ANSWERS Unit 1: Review of Heimler’s History

Heimler’s History Video Guide - Unit 1 WHAP Review (1200 CE-1450 CE)—The Global Tapestry Written by Eileen Orzoff Baranyk QUESTIONS ANSWERS EXTRA INFO Overview 1. Describe the big picture from 12001450 CE in the Global Tapestry. 1. Major civilizations growing larger. World religions continue to influence life and culture. Technological innovations continue. Smaller states, local religions beliefs, old technology continue to decline. 2. State-Building & maintenance of the state are a major theme of unit 1. What is a state? 2. An organized political community under one government (like a country, empire, nation, etc.) China The Song Dynasty (960-1276 CE) 3. What innovations continued the Golden Age for China, kept it an economic powerhouse & helped to unify China in this time period? 3. Gunpowder & expansion of the Grand Canal which was started in the Sui Dynasty. The Grand Canal boosted trade between regions and kept culture more consistent. 4. Why was the introduction of Champa Rice so important for the Song Dynasty? 4. It was a drought resistant crop that matured early, increasing the amount of food available in the empire, therefore increasing the population. 3. Learning Objective 1.1.C This helps to explain the effects of innovations on the Chinese economy over time. China’s expertise in Silk and Porcelain production which depended on free peasant labor (raising silkworms) and artisanal labor (creating textiles & ceramics) were also part of the Song Dynasty becoming increasingly commercialized. China also had centers of iron and steel production all over the country. The economy of Song China flourished as a result of increased productive capacity and expanding trade networks. Learning Objective 1.1 C Champa rice is a good example of why the economy of Song China flourished due to agricultural innovations. Learning Objective 1.1.B This helps to explain the effects of Chinese cultural traditions on East Asia over time. The Chinese Tribute System was a way for Heimler’s History Video Guide - Unit 1 WHAP Review (1200 CE-1450 CE)—The Global Tapestry Written by Eileen Orzoff Baranyk countries to acknowledge China’s superiority and gain access to trade rights. Champa rice first got to China from Vietnam through the Tribute System c. 8th11th c. CE. The Song Dynasty expanded agriculture & its production. Through the Tribute System Japan, Korea and Vietnam also adopted Chinese cultural practices like Confucianism (including filial piety & the subservient position of women, especially in Korea) and Mahayana Buddhism. 5. What continuities existed in Chinese culture and government during the Song dynasty? 5. The revival of Confucianism and the expansion of the Civil Service Exam helped to bring order and stability to society while continuing the meritocracy within the imperial bureaucracy. 5. Learning Objective 1.1.A This demonstrates the systems of government employed by Chinese dynasties and how they developed over time. Middle East Abbasid Caliphate (750-1258 CE) 6. Describe the condition of the Abbasid caliphate as the Song dynasty thrived. 6. From the 9th to the 12th century, the Abbasids were fractured by invaders and falling apart. 6. Learning Objective 1.2.E This helps to explain the cause of the rise of Islamic States. 7. Which other Muslim States were growing in power as the Abbasids declined? 7. The Delhi Sultanate in India (12061526). The Mamluk Sultanate in North Africa (1250-1517). 8. Who were the Mamluks? 8. Non-Muslims who were enslaved, forcibly converted to Islam and became soliders. They eventually overthrew an Egyptian sultanate to form their own sultanate. 7-8. Learning Objective 1.2.E & 1.7.N What made these Islamic states different than those that came before is that they were led by Turkic speakers, not Arabs. However, they relied on many of the same practices to govern as the Abbasids had. This demonstrates similarities and differences in the processes of state formation from c.1200 to c. 1450. Comparison 9. Compare the Song Dynasty and the Abbasid Dynasty in this era. 9. The Song Dynasty was flourishing while the Abbasid caliphate was declining. Heimler’s History Video Guide - Unit 1 WHAP Review (1200 CE-1450 CE)—The Global Tapestry Written by Eileen Orzoff Baranyk Southeast Asia 10. In South Asia (India) what new states emerged that used trade to expand their influence in this period? 10. The Vijayanagara Empire (1336 CE1646 CE) and the Chola Kingdom (300s BCE to 1279 CE) 10. Learning Objective 1.3.H & 1.7.N When merchants from South Asia went to Southeast Asia to trade they often formed diasporic communities and brought Hinduism & Buddhism with them. Governments there then adopted these religions and used them to build relationships with powerful trade partners as well as unify and maintain control. This demonstrates similarities in the processes of state formation from c.1200 to c. 1450. West Africa Mali Empire (c. 1230 to 1670 CE) 11. How did the rulers of the Mali Empire increase their power? 11. Greater centralization than the Ghana Empire that preceded it. This was exemplified by their leader Mansa Musa. 11. Learning Objective 1.5.J In Africa states were very diverse. Mali in West Africa adopted Islam which became the religion of the elite and led to thriving trade and scholarship centers. Great Zimbabwe in southern Africa thrived through trade, but retained its indigenous religious beliefs. These show continuity, innovation and diversity. The Americas Aztec Empire (1428-1521 CE) & Inca Empire (1438-1533) 12. How did the Aztecs maintain control of their empire? 12. Conquered people were forced to pay tribute in goods or labor. This system was enforced by a strong military. 12. Learning Objective 1.4.I & 3.2.B The Aztec (who called themselves the Mexica) were founded c. 1428 and were a prime example of a powerful but decentralized state in the Americas Together, 12 & 13 show diversity and innovation in the Americas. 13. How did the Inca improve and maintain their state? 13. The Mit’a system (mandatory public service/ labor tax) 13. Learning Objective 1.4.I & 3.2.B The Inca were founded c. 1438. They are a prime example of centralized power in the Americas. Together, 12 & 13 show diversity and innovation in the Americas. Western Europe Heimler’s History Video Guide - Unit 1 WHAP Review (1200 CE-1450 CE)—The Global Tapestry Written by Eileen Orzoff Baranyk 14. What was feudalism? 