Earth's Physical Systems Matter, Energy, and Geology

8/23/2019 Chapter 02: Earth's Physical Systems: Matter, Energy, and Geology Chapter 02: Earth's Physical Systems: Matter, Energy, and Geology Due: 11:59pm on Monday, August 26, 2019 To understand how points are awarded, read the Grading Policy for this assignment. Pre-Lecture Quiz Chapter 2 - Question 2 Part A Which of the following is a compound? Hint 1. Compounds are molecules composed of two or more different elements. ANSWER: H2 O H2 O3 O2 Correct Water is composed of two or more different elements—hydrogen and oxygen. Pre-Lecture Quiz Chapter 2 - Question 3 Part A The _____ bonds between water molecules lead to water's cohesion. Hint 1. What special bond allows for four very important properties of water? ANSWER: radioactive methane ionic hydrogen Correct The electrostatic hydrogen bond that occurs between adjacent water molecules holds the water molecules together and gives water its cohesion. Pre-Lecture Quiz Chapter 2 - Question 5 Part A According to the first law of thermodynamics, the total amount of energy in the universe _______. Hint 1. Review the first and second laws of thermodynamics. 1/34 8/23/2019 Chapter 02: Earth's Physical Systems: Matter, Energy, and Geology ANSWER: remains constant is constantly increasing is lost to entropy is constantly decreasing Correct The first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed but it can be converted from one form to another. Pre-Lecture Quiz Chapter 2 - Question 6 Part A The process of _____ generates the oxygen that we breathe and the food that we eat. Hint 1. Which reaction has glucose and oxygen as products? ANSWER: chemosynthesis photosynthesis cellular respiration chlorophyllization Correct Photosynthesis begins with carbon dioxide, water, and the sun's energy and produces the products glucose, oxygen, and water. This process generates food energy for the earth using the sun's energy. Pre-Lecture Quiz Chapter 2 - Question 8 Part A The formation of rock through compaction and cementation is termed _______. Hint 1. Examples of rock formed this way are sandstone, shale, and limestone. ANSWER: tectonic plates lithification igneous rock formation mineralization Correct This is the definition of lithification. 2/34 8/23/2019 Chapter 02: Earth's Physical Systems: Matter, Energy, and Geology Pre-Lecture Quiz Chapter 2 - Question 10 Part A Which of the following can help humans mitigate the negative impact of floods? Hint 1. Which of the answers is a way to avoid disaster? ANSWER: zoning laws to reduce building in flood zones banning the requirement for flood insurance damming rivers diking rivers Correct Such laws would prevent buildings from existing in dangerous flood zones and therefore mitigate the negative effects of flooding on humans. BioFlix Activity: Cellular Respiration -- Food as Fuel Can you identify how food relates to cellular respiration? To review cellular respiration, watch this BioFlix animation: Cellular Respiration. Part A - How food fuels cellular respiration Drag the labels onto the flowchart to indicate how food molecules reach the body’s cells and fuel cellular respiration. Start with the ingestion of food on the left. ANSWER: Reset Eating food provides fuel and building blocks for your body. After food is broken down in the digestive system, it is transported to cells via the circulatory system. Fuel molecules are broken down further in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle (also called the Krebs cycle). Help ATP is produced with the help of the electron transport chain. Correct 3/34 8/23/2019 Chapter 02: Earth's Physical Systems: Matter, Energy, and Geology BioFlix Activity: Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis -- Energy Flow Can you identify how energy flows through an ecosystem? To review energy flow in cellular respiration and photosynthesis, watch these BioFlix animations: Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis. Part A - Energy flow through an ecosystem Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify how energy flows through an ecosystem. ANSWER: Reset Help Correct Activity: Acids, Bases, and pH Click here to complete this activity. Then answer the questions. Part A What is the arrow pointing to? ANSWER: 4/34 8/23/2019 Chapter 02: Earth's Physical Systems: Matter, Energy, and Geology hydrogen ion hydroxide ion electron hydronium ion water molecule Correct The arrow is indicating a single proton, a hydrogen ion (H+). Part B What is the arrow pointing to? ANSWER: proton hydronium ion water hydroxide ion hydrogen ion Correct The arrow is indicating a hydroxide ion (OH-). Part C In a neutral solution the concentration of _____. ANSWER: water molecules is less than the concentration of hydrogen ions hydrogen ions is less than the concentration of hydroxide ions hydrogen ions is greater than the concentration of hydroxide ions water molecules is less than the concentration of hydroxide ions hydrogen ions is equal to the concentration of hydroxide ions Correct This is the definition of a neutral solution. Part D How does the pH of the solution on the right compare with that of the solution on the left? ANSWER: 5/34 8/23/2019 Chapter 02: Earth's Physical Systems: Matter, Energy, and Geology Both of these solutions are equally acidic. The solution on the right is basic relative to the solution on the left. Both of these solutions are equally basic. The solution on the right is acidic relative to the solution on the left. The solution on the right is neutral relative to the solution on the left. Correct The solution on the right has a lower concentration of hydrogen ions relative to hydroxide ions than does the solution on the left. Activity: Cohesion of Water Click here to complete this activity. Then answer the questions. Part A What process is illustrated in the top box of this animation? To view the animation, click here. Then click on the image to start this animation. ANSWER: antigravity gravity evaporation push precipitation Correct Water is moving up the tree as it evaporates from the leaf surface. Activity: Covalent Bonds 6/34 8/23/2019 Chapter 02: Earth's Physical Systems: Matter, Energy, and Geology Click here to complete this activity. Then answer the questions. Part A What type of bond is joining the two hydrogen atoms? ANSWER: covalent hydrophobic ionic hydrogen hydrophilic Correct A covalent bond is one in which electron pairs are shared. Part B A(n) _____ refers to two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds. ANSWER: isotope molecule community shell ion Correct A molecule is defined as two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds. Part C This atom can form up to _____ single covalent bond(s). 7/34 8/23/2019 Chapter 02: Earth's Physical Systems: Matter, Energy, and Geology ANSWER: 4 0 3 1 2 Correct There are four electrons in the outermost electron shell. Part D A(n) _____ bond joins these two oxygen atoms. ANSWER: quadruple covalent hydrogen single covalent double covalent ionic Correct The oxygen atoms are sharing two pairs of electrons. Activity: Dissociation of Water Molecules Click here to complete this activity. Then answer the questions. Part A What name is given to this molecule? 8/34 8/23/2019 Chapter 02: Earth's Physical Systems: Matter, Energy, and Geology ANSWER: water glucose hydroxide ion hydronium ion methane Correct A water molecule that gains a hydrogen becomes a hydronium ion. Part B How did this molecule form? ANSWER: A water molecule gained an hydrogen ion from another water molecule. A water molecule split in half. Evaporation. Two water molecules bonded. A hydrogen molecule bonded with an OH- molecule. Correct This molecule was formed by the transfer of a hydrogen ion from one water molecule to another. Part C What name is given to this molecule? ANSWER: DNA hydronium ion glucose hydroxide ion water Correct A water molecule that loses a hydrogen ion is referred to as a hydroxide ion. 9/34 8/23/2019 Chapter 02: Earth's Physical Systems: Matter, Energy, and Geology Part D Which of these is the correct equation for the dissociation of water? ANSWER: H2O + H2O+<==> H2O + OHH2O <==> H+ + OHH+<==> H2O + H2O+ H2O + H2O <==> H3O+ + OHH2O + OH-<==> H2O+ Correct This is the correct equation for the dissociation of water molecules. Part E What is the charge on a hydronium ion? ANSWER: 2+ 211+ 0 Correct The formation of hydronium results in the gain of 1 more proton than electron. Part F What is the charge on a hydroxide ion? ANSWER: 1+ 122+ 0 Correct A hydroxide ion is formed when a water molecule loses a hydrogen ion. Activity: Hydrogen Bonds 10/34 8/23/2019 Chapter 02: Earth's Physical Systems: