Amino Acids Protiens and Enzymes Countinued

Exam 3 Study Guide In chemistry and biochemistry, the term "Hydrophilic" means water loving. True A Bronsted-Lowry acid is a substance which Donates protons to other substances Which is the conjugate base of HSO4-? SO4 (A) Kw review, what does it mean? The equilibrium constant is called dissociation constant or ionization constant of water pH concentration solution (Acid or Base) pH → which one is more acidic or basic? Solution (Acid or Base) Example: solution of 2.5, is it an acid? True or False Electrolyte (Ions/Ionic compounds) should NOT be covalent compounds. pH Calculation, Example: pH of 8 (work backwards → H+ concentration = 1.0 × 10^-5) What is the relationship between pH and pOH? pH is the measure of hydrogen ion concentration [H+], pOH is a measure of the hydroxide ion concentration [OH-]. They BOTH share the number 7 as a neutral solution. Chemical equation → Pick the pairs that are conjugate acid or base pairs. Example: A+B give C+D. B&C are conjugate pairs 12. If you combine an Acid and Base, what are the 2 products for those? Water and salt (called neutralization reaction) 13. What does Alkaline mean? Part of the pH scale Is a BASE Alkaline is #7 (neutral) 14. Out of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids which one is a biological molecule. They All are 15. In carbohydrates, how do you know when it is an L or D form? D form is on the right side L form is on the left. 16. What are the atoms that make up carbohydrates? Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen 17. What do you call one unit of sugar in carbohydrates? Two units? Multiple units? (1) Monosaccharide, (2) Disaccharide, (Many) Polysaccharide 18. Monosaccharide vs. polysaccharide → which one is the larger molecule? Polysaccharide 19. What are the 2 functional groups of carbohydrates? Aldehyde or ketone and an alcohol functional group. 20. What is a hydroxyl (in carbohydrates)? A hydroxyl is the -OH that is present in alcohols and other organic compounds 21. Structure of a carbohydrate → Name it. 22. How can you tell where the OH goes (top or bottom) in a cyclic ring? Linear to cyclic ring 23. What is the largest and smallest polysaccharide? Certainly, here is the text transcribed from the image you sent: Smaller-Amylose, Larger-Glycogen Example: Say I have a 6 carbon sugar, what is it? → Hexose How do you describe glucose? Simple sugar, monosaccharide, main type of sugar in the blood and is the major source of energy in the body's cells. Are lipids monomers or polymers? Monomers Are fatty acids/fats at room temperature solid, liquid, or gas? Solid What is a triglyceride? Derived from glycerol and three fatty acids (related to lipids) What are the lipoproteins and function? CM (Chyloprotein) formed in the small intestine VLDL (very low-density protein) in the liver transport triacylglycerol, phospholipids, and cholesterol to the tissues for storage LDL (Low-density lipoprotein) Deposits cholesterol in the arteries, which restrict blood flow (heart attack, bad cholesterol) HDL (High-density lipoprotein) removes excess cholesterