Management Chapter 8 Quiz Part 2

60. The creative process normally begins with a period of ____.  a. Verification  b. Insight  c. Incubation  d. Preparation  e. Application ANSWER:d 61. While driving home from a hard day at work, Susan finally realizes the solution to the problem she had been having with a certain customer. Susan just reached which stage of the creative process?  a. Instigation  b. Insight  c. Incubation  d. Verification  e. Preparation ANSWER:b 62. One important method for enhancing creativity is to make it a part of the organization's ____.  a. standard operating procedures.  b. decision-making processes.  c. culture.  d. strategic plans.  e. none of the above. ANSWER:c 63. Which of the following includes conditions conducive to groupthink?  a. Group cohesiveness, leader's promotion of personal preferences, insulation from expert opinions  b. Group cohesiveness, members' promotion of personal preferences, best decision is goal  c. Group cohesiveness, leader promotion of personal preferences, critical thinking urged  d. Members' promotion of personal preferences, best decision is goal, critical thinking urged  e. Group cohesiveness, member's promotion of personal preferences, insulation from expert opinions ANSWER:a 64. All of the following are symptoms of groupthink EXCEPT  a. an illusion of invulnerability.  b. collective efforts to rationalize or discount warnings.  c. a lack of idea promotion from the group leader.  d. stereotyped views of enemy leaders.  e. direct pressure on members who present contrary views. ANSWER: c 65. All of the following are features of group discussion that contribute to group polarization EXCEPT a. group members could take an extreme view of an opinion  Page10   b. task uncertainty can be impacted by the decision c. persuasive arguments can encourage polarization  d. members may feel they are not individually responsible  e. members will accept a more radical decision from their own ANSWER:b 66. Which of the following statements about brainstorming is FALSE?  a. It's used in the idea generation phase of decision making.  b. Members present ideas and clarify them.  c. Ideas are recorded in secret.  d. Ideas are recorded on a flip chart.  e. It does not provide resolution to the problem. ANSWER:c 67. All of the following are used in the nominal group technique of decision-making EXCEPT  a. individuals convene to address an issue.  b. the issue is described to the group.  c. each proposed idea must be wholly original.  d. initially, no discussion among the members is permitted.  e. members take turns reporting their ideas. ANSWER:c 68. The Delphi technique is designed for use by groups  a. that are very large  b. that are very small.  c. that do not meet face-to-face.  d. that have suffered from groupthink in the past.  e. that are familiar with the rules of brainstorming. ANSWER:c 69. According to the rational decision-making approach, what is the fifth step of the decision-making process?  a. Identify the problem  b. Generate alternatives  c. Evaluate alternatives  d. State the situational goal  e. Determine the decision type ANSWER:c 70. According to the rational decision-making approach, what is the fourth step of the decision-making process?  a. Identify the problem  b. Generate alternatives  c. Evaluate alternatives  d. State the situational goal  e. Determine the decision type Page11 ANSWER:b 71. According to the rational decision-making approach, what is the third step of the decision-making process?  a. Identify the problem  b. Generate alternatives  c. Evaluate alternatives  d. State the situational goal  e. Determine the decision type ANSWER:e 72. According to the rational decision-making approach, what is the first step of the decision-making process?  a. Identify the problem  b. Generate alternatives  c. Evaluate alternatives  d. State the situational goal  e. Determine the decision type ANSWER:d 73. Being able to see similarities between situations, phenomena, or events is a creative ability called ____ thinking.  a. referent  b. convergent  c. divergent  d. emergent  e. parallel ANSWER:b 74. The second step of the creative process is __________.  a. verification  b. insight  c. incubation  d. preparation  e. application ANSWER:c 75. The third step of the creative process is ___________.  a. verification  b. insight  c. incubation  d. preparation  e. application ANSWER:b 76. The fourth step of the creative process is ___________.  a. Verification  b. Insight  c. Incubation Page12   d. Preparation e. Application ANSWER:a 77. According to prospect theory, people are more motivated by  a. the threat of losing something than by the prospect of gaining something.  b. the prospect of gaining something than by the threat of losing something.  c. internal values than by external rewards.  d. external rewards than by internal values.  e. none of these ANSWER:a 78. In ________, the decision maker examines alternatives only until a solution that meets minimal requirements is found.  