Matter, Energy, and Geology Click here to complete this activity. Then answer the questions. Part A The bracket is indicating a(n) _____ bond. ANSWER: nonpolar covalent hydrophobic hydrogen polar covalent ionic Correct A hydrogen atom with a net positive charge is attracted to an oxygen atom with a net negative charge. Part B What name is given to the bond between a hydrogen atom and and an oxygen atom within a single water molecule? ANSWER: single (nonpolar) covalent hydrophobic ionic hydrogen polar covalent Correct A hydrogen atom with a net positive charge is attracted to an oxygen atom with a net negative charge. Activity: Structure of the Atomic Nucleus 11/34 8/23/2019 Chapter 02: Earth's Physical Systems: Matter, Energy, and Geology Click here to complete this activity. Then answer the questions. Part A What is the atomic number of an atom that has 6 protons, 6 neutrons, and 6 electrons? ANSWER: 18 0 -1 6 12 Correct This is an atom of carbon, an element with 6 protons. Atomic number is the number of protons in an atom. Part B Which of these refers to atoms with the same atomic number but different atomic masses? ANSWER: These atoms have different numbers of protons. These atoms have different numbers of electrons. These atoms are different elements. These atoms are isomers. These atoms are isotopes. Correct Atoms with the same atomic number and different atomic masses are referred to as isotopes. Part C Fluorine's atomic number is 9 and its atomic mass is 19. How many neutrons does fluorine have? ANSWER: 10 9 19 28 81 12/34 8/23/2019 Chapter 02: Earth's Physical Systems: Matter, Energy, and Geology Correct Atomic mass is equal to the number of protons plus the number of neutrons (19-9 = 10). Part D An uncharged atom of boron has an atomic number of 5 and an atomic mass of 11. How many protons does boron have? ANSWER: 6 11 0 16 5 Correct The atomic number is equal to the number of protons. Activity: The Polarity of Water Click here to complete this activity. Then answer the questions. Part A Each water molecule can join to _____ other water molecules by ____ bonds. ANSWER: four ... polar covalent four ... hydrogen two ... hydrogen two ... polar covalent three ... ionic Correct As can be seen in the illustration on page 4 of the activity titled "The Polarity of Water" a water molecule can be joined to four other water molecules by hydrogen bonds. Part B The unequal sharing of electrons within a water molecule makes the water molecule _____. 13/34 8/23/2019 Chapter 02: Earth's Physical Systems: Matter, Energy, and Geology ANSWER: have a low surface tension hydrophobic polar ionic change easily from a liquid to gaseous form Correct The electrons spend more time with the oxygen of the water molecule than with the hydrogens of water. Thus, the oxygen has a net negative charge and the hydrogens have a net positive charge. Part C The tendency of an atom to pull electrons toward itself is referred to as its _____. ANSWER: tonicity covalency ionic potential polarity electronegativity Correct The question defines electronegativity. Part D In this molecule, what type of bond is found between the oxygen and hydrogens? ANSWER: polar covalent hydrophilic nonpolar covalent ionic hydrophobic Correct While oxygen shares electrons with hydrogen, the electrons spend more time with the oxygen than with the hydrogens. Part E Which of these bonds is weakest? ANSWER: 14/34 8/23/2019 Chapter 02: Earth's Physical Systems: Matter, Energy, and Geology Correct Hydrogen Bonds are weaker than covalent bonds because they do not involvesharing of electrons, and they are weaker than ionic bonds because they involvethe attraction of partial (not full) opposite charges. Part F Why isn't this insect drowning? ANSWER: The insect is swimming. Surface tension. The insect is flying just above the water surface. The insect is very light. It is difficult to change the temperature of water. Correct The high surface tension of water allows the insect to remain on the surface. Activity: Energy Flow and Chemical Cycling 15/34 8/23/2019 Chapter 02: Earth's Physical Systems: Matter, Energy, and Geology Click here to complete this activity. Then answer the questions. Part A Which of these provides your body with energy? ANSWER: minerals fats oxygen vitamins light Correct Organic molecules, such as fats, are a source of