomy Carbohydrates: b. include monosaccharides, disaccharides and a. are found in the nucleus of polysaccharides all cells b. include monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides c. are responsible for structural support of the plasma membrane d. include triglycerides, fatty acids and phospholipids e. are packaged in the rough endoplasmic reticulum HBA FINAL EXAM PART A 1/24 01/06/2021 In protein synthesis, HBA FINAL EXAM PART A b. if only W and Y are correct transcription: W. involves copying of DNA to mRNA X. turns the mRNA sequence into a polypeptide Y. occurs in the nucleus Z. occurs in the cytoplasm a. if only W, X and Y are correct b. if only W and Y are correct c. if only X and Z are correct d. if only Z is correct e. if all are correct will: a. swell, possibly burst a. swell, possibly burst b. nothing, there is no gradient for the movement of water c. crenate d. shrink e. swell, as the solution is hypertonic In facilitated diffusion: b. solutes move down their concentration a. energy is required for gradients transport b. solutes move down their concentration gradients c. the process is described as 'active' d. solutes transported are large proteins e. all of the above are correct HBA FINAL EXAM PART A 2/24 01/06/2021 Which of the following HBA FINAL EXAM PART A b. if only W and Y are correct statements/s is/are TRUE?: W. the inside membrane of an excitable cell is negative compared to the outside X. the resting membrane potential depends on the movement of negative ions only Y. the -70mV RMP value results in part from the concentration gradients of Na+ and K+ Z. the inside membrane of an excitable cell is -55mV a. if only W, X and Y are correct b. if only W and Y are correct c. if only X and Z are correct d. if only Z is correct e. if all are correct On what section of the d. axon neuron do action potentials mostly propagate? a. synaptic terminal b. axon hillock c. soma d. axon e. dendrite HBA FINAL EXAM PART A 3/24 01/06/2021 What type of ion channels on HBA FINAL EXAM PART A e. leak channels a neuron contribute to the resting membrane potential? a. chemically-gated channels b. voltage-gated channels c. mechanically-gated channels d. ligand-gated channels e. leak channels Which term best describes a a. graded potential subthreshold change in the membrane potential of a neuron? a. graded potential b. hyperpolarisation c. repolarisation d. depolarisation e. action potential HBA FINAL EXAM PART A 4/24 01/06/2021 Which statement/s is/are HBA FINAL EXAM PART A d. if only Z is correct TRUE? W. a decrease in conduction velocity of an action potential occurs with large diameter axons and myelin sheath X. during the relative refractory period, it is impossible to generate a second action potential Y. the hyperpolarisation phase of an action potential is due to fast closing voltagegated K+ channels Z. myelinated axons result in the saltatory propagation of action potentials a. if only W, X and Y are correct b. if only W and Y are correct c. if only X and Z are correct d. if only Z is correct e. if all are correct HBA FINAL EXAM PART A 5/24 01/06/2021 What would happen to the HBA FINAL EXAM PART A b. if only W and Y are correct resting membrane potential (RMP) of an excitable cell if the Na+/K+ ATPase pump was inhibited? W. the RMP would approach 0 mV X. the neuron would still be able to generate an action potential Y. the amount of Na+ and K+ ions would become equal on both sides of the membrane Z. RMP would not change a. if only W, X and Y are correct b. if only W and Y are correct c. if only X and Z are correct d. if only Z is correct e. if all are correct HBA FINAL EXAM PART A 6/24 01/06/2021 Anabolic steroids are HBA FINAL EXAM PART A b. remain in circulation for long periods of time sometimes abused by bodybuilders, so they can gain larger muscles rapidly. These artificial hormones have the same chemical structure as the lipid soluble endogenous hormone 'testosterone'. These hormones: a. require a membrane bound protein to send a signal to the inside of the cell b. remain in circulation for long periods of time c. are hydrophilic in nature d. signal via a secondary messenger system e. do not need a protein carrier to move around the bloodstream HBA FINAL EXAM PART A 7/24 01/06/2021 HBA FINAL EXAM PART A a. thyroxine (T4) Karen goes to see