HLTH Exam 1 Review

Chapter 1 ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ Free market conditions and the relationship between the quantity of medical services demanded and the price of medical services A market economy is an economic system in which the decisions regarding investment, production and distribution to the consumers are guided by the price signals created by the forces of supply and demand, where all suppliers and consumers are unimpeded by price controls or restrictions on contract freedom. o multiple patients and providers act independently. o Providers do not collude to fix prices. o Prices are set by the interaction of supply and demand. o Inverse relationship between the quantity of services demanded and price of services. o Equilibrium is achieved without interference. o Unrestrained competition. o Patients must have information about the availability of different services. o Consumers are seizing some measure of control. o Internet as a source of medical information. o Patients must bear the cost of services received. o Moral hazard Reimbursement is associated with which of the quad functions? (financing, insurance, delivery, and payment) o Payment In a free market, who would pay for the delivery of health care services? o The patients o FALSE à In a free market, multiple patients and providers act interdependently. Defensive medicine o refers to the practice of recommending a diagnostic test or medical treatment that is not necessarily the best option for the patient, but mainly serves to protect the physician against the patient as a potential plaintiff. Which central agency delivers health care in the United States? o No central agency governs the system. o Government controls proliferation of health services. o U.S. has mostly private financing and delivery o Private health care, hospitals, and physicians are independent of government. Single-payer system o The national health care system that’s usually the primary payer-government o FALSE à In a single-payer system, the primary payer usually is an insurance company. Moral hazard o A situation where an economic actor has an incentive to increase its exposure to risk because it does not bear the full costs of that risk. § For example, when a corporation is insured, it may take on a higher risk knowing that its insurance will pay the associated costs. Chapter 2 ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ Tertiary prevention o Tertiary prevention aims to soften the impact of an ongoing illness or injury that has lasting effects § support groups that allow members to share strategies for living well. Crude birth rate is calculated by? o the number of resident live births for a specified geographic area (nation, state, county, etc.) during a specified period (usually a calendar year) divided by the total population (usually mid-year) for that area and multiplied by 1,000. o dividing the number of live births in a period of time by the total population. Incidence o the number of new cases occurring during a specified period divided by the population at risk. Prevalence o the total number of cases at a specific point in time divided by the specified population. Crude rates refer to? o The total population Environmental factors contributing to health status o TRUE à The safety of neighborhoods can be considered an environmental factor contributing to health status o chemical pollution, air pollution, climate change, disease-causing microbes, lack of access to health care, poor infrastructure, and poor water quality. Secondary prevention o includes those preventive measures that lead to early diagnosis and prompt treatment of a disease, illness or injury. This should limit disability, impairment or dependency and prevent more severe health problems developing in the future. o FALSE à Secondary prevention refers to rehabilitative therapies and the monitoring of health care processes to prevent complications or to prevent further illness, injury, or disability Generally, people with better education have higher incomes and better health status o True New HIV infections in the United States o TRUE à Thanks to technology, HIV/AIDS has become a chronic disease Chapter 3 ¥ The delivery of medical care in preindustrial America was governed mainly by. o The delivery of medical care in preindustrial America was governed mainly by: free-market conditions. ¥ Preindustrial period and the role of dispensaries o TRUE à In the pre-industrial period, Europe was more advanced then the U.S. in medical science? o Five factors making medical profession an insignificant trade o Medical practice was in disarray o Medical procedures were primitive ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ o An institutional core was missing. § Almshouse and pesthouse § Mental asylum § Dreaded hospital o Demand was unstable o Fee for service o Medical education was substandard. Almshouse in the preindustrial period o It performed general welfare and custodial functions. o also called poor house or county home, in the United States, a locally administered public institution for homeless, aged persons without means. Such institutions radically declined in number in the second half of the 20th century, replaced by other means of subsistence and care. Why could most people not afford the services of a qualified physician in the preindustrial period? o The economic cost of travel was too high. Medicare and Medicaid programs o Medicare and Medicaid were created for population groups regarded as? § vulnerable Physicians and hospitals in the United States began consolidating and integrating mainly in response to? o The growth of managed care. The private medical sector in the United States (has been regulated by the government mainly because:) o the government finances Medicare and Medicaid. Gatekeeping o FALSE à As the health care delivery system developed in the U.S., right from its inception, primary care physicians were assigned a gatekeeping role. TRUE à Middle-class Americans have historically opposed proposals for a national health insurance program o Higher taxes A Baylor Plan is a work schedule where you work every weekend only, but get full-time pay and benefits. It's often a high-demand schedule for people who are going to school or who have young children, because it leaves your week free In the preindustrial era, asylums were built by which of the following to accommodate patients with severe and chronic mental illness? The state governments Which of the following is an example of tertiary prevention? A.#Mammogram for a patient who has a family history of breast cancer B.#Immunization and prenatal care C.# Foot care for a patient newly diagnosed with diabetes D.#Smoking cessation and handwashing FALSE à The central agency that delivers health care in the United States is Medicare. In the preindustrial period, what was the main role of dispensaries? - Dispensaries provided basic medical care to ambulatory patients.