energy. Part B What element is found in all organic compounds? ANSWER: carbon oxygen helium iron nitrogen Correct All organic compounds contain carbon. Part C Where do plants get the energy to make organic molecules? ANSWER: minerals glucose vitamins light water 16/34 8/23/2019 Chapter 02: Earth's Physical Systems: Matter, Energy, and Geology Correct In photosynthesis, plants use the energy of light to make organic molecules. Part D Where do plants get the carbon they use to make organic molecules? ANSWER: glucose oxygen water starch carbon dioxide Correct Plants use the carbon in atmospheric carbon dioxide to make organic molecules. Part E Which of these is NOT an organic molecule? ANSWER: carbohydrates minerals proteins glucose lipids Correct Minerals are inorganic. Activity: Energy Transformations Click here to complete this activity. Then answer the questions. Part A Which of these is exhibiting kinetic energy? ANSWER: 17/34 8/23/2019 Chapter 02: Earth's Physical Systems: Matter, Energy, and Geology an archer with a flexed bow a person sitting on a couch while watching TV a space station orbiting Earth a rock on a mountain ledge the high-energy phosphate bonds of a molecule of ATP Correct Kinetic energy is energy of motion. Part B "Conservation of energy" refers to the fact that _____. ANSWER: the net amount of disorder is always increasing the entropy of the universe is always increasing if you conserve energy you will not be as tired no chemical reaction is 100 percent efficient energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be converted from one form to another Correct This is what is meant by conservation of energy. Part C Chemical energy is a form of _____ energy. ANSWER: potential entropic motion kinetic heat Correct Chemical energy is a form of stored energy. Part D In your body, what process converts the chemical energy found in glucose into the chemical energy found in ATP? ANSWER: digestion anabolism cellular respiration redox potentiation 18/34 8/23/2019 Chapter 02: Earth's Physical Systems: Matter, Energy, and Geology Correct This is the name given to the process by which the body converts food energy to energy stored in ATP. Part E Which of these are by-products of cellular respiration? ANSWER: glucose, carbon dioxide, and water ATP, carbon dioxide, and water carbon dioxide and water heat, carbon dioxide, and water ATP and carbon dioxide Correct These are the by-products of cellular respiration. Animation: Global Geography Through Geologic Time When you have finished, answer the questions. Part A Which of the following happened first? ANSWER: The Appalachian Mountains begin to form. The North Atlantic Ocean begins to form. The formation of Pangaea. The mountains of Southern Asia and Europe begin to form. Correct The Appalachian Mountains began to form about 450 million years ago along a convergent plate boundary. Part B Continental rifting formed which of the following? ANSWER: 19/34 8/23/2019 Chapter 02: Earth's Physical Systems: Matter, Energy, and Geology Mountains of Southern Asia and Europe Ice age glaciers North Atlantic Ocean Pangaea Correct The North Atlantic Ocean began to form about 200 million years ago through the process of continental rifting. Part C Which of the following occurred about 21,000 years ago? ANSWER: India breaks off from Antarctica and begins moving north toward Asia. The North Atlantic Ocean begins to form. The Appalachian Mountains finish forming. The formation of the ice age glaciers. Correct The formation of the ice age glaciers is a relatively recent event, occurring about 21,000 years ago. Interpreting Graphs and Data: Chemistry and the Environment In phytoremediation, plants are used to clean up soil or water contaminated by heavy metals such as lead (Pb), arsenic (As), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd). For plants to absorb these metals from soil, the metals must be dissolved in soil water. For any given instance, all metal can be accounted for as remaining bound to soil particles, being dissolved in soil water, or being stored in the plant. In a study on the effectiveness of alpine penny-cress (Thlaspi caerulescens) for phytoremediation, Enzo Lombi and his colleagues grew crops of this small perennial plant for approximately 1 year in pots of soil from contaminated sites. They then measured the amount