her doctor as she is feeling lethargic, sensitive to cold temperatures and has gained weight. She also feels like her neck is swollen’. The doctor runs some tests and finds some of her hormone levels are out of normal range. Which of these hormones is likely to be LOW? a. thyroxine (T4) b. oxytocin c. thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) d. norepinephrine e. thyroid releasing hormone (TRH) HBA FINAL EXAM PART A 8/24 01/06/2021 The posterior pituitary gland: HBA FINAL EXAM PART A c. if only X and Z are correct W. receives information via the hypophyseal portal system X. receives information via the hypothalamic hypophyseal tract Y. accepts instructions in the form of releasing or inhibiting hormones Z. is signalled by action potentials to secrete oxytocin and anti-diuretic hormone a. if only W, X and Y are correct b. if only W and Y are correct c. if only X and Z are correct d. if only Z is correct e. if all are correct HBA FINAL EXAM PART A 9/24 01/06/2021 HBA FINAL EXAM PART A Which of the following b. centrifuged blood will result in plasma sitting at statements regarding blood the top and red blood cells to the bottom of the components is CORRECT? tube a. blood plasma consists of water, plasma protein, formed elements and other solutes b. centrifuged blood will result in plasma sitting at the top and red blood cells to the bottom of the tube c. formed elements of blood include: red blood cells, white blood cells and stem cells d. high haematocrit levels indicate anaemia (a condition where people feel fatigued) e. red blood cells make up the majority of the blood plasma known as the haematocrit Jane has gone for a 2 week d. increase, erythropoiesis hiking trip to Mount Everest. As she climbs up the mountain, the air 'thins out' due to the high altitude. From your knowledge of red blood cell regulation, Jane's body will ________ the number of red blood cells via the process of ______ . a. increase, thrombocytosis b. decrease, hemocytosis c. increase, erythropenia d. increase, erythropoiesis HBA FINAL EXAM PART A 10/24 01/06/2021 People with Type O blood HBA FINAL EXAM PART A a. if only W, X and Y are correct group: W. have neither A or B antigens on their red blood cells X. have both Anti-A and AntiB antibodies in their plasma Y. are known as a universal donor Z. can receive a blood transfusion from a Type AB donor a. if only W, X and Y are correct b. if only W and Y are correct c. if only X and Z are correct d. if only Z is correct e. if all are correct The movement of fluid across c. lymphatic pressure d. osmotic pressure created the capillary wall is by plasma proteins determined by chemical and physical pressures. The main force that moves fluid from tissues into capillaries is: a. hydrostatic pressure of the blood in the venules b. osmotic pressure created by proteins found in the interstitial fluid c. lymphatic pressure d. osmotic pressure created by plasma proteins e. hydrostatic pressure of the blood in the capillaries HBA FINAL EXAM PART A 11/24 01/06/2021 HBA FINAL EXAM PART A Autoregulation of blood flow b. local vasodilation from metabolic by-products is the ability of an organ to building up retain a constant blood flow despite fluctuations in pressure. This requires: a. speeding up or slowing down of the heart rate b. local vasodilation from metabolic by-products building up c. overstretched smooth muscle in arterioles leading to local vasodilation. d. signals being sent along parasympathetic and sympathetic fibres to all arterioles e. only the myogenic mechanism to be activated Autoregulation: e. is the ability of an organ to maintain steady a. requires input from blood flow despite changing blood pressures hormones released by the hypothalamus b. will allow for large and sustained changes to flood blow c. is extremely high in human skin d. will always be effective, no matter how great a change to the perfusion pressure e. is the ability of an organ to maintain steady blood flow despite changing blood pressures HBA FINAL EXAM PART A 12/24 01/06/2021 HBA FINAL EXAM PART A Mean arterial pressure (MAP): e. if all are correct W. increases with an increase in cardiac output X. is closer to diastolic pressure than systolic pressure Y. increases with an increase in systemic vascular resistance Z. is the minimum pressure needed to