a. optimizing  b. suboptimizing  c. compromising  d. satisficing  e. narrowing ANSWER:d 79. A(n) _______ is an informal alliance of individuals or groups formed to achieve a common goal.  a. group  b. coalition  c. team  d. armada  e. union ANSWER:b 80. Satisficing refers to making a(n) _________ rather than _________ decision.  a. intuitive, rational  b. short-term, longterm  c. correct, incorrect  d. optimal, satisfactory  e. satisfactory, optimal ANSWER:e 81. Which of the following is true about intuition?  a. it is largely arbitrary  b. it evolves over time  c. it's not based on rationality  d. it's similar to guessing  e. all of these ANSWER: b Page13 82. What term refers to the tendency of people to make more extreme decisions in a group than when alone?  a. brainstorming  b. groupthink  c. escalation of commitment  d. group polarization  e. risk propensity ANSWER:d 83. What mode of thinking occurs when people are deeply involved in a cohesive in-group and members’ strivings for unanimity override their motivation to realistically appraise alternative courses of action?  a. brainstorming  b. groupthink  c. escalation of commitment  d. group polarization  e. risk propensity ANSWER:b 84. In the study of groupthink, what term refers to self-appointed members who shield the group from conflicting information?  a. group rationalizers  b. group poles  c. risky shifters  d. self censors  e. mindguards ANSWER:e 85. When groupthink occurs, silence is viewed as agreement. This most directly contributes to the  a. shared illusion of invulnerability.  b. shared illusion of unanimity.  c. stereotyped views of "enemy" leaders.  d. unquestioned belief in the group's inherent morality.  e. collective efforts to rationalize or dismiss warnings. ANSWER:b 86. To help prevent groupthink, leaders should assign the role of “_____________” to each group member to allow each member to freely voice objections and doubts.  a. warning dismisser  b. risky shifter  c. unquestioned believer  d. mindguard  e. critical evaluator ANSWER: e 87. Which of the following is true about brainstorming? Page14   a. the number of ideas should be limited b. ideas should be criticized and judged quickly  c. ideas should not be written down  d. implausible ideas should not be suggested  e. none of these ANSWER:e 88. Which of the following is a structured variation of a small-group discussion to reach consensus?  a. prospect theory  b. brainstorming  c. the Delphi technique  d. the nominal group technique  e. none of these ANSWER:d 89. The Delphi technique uses which of the following to gather opinions from experts?  a. conference calls  b. group meetings  c. interviews  d. questionnaires  e. stream-of-consciousness journals ANSWER:d 90. The Delphi technique is a useful way to gather opinions from experts who  a. don't like each other.  b. desire anonymity.  c. live far away from each other.  d. all of these  e. none of these ANSWER:d 91. Creative thinking is enhanced by which of the following?  a. attraction to complexity  b. high levels of energy  c. intelligence  d. openness  e. all of these ANSWER:e 92. The risk of groupthink may be curbed by increasing the ____________ of senior management.  a. homogeneity  b. size  c. male-to-female ratio  d. diversity  e. none of these Page15 ANSWER:d 93. What term refers to the act of persisting with a failing course of action?  a. brainstorming  b. groupthink  c. escalation of commitment  d. group polarization  e. risk propensity ANSWER:c 94. Which of the following does NOT tend to be one of the toughest managerial decisions?  a. opening a business  b. deciding which new product to launch  c. buying or selling a business  d. hiring and firing  e. creating work schedules ANSWER:e 95. It is possible for the same decision to be ____________ for an experienced manager but ___________ for a more junior manager.  a. tactical, strategic  b. strategic, tactical  c. nonprogrammed, programmed  d. programmed, nonprogrammed  e. none of these ANSWER:d 96. Nonprogrammed decisions require managers to use ____________ rather than ___________.  a. individuals, groups  b. groups, individuals  c. creativity, decision rules  d. decision rules, creativity  e. strategic thinking, critical thinking ANSWER:c 97. The information needed to make a programmed decision is ________ available, and the problem is ___________ structured.  a. readily, highly  b. not readily, not highly  c. not readily, highly  d. readily, not highly  e. somewhat readily, somewhat highly ANSWER: a 98. Which of the following is NOT a category of prescriptions for preventing groupthink? Page16   a. process prescriptions b. individual prescriptions  c. leader prescriptions  d. group prescriptions  e. organizational prescriptions ANSWER:d 99. A group member who discusses group deliberations with an expert outsider and reports her findings to the group is most likely trying to prevent  a. brainstorming.  