of zinc and cadmium in the soil and in the plants when they were harvested. Part A Prior to phytoremediation the concentration of Cd in the soil was: ANSWER: 20/34 8/23/2019 Chapter 02: Earth's Physical Systems: Matter, Energy, and Geology 1,900 mg/kg soil. 19 mg/kg soil. 12 mg/kg soil. 1,200 mg/kg soil. Correct Correct. According to the graph, the soil contained approximately 19 mg/kg soil prior to remediation. Part B After 1 year of phytoremediation, alpine penny-cress removed ____ mg/kg soil of zinc. ANSWER: 3,000 200 2 2,800 Correct Correct. According to the graph, alpine penny-cress removed approximately 200 mg Zn/kg soil. Part C If plants continue to remove zinc at the rate shown, it would take _____ years to remove all the zinc. ANSWER: 1 year and 1 month 15 years 3 years 600,000 years Correct Correct. If remediation removes 200 mg Zn/kg soil each year, removing a total of 3000 mg Zn should take approximately 15 years. Part D In comparing the removal of cadmium with the removal of zinc, the alpine penny-cress removed a _____ % and a ____ mass of cadmium than of zinc. ANSWER: higher, higher higher, lower lower, lower lower, higher Correct Correct. Alpine penny-cress removed 37% of the cadmium, versus only 7% of the zinc, but removed 7 mg cadmium versus 200 mg zinc. Part E 21/34 8/23/2019 Chapter 02: Earth's Physical Systems: Matter, Energy, and Geology If the area contaminated with heavy metals contained 10,000 kg of soil, after 5 years of phytoremediation one would expect alpine penny-cress to have removed: ANSWER: 1,000 mg zinc. 10,000 mg zinc. 10 kg zinc. 1,000 g zinc. Correct Correct. Removing 200 mg Zn/kg soil for 5 years, times 10,000 kg soil, equals the removal of 10,000,000 mg zinc, or 10 kg zinc. Viewpoints: Chemistry and the Environment Read what several scientists have to say on the issue of chemistry and the environment and then answer the questions. Part A Microbes were first considered for bioremediation after Marjory Stephenson observed that they were digesting enormous quantities of waste from a sugar beet factory. The waste was accumulating in: ANSWER: Area plants. The atmosphere. River water. Nearby soils. Correct The river was contaminated with the sugar beet factory effluent. Part B Microorganisms have the ability to degrade a variety of substances. In addition microbes can: ANSWER: Synthesize nitrates. Bind and accumulate heavy metals. Perform only in reactions that require energy input. Cause MTBE persistence in the environment. Correct Certain microbes can bind and accumulate heavy metals. Part C The initial test results of an EPA study in 1989 and 1990 were not conclusive about the value of biostimulation of indigenous microbes and about the use of exogenous bacteria for remediation. In contrast, a later field study in Delaware reached the following conclusions: ANSWER: 22/34 8/23/2019 Chapter 02: Earth's Physical Systems: Matter, Energy, and Geology Addition of exogenous bacteria leads to faster hydrocarbon cleanup than biostimulation. Biostimulation can slow down hydrocarbon removal. Exogenous bacteria outcompete indigenous bacteria. Biostimulation can accelerate hydrocarbon removal. Correct In the field study, biostimulation of indigenous microbes accelerated hydrocarbon disappearance. Part D Which of the following landscapes is suitable for biostimulation? ANSWER: An anaerobic wetland where nutrients are plentiful An anaerobic wetland where nutrients are limiting An aerobic salt marsh where nutrients are plentiful An aerobic salt marsh where nutrients are limiting Correct Research determined that appropriate sites are aerobic, with limited nutrients. Part E Imagine that biostimulation is used on a widespread scale for a bioremediation project. Which of the following ecosystem changes represent a potential side effect of the cleanup efforts? ANSWER: Decreased wildlife habitat Eutrophication (degradation due to increased production of organic matter) of nearby rivers Increased air pollution Soil recontamination Correct The use of nutrients for biostimulation could add excess nutrients to a watershed, and lead to problems with eutrophication. Components and Structure of the Atom Learning Goal: To specify the basic components of the atom and describe our modern conception of its structure. Part A The atom consists of three types of subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. The electron is by far the lightest of the three, while the much heavier proton and neutron have masses very similar to each other. Two of the types of particles carry an electrical charge, while the third is neutral. Label the subatomic particles and appropriate charges by their relative locations. Identify the subatomic particles by dragging the appropriate labels to their respective targets. Hint 1. Which subatomic particles carry electric charge? Of the three subatomic particles, two carry equal but opposite charges. Select the two correct statements that match the subatomic particle with the appropriate charge. Check all that apply. 23/34 8/23/2019 Chapter 02: Earth's Physical Systems: Matter, Energy, and Geology ANSWER: The neutron carries a positive charge. The proton carries a positive charge. The neutron carries a negative charge. The proton carries a negative charge. The electron carries a negative charge. The electron carries a positive charge. Hint 2. Which subatomic particles are not found in the nucleus? Protons and electrons carry equal but opposite charges. Atomic nuclei are positively charged and are not composed of negatively charged particles. Which types of subatomic particles cannot be located within the nucleus? Select any that apply. ANSWER: protons neutrons electrons ANSWER: Reset Help electron negative proton neutron positive 24/34 8/23/2019 Chapter 02: Earth's Physical Systems: Matter, Energy, and Geology Correct This image represents the classical model of the atom proposed by Niels Bohr. Although this model has changed slightly as the result of modern scientific discoveries, it does help in understanding the relative locations of the subatomic particles in the atom. Notice that the protons and neutrons are bound in the nucleus, while the electrons are located in the space surrounding the nucleus. Part B Of the three types of subatomic particles, only neutrons do not carry charge. Protons carry a positive charge, and electrons carry a negative charge. Protons and neutrons are bound in the nucleus, while electrons orbit the nucleus. When the number of each type of subatomic particle in an atom changes, the characteristics defining the atom also change. Match the appropriate phrases with the type of subatomic particle that completes the defining characteristic. Match the words in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. Make certain each sentence is complete before submitting your answer. Hint 1. What type of subatomic particle is lost or gained when an ion forms? For any atom of a given element to go from being neutral ( gained? ) to being ionized ( ), what type of subatomic particle must be lost or Select all that apply. ANSWER: loss of an electron loss of a proton loss of a neutron gain of an electron gain of a proton gain of a neutron Hint 2. What type of subatomic particle identifies an element? When identifying the element classification of a particular atom, which type of subatomic particle is used? ANSWER: electron proton neutron ANSWER: 25/34 8/23/2019 Chapter 02: Earth's Physical Systems: Matter, Energy, and Geology Reset Help 1. The number of electrons identifies whether an atom carries a charge as an ion or is neutral. 2. The number of protons identifies the type of element. neutrons Correct The number of each type of subatomic particle plays an important role in the characteristics of the atom. The general element classification (hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, etc.) is governed by the number of protons in the nucleus. If the number of protons changes in an atom, so does the type of element. The electrons are the only type of subatomic particle not in the nucleus. They orbit around the nucleus, bound by the electromagnetic force. When electrons are lost or gained by a neutral atom, the charge balance shifts, resulting in the atom becoming an ion. Ions can be either positive when electrons are lost or negative when electrons are gained. Part C In the classical view of the atom, Bohr pictured electrons orbiting the positively charged nucleus similar to how the planets orbit the Sun. While this picture was not entirely correct, it provides a good framework in which to make calculations about the energies of electrons. Different from the predictions of Newtonian