14. A rigid hierarchy with Kings, Nobles, Knights, Peasants and Serfs. 14. Learning Objective 1.6.L-M After the fall of the Roman Empire Europe became politically decentralized. The consequence of this was that feudalism and manorialism replaced the centralized structures that had once existed. Agriculturally, Europe was dependent on the labor of free peasants and serfs who were bound to the land they lived on and obligated to work for the lord who owned and protected the land. This became part of the social structure of Europe. 15. How did Europe change through this time period and create more powerful states? 15. The feudal system began to break down and powerful kings were able to increase their power. 15. Learning Objective 1.6.K In Spain, Christian kingdoms began rising up against the majority Muslim leadership in the 8th century pushing Jews and Muslims out of Spain in the Reconquista that ended in 1492 resulting in a united Spain under the leadership of Christian monarchs. Christiainty, Judaism and Islam continued to shape societies in Europe. Learning Objective 4.7.M This is also an example of how social categories, roles and practices have changed over time. Religion and Statebuilding 16. What was the significace of Islam to state building in Afro-Eurasia? 16. Islam united people with shared belief and language (Arabic) 16. Learning Objective 1.2.D Systems of belief and their practices affected society. Islam developed out of Judaism & Christianity. All three worship the same God (Allah is Arabic for God). They also share prophets. Conversion of Jews and Christians within Muslim majority states was made easier by these simliarities. 17. What was the significance of Confucianism to state building in China? 17. It justified the rule of the emperor over his subjects, and was the doctrine that the imperial bureaucracy had to be well versed in due to the Civil Service exam. 17. Learning Objective 1.1.A This helps to explain the continuity of Confucianism. 18. How were Hinduism and Buddhism significant 18. Both were used to consolidate power. Hinduism’s caste system was particularly useful for this. 18. Learning Objective 1.3.G-H Hinduism and Buddhism are native to India and share many similar beliefs. The Heimler’s History Video Guide - Unit 1 WHAP Review (1200 CE-1450 CE)—The Global Tapestry Written by Eileen Orzoff Baranyk in state building in South and Southeast Asia? biggest difference is that Buddhism rejects the caste system. Both practices have had huge impacts on societies & governments who frequently used them to unify society and maintain power over time. 19. How was Catholicism significant to state building in Europe? 19. The Roman Catholic Church helped to provide structure in weak European states, but as states grew in power they began to struggle to break away from the power of the Church in order to increase the power of secular authorities. 20. Comparison: What did all major world religions have in common in this era and what effect did they have? 20. They all spread. Christianity, Islam & Buddhism were conversionist religions. They all sent missionaries to different parts of the globe. This weakened local more indigenous religions. 21. How did the creation of the Delhi Sultanate and the expansion of trade help to spread Islam? 21. In the Delhi Sultanate social conversions for opportunity and avoidance of the jizya eventually led to 25% of the population of India converting to Islam. Merchants, who traveled everywhere, brought more than goods with them. Those they interacted with learned about Islam, and the religion spread. 19. Learning Objective 1.6.K Beliefs and practices predominant in Europe affected European society. Throughout the Middle Ages the Church worked to spread Catholicism throughout Europe. Christianity was the glue that held Europe together culturally during this time period. 21. Learning Objective 1.2.E & 1.3.G Various belief systems and practices affected society over time. The work of merchants, missionaries and Sufis spread Islam from West Africa to India. Sufis were Muslims who believed in having a personal relationship with God rather than worrying about the laws and prohibitions of Islam. They helped people to see the similarities between their own beliefs & Islam, like the Bhakti sect of Hinduism who believed in a personal relationship with a single Hindu god. Technology and Innovation 1200-1450 22. What innovation from China helped to improve education as it spread west? 22. As paper making technology spread it led to increased literacy in Europe, Southwest Asia, and North Africa. Learning Objective 2.5.J Increased cross-cultural interactions resulted in the diffusion of technological innovations. 23. What was the Abbasid Dynasty’s House of Wisdom, in 23. It was a place where scholars gathered to study and translate important texts from Europe and Asia. 23. Learning Objective 1.2.F The effects of intellectual innovation in Dar al-Islam, the Islamic world, were immense. Heimler’s History Video Guide - Unit 1 WHAP Review (1200 CE-1450 CE)—The Global Tapestry Written by Eileen Orzoff Baranyk Baghdad? They had the most advanced medical knowledge in the world. A Persian scientists who the west eventually called Rhazes (Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi) wrote books on medicine that were translated into Latin and considered the best texts in Europe until the 17th century. Much of this knowledge drew from the works of ancient Greece preserved in Arabic, and Indian medical knowledge. These made their way back to Europe through scholars in Muslim & Christian Spain. Pastoralists 1200-1450 24. What was the importance of the Mongols during this time period? 24. They controlled a vast territory across Afro-Eurasia increasing political stability and providing a safe environment that encouraged trade along the Silk Road. Their vast empire also led to increased cross-cultural interactions. 25. How did the role of nomadic pastoralists change in this time period? 25. They were no longer the transmitters of culture and technology between peoples and empires. Instead, organized groups of merchants took on this role. 24. Learning Objective 2.2.C The expansion of the Mongol empire influenced trade and communication over time.