b. groupthink.  c. escalation of commitment.  d. group polarization.  e. risk propensity. ANSWER: b Completion 100. ____________________ decisions are well structured, recurring, and made according to decision rules. ANSWER: Programmed 101. A ______ decision involves a nonroutine, poorly structured problem and cannot be made with existing decision rules. ANSWER: nonprogrammed 102. A(n) ____________ plan is an alternative course of action that can be taken if the primary course of action is unexpectedly disrupted or rendered inappropriate. ANSWER: contingency 103. One of the strengths of the ___________________________________ to decision-making is that is forces the decision maker to consider a decision in a logical, sequential manner, and the in-depth analysis of alternatives enables the decision maker to choose on the basis of information rather than emotion or social pressure. ANSWER: rational approach 104. Post-decision ____________________ refers to the doubt, tension, or regret that often follows making a decision when more than one alternative was attractive. ANSWER: dissonance 105. Examining alternatives only until a solution that meets minimal requirements is found and then ceasing to look for a better one is called ____________________. ANSWER: satisficing 106. ____________________ is knowingly accepting less than the best possible outcome. ANSWER: Suboptimizing 107. ___________ is person’s ability to generate new ideas or to conceive of new perspectives on existing ideas. ANSWER: Creativity 108. When using the _______________ group technique, group members follow a generate-discussion-vote cycle until Page17 they reach a decision. ANSWER: nominal 109. The ____________________ technique is a decision-making method designed for groups that do not meet face to face. ANSWER: Delphi Matching Match each of the following situations with the stage of the rational approach to decision making it most clearly illustrates. a. Bob looks up business school rankings to determine which schools would consider his GPA and GMAT score competitive. b. Bob decides which business schools he'd like to attend. c. If all of the business schools he applies to reject him, Bob will try to raise his GMAT score and apply again next year. d. Bob completes and sends out applications to the business schools he'd like to attend. e. Bob wants to go to a good business school. f. After determining which high-quality schools he has a reasonable shot of getting into, Bob uses a combination of factors -- price, location, and teacher ratings -- to compare them. 110. state the goal ANSWER: e 111. choose an alternative ANSWER: b 112. generate alternatives ANSWER: a 113. evaluate alternatives ANSWER: f 114. devise a contingency plan ANSWER: c 115. implement the plan ANSWER: d Match each of the following situations with the concept it most clearly illustrates. a. Hugh needs to buy a new laptop. He searches online until he finds the first laptop that fits his price and performance needs, then he immediately buys it. b. In a hand of poker, Kevin makes a bid and Julie calls. Later, Kevin makes a higher bid, and Julie calls again. At the end of the hand, when Julie goes all in, Kevin's almost certain she has the better cards. However, because he's already invested so much in the hand, Kevin feels obliged to call. c. On paper, the candidate seems excellent, so Nina invites him for an interview, which goes swimmingly. Still, something about the guy seems "off" to Nina, and though she can't put her finger on what it is, she hires someone else. d. Simone knows that the laptop she's about to buy from the electronics store is both more expensive and of lower quality than a laptop she could buy online. However, she desperately needs a laptop immediately, so goes ahead with the purchase. Page18 116. escalation of commitment ANSWER:b 117. satisficing ANSWER:a 118. suboptimizing ANSWER:d 119. intuition ANSWER:c Ordering 120. Order the steps of the creative process.   insight a.   incubation b.   c. verificatio n   preparation d. ANSWER:d, b, a, c Essay 121. Compare and contrast the classifications of programmed and nonprogrammed decisions. Give an example of each type of decision. ANSWER:Answer not provided. 122. Discuss the various steps of the rational decision-making process, then apply the steps to either a personal or professional decision that you had to make. ANSWER:Answer not provided. 123. Describe, discuss, and give examples of the behavioral approach to decision-making. ANSWER:Answer not provided. 124. Discuss the factors that make a person more creative. Analyze your own approach to decision making based on these factors. ANSWER:Answer not provided. 125. Discuss the primary conditions that foster the development of groupthink, and outline at least four symptoms of a group in which groupthink has taken hold. ANSWER:Answer not provided. Page19