mechanics, which allows any energy to be possible, Bohr described the electron orbits (now called orbitals) as having specific energies. Rank the following electron energy states according to their electron energies. Rank from highest to lowest energies. Hint 1. What are the definitions of orbital, ground state, and excited state? Define orbital, ground state, and excited state. Match the words in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. Make certain each sentence is complete before submitting your answer. ANSWER: Reset Help 1. Orbital is another term for any precisely defined energy state in which an electron can exist in an atom. 2. Ground state refers to the lowest energy state that an electron can have within an atom. 3. Excited state refers to the state of an atom when one of its electrons is in a higher energy orbital than the ground state. Hint 2. How does the state change when an electron absorbs energy? Electrons can absorb energy either from light radiation or from collisions with other atoms. If an electron is in the first excited energy state and absorbs enough energy to go to the next higher energy state, into what state will the electron transition? ANSWER: the ground state the second excited state the third excited state ANSWER: 26/34 8/23/2019 Chapter 02: Earth's Physical Systems: Matter, Energy, and Geology Reset third excited state second excited state first excited state Help ground state The correct ranking cannot be determined. Correct Excited states refer to the energy of an electron. The higher the state, the higher the energy of the electron. The electron energies of each orbital are fixed. The energy required for an electron to transition between each orbital is an exact value, corresponding to the difference between the orbital energies. Any energy more or less than these precise differences cannot be used by the electron to make a transition; only the energies equal to the full values can induce a transition. Part D The Bohr model accounted for most of the general characteristics of the atom. However, the modern model based on quantum mechanics explains that, although the energy of each orbital is fixed, the orbital radius is actually an average distance. The result is a "cloud" where the electron is most likely to be located. The following is an image of an atom of hydrogen, consisting of one proton, zero neutrons, and one electron. When an electron is excited to different energy levels, the radius from the nucleus also changes. Rank the following electron energy states according to the average distance of the electron from the nucleus. Rank from largest to smallest distances. Hint 1. What is the relationship between electron orbital distance and electron energy? Rank the following general electron energies from largest to smallest electron orbital distances. Rank from largest to smallest orbital distances. ANSWER: 27/34 8/23/2019 Chapter 02: Earth's Physical Systems: Matter, Energy, and Geology Reset high electron energy medium electron energy Help low electron energy ANSWER: Reset third excited state second excited state first excited state Help ground state The correct ranking cannot be determined. Correct Excited states refer to the energy state of an electron. The higher the state, the higher the energy and the greater the distance of the electron from the nucleus. Due to the attractive force between the negatively charged electron and the positively charged nucleus, the electron requires greater energies to overcome this attraction and achieve orbits at greater distances. Activity: Nonpolar and Polar Molecules 28/34 8/23/2019 Chapter 02: Earth's Physical Systems: Matter, Energy, and Geology Click here to complete this activity. Then answer the questions. Part A Which of these figures correctly illustrates the nature of the bonding of H2O? ANSWER: Correct Oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen. Part B 29/34 8/23/2019 Chapter 02: Earth's Physical Systems: Matter, Energy, and Geology What type of bond joins the carbon atom to each of the hydrogen atoms? ANSWER: double (nonpolar) covalent single (nonpolar) covalent ionic polar covalent hydrogen Correct Each carbon-hydrogen bond involves a single pair of equally shared electrons. Concept Review: The pH Scale Can you classify solutions as acidic, neutral, or basic? Part A