adequately perfuse tissue cells with oxygenated blood a. if only W, X and Y are correct b. if only W and Y are correct c. if only X and Z are correct d. if only Z is correct e. if all are correct Which of these are matched a. cell-mediated immunity CORRECTLY? Helper T and Cytotoxic T cells stimulates both a. cell-mediated immunity stimulates both Helper T and Cytotoxic T cells b. adaptive Immunity is antibody-mediated immunity only c. cell-mediated immunity relates to the action of antimicrobial peptidesd. adaptive Immunity relates to the first and second lines of defenses e. antibody-mediated immunity relates to inflammation and fever HBA FINAL EXAM PART A 13/24 01/06/2021 What are the two major types HBA FINAL EXAM PART A b. innate and adaptive of immunity? a. adaptive and specific b. innate and adaptive c. specific and passive d. antibody mediated and cell mediated e. innate and non-specific Air will stop moving through e. atmospheric pressure the respiratory tract when the pressure in the lungs is equal to _______________. a. respiratory pressure b. transpulmonary pressure c. alveolar pressure d. intrapleural pressure e. atmospheric pressure What term is used to describe e. pulmonary (minute) ventilation rate the volume of air moving in to and out of the lungs each minute? a. alveolar ventilation rate b. pulmonary ventilation c. respiration d. functional residual capacity e. pulmonary (minute) ventilation rate HBA FINAL EXAM PART A 14/24 01/06/2021 Boyle's law states that: HBA FINAL EXAM PART A e. pressure is inversely proportional to volume a. thickness of the respiratory membrane is proportional to diffusion of gases across the membrane b. total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of pressures exerted independently c. pressure is proportional to volume d. increased amounts carbon dioxide will increase pH in the blood e. pressure is inversely proportional to volume Which of the following b. if only W and Y are correct INCREASE the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen? W. high blood pH X. high blood temperature Y. low CO2 partial pressure Z. low blood pressure a. if only W, X and Y are correct b. if only W and Y are correct c. if only X and Z are correct d. if only Z is correct e. if all are correct HBA FINAL EXAM PART A 15/24 01/06/2021 The cephalic phase of gastric HBA FINAL EXAM PART A e. all of the above control: a. is triggered by the taste, sight or thought of food b. involves the long reflex response via the Vagus nerve to stimulates the stomach c. stimulates stomach motility d. activates stomach secretions e. all of the above In regard to the neural a. taste stimulus regulation of the gastrointestinal system, which of the following is NOT involved in a short reflex response? a. taste stimulus b. mechanoreceptors in the wall of the GI tract c. intestinal smooth muscles d. enteric nervous plexus e. food in the lumen of the GI tract Which of the following is the c. mechanical digestion main digestive process occurring in the mouth when chewing food ? a. absorption b. secretions c. mechanical digestion d. chemical digestion e. defecation HBA FINAL EXAM PART A 16/24 01/06/2021 What metabolic event/s is/are HBA FINAL EXAM PART A b. if only W and Y are correct most closely associated with absorption? W. lipogenesis X. gluconeogenesis Y. glycogenesis Z. glycolysis a. if only W, X and Y are correct b. if only W and Y are correct c. if only X and Z are correct d. if only Z is correct e. if all are correct During tubular reabsorption, b. 1.5 L/day, 100 - 1200 mOsM the end of the collecting duct will receive approximately how much fluid per day and what will the osmolarity of the fluid be? a. 180 L/day, 300 mOsM b. 1.5 L/day, 100 - 1200 mOsM c. 1.5L/day, 100 - 300 mOsM d. 18 L/day, 1200 mOsM e. 54 L/day, 100 - 300 mOsM HBA FINAL EXAM PART A 17/24 01/06/2021 Which of the following HBA FINAL EXAM PART A d. glucose substances are likely to be completely reabsorbed following filtration, with healthy renal system function? a. foreign substances b. sodium, potassium and water c. water d. glucose e. plasma proteins The micturition reflex is c. increasing pressure on the bladder walls, initiated by: causing stretch a. filling of the stomach b. relaxation of the external urethral sphincter c. increasing pressure on the bladder walls, causing stretch d. contraction of the urinary bladder e. somatic nerve impulses to the spinal cord HBA FINAL EXAM PART A 18/24 01/06/2021 In regards to antidiuretic HBA FINAL EXAM PART A c. if only X and Z are correct hormone (ADH), which of the following are CORRECT? W. ADH stimulates aquaporin insertion in the bowman’s capsule X. decreased blood volume will stimulate the release of ADH Y. alcohol will stimulate the release of ADH Z. an increase in osmolarity will stimulate the release of ADH from the posterior pituitary gland a. if only W, X and Y are correct b. if only W and Y are correct c. if only X and Z are correct d. if only Z is correct e. if all are correct A person who has been b. metabolic alkalosis excessively vomiting is admitted to the hospital. They are found to have a blood pH of 7.5 and as such their diagnosis is: a. nothing, this pH value is within the normal range b. metabolic alkalosis c. respiratory alkalosis d. metabolic acidosis e. respiratory acidosis HBA FINAL EXAM PART A 19/24 01/06/2021 A pH below 7.35 represents: HBA FINAL EXAM PART A a. acidosis a. acidosis b. alkalosis c. an environment that would support protein structure d. neutrosis e. low levels of H+ The corpus luteum releases: c. mainly progesterone a. testosterone b. growth hormone c. mainly progesterone d. FSH and LH e. oestrogen only Semen contains: b. substances that increases the motility of sperm a. factors which decrease the acidity of the female reproductive tract b. substances that increases the motility of sperm c. factors which decrease the viscosity of the cervical plug d. elements that provide a nourishing medium to swim in e. all of the above The function of the epididymis d. Spermatid storage is? a. Sperm maturation b. Absorption of calcium c. Provide nutrition to sperm d. Spermatid storage e. Produce sperm HBA FINAL EXAM PART A 20/24 01/06/2021 HBA FINAL EXAM PART A During the male sexual a. dilation of the penile arterioles is caused by the response, which of the release of nitric oxide from parasympathetic fibers following is TRUE of the erection phase? a. dilation of the penile arterioles is caused by the release of nitric oxide from parasympathetic fibers b. engorgement of the erectile tissue temporarily opens the urethra c. muscles found at the base of the penis cause erection d. before arousal, the penile arterioles are in a dilated state e. it is under the control of sympathetic nervous stimulation Which of the following b. if only W and Y are correct reproductive hormones are at the highest levels during ovulation? W. LH X. FSH Y. oestrogen Z. progesterone a. if only W, X and Y are correct b. if only W and Y are correct c. if only X and Z are correct d. if only Z is correct e. if all are correct HBA FINAL EXAM PART A 21/24 01/06/2021 What is a specialised feature HBA FINAL EXAM PART A d. extremely high number of mitochondria of muscle cells? a. biconcave shape b. contain dendrites c. contain cilia d. extremely high number of mitochondria e. multi-nucleated HBA FINAL EXAM PART A 22/24 01/06/2021 HBA FINAL EXAM PART A Which of the following is the e. action potential is generated, Ca2+ released correct sequence involved in from sarcoplasmic reticulum, binding of Ca2+, skeletal muscle contraction? actin and myosin filament cross bridging, muscle a. action potential is contracts generated, binding of Ca2+, Ca2+ released from sarcoplasmic reticulum, actin and myosin filament cross bridging, muscle contracts b. actin and myosin filament cross bridging, action potential is generated, Ca2+ released from sarcoplasmic reticulum, binding of Ca2+, muscle contracts c. Ca2+ released from sarcoplasmic reticulum, action potential is generated, binding of Ca2+, actin and myosin filament cross bridging, muscle contracts d. action potential is generated, actin and myosin filament cross bridging, binding of Ca2+, Ca2+ released from sarcoplasmic reticulum, muscle contracts e. action potential is generated, Ca2+ released from sarcoplasmic reticulum, binding of Ca2+, actin and myosin filament cross bridging, muscle contracts HBA FINAL EXAM PART A 23/24 01/06/2021 Each skeletal muscle fiber is HBA FINAL EXAM PART A c. neuromuscular junction controlled by a motor neuron at a: a. synaptic cleft b. synaptic knob c. neuromuscular junction d. sarcomere e. transverse tubule 24/24