University:
Eastern Kentucky University
Course:
HIS 310 | History of Science
Academic year:

2024
Views:

135

Pages:

2
Author:

customer-8229043

Key Contributions of Famous Scientists to the Study of Animal Behavior, based on The Oxford Companion to Animal Behavior, covering the timeline from Aristotle to Tinbergen: Scientist Time Period Key Contributions to Animal Behavior Aristotle 384–322 BC Systematic observation of ~540 species; emphasized empirical evidence; linked biology and psychology; described instinct and emotion. Pliny the Elder 23–79 AD Compiled early knowledge on animal behavior in Historia Naturalis; described nesting behavior, hygiene, and feeding in birds. Galen c. 129–200 AD Demonstrated innate behavior through experiments on goat kids; supported early ideas of instinct. Albertus Magnus c. 1200–1280 Emphasized observation and early experimentation; criticized myths; studied reproductive and mating behavior. Frederick II 1194–1250 Authored De Arte Venandi cum Avibus; detailed ornithological behavior including nesting and migration. Pierre Belon 1517–1564 Considered founder of comparative anatomy; emphasized observation of fish and birds. Konrad Gesner 1516–1565 Produced Historia Animalium; attempted systematic observation of animals in natural environments. Francis Bacon 1561–1626 Advocated for empirical methods and inductive reasoning, influencing later experimental studies in behavior. Rene Descartes 1596–1650 Proposed animals as automata; although flawed, prompted debates on instinct vs. reason. John Locke 1632–1704 Introduced associationism; viewed animals as capable of thought and learning. David Hartley 1705–1757 Developed physiological basis for associative learning in animals. Erasmus Darwin Argued for learning and experience over instinct; linked behavior with species transformation. 1731–1802 J.-B. Lamarck 1744–1829 Linked nervous system to instinct; proposed inheritance of acquired behavior; graded behavior with evolutionary scale. Charles Darwin 1809–1882 Showed continuity of emotions and behavior in humans and animals; studied instinct, learning, and expression; emphasized natural selection. Douglas A. Spalding c. 1840–1877 Conducted pioneering experiments on imprinting, instinct, and antipredator behavior. Francis Galton 1822–1911 Studied gregarious behavior; proposed natural selection of social instincts. J. H. Fabre 1823–1915 Naturalistic studies of insects; opposed speculative explanations; careful documentation of behavior. W. H. Hudson 1841–1922 Promoted field observation and descriptive studies of bird behavior. W. M. Wheeler 1865–1937 Advocated ethology in America; specialized in social insects like ants. Oskar Heinroth 1871–1945 One of the first to use the term ethology; focused on innate behavior patterns. Julian Huxley 1887–1975 Integrated evolutionary theory with behavior; promoted ethology and its scientific status. Konrad Lorenz 1903–1989 Co-founder of modern ethology; worked on imprinting, fixed action patterns, and innate behavior. Nikolaas Tinbergen 1907–1988 Established the four questions of ethology: causation, development, function, and evolution; emphasized field experiments.