Decide whether each label describes a solution that is acidic, neutral, or basic, and then drag it into the appropriate bin. ANSWER: Reset lemon juice Help a solution with pH 6 pure water a solution with pH 7 a solution with pH 12 liquid soap normal rainwater a solution with a higher concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) than hydroxide ions (OH-) a solution with equal concentrations of hydroxide ions (OH-) and hydrogen ions (H+) a solution with a higher concentration of hydroxide ions (OH-) than hydrogen ions (H+) Correct Chapter 2 Graph and Figure Interpretation Question 1 30/34 8/23/2019 Chapter 02: Earth's Physical Systems: Matter, Energy, and Geology Part A Use the figure to answer the following question. Within the water molecule, ________ connect(s) two hydrogens to every oxygen. ANSWER: ionic bonds isotopes magnetic force hydrogen bonds covalent bonds Correct BioFlix Activity: Photosynthesis -- Inputs and Outputs Can you fill in the photosynthesis equation? To review photosynthesis, watch this BioFlix animation: Photosynthesis. Part A - Photosynthesis equation Drag the labels onto the equation to identify the inputs and outputs of photosynthesis. ANSWER: 31/34 8/23/2019 Chapter 02: Earth's Physical Systems: Matter, Energy, and Geology Reset Help Reset Help Correct BioFlix Activity: Cellular Respiration -- Inputs and Outputs Can you fill in the cellular respiration equation? To review cellular respiration, watch this BioFlix animation: Cellular Respiration. Part A - Cellular respiration equation Drag the labels onto the equation to identify the inputs and outputs of cellular respiration. ANSWER: 32/34 8/23/2019 Chapter 02: Earth's Physical Systems: Matter, Energy, and Geology Correct Pre-Lecture Quiz Chapter 2 - Question 7 Part A Which of the following are responsible for the formation of some of the world's highest mountains? Hint 1. Review the different types of plate boundaries to discover which of them is responsible for mountain formations. ANSWER: tactile plate boundaries convergent plate boundaries divergent plate boundaries transform plate boundaries Correct Convergent plate boundaries can cause either subduction or continental collisions. Continental collisions lead to mountain formations. Case Study Video Tour: The Tohoku Earthquake—Has It Shaken the World’s Trust in Nuclear Power? Watch the video and then answer the questions. Part A What specifically triggered a meltdown in the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant? ANSWER: The earthquake caused the reactor building to collapse. Fires from collapsing structures heated the nuclear material, leading to meltdown. Human error during an evacuation caused the meltdown. The earthquake-triggered tsunami breached a nearby seawall; its waters directly impacted the power plant by seeping into the plant, resulting in a nuclear meltdown. Correct Fukushima Daiichi is situated adjacent to the shoreline; thus, it is vulnerable to the rising waters of a storm surge. Part B What forces generate tsunamis? 33/34 8/23/2019 Chapter 02: Earth's Physical Systems: Matter, Energy, and Geology ANSWER: Tsunamis are driven by seismic waves. Earthquakes trigger tsunamis by displacing large amounts of rock and sediment on the ocean floor along the fault line. Tidal forces are much weaker than earthquakes. Earthquakes generate blasts of air upward that cause waves like ripples on a pond, which are known as tsunamis. Correct Tsunamis travel near the speed of sound on the open ocean. They slow down as the wave encounters the ocean bottom near shore, which causes them to increase in height. Part C What did the government of Japan do after the Fukushima disaster? ANSWER: All 48 of Japan’s nuclear power plants were dismantled. Japan needed the electricity so the plants continued to operate. The government immediately shut down and ordered the reinspection of all 48 of its nuclear power plants. All 48 of Japan’s nuclear power plants were converted to coal-fired plants. Correct The government’s response to Fukushima was fairly swift, informed by the fact that many of the plants were comparatively old, in addition to other factors. The 48 nuclear power plants generated 30% of Japan’s electricity. Score Summary: Your score on this assignment is 97.7%. You received 70.33 out of a possible total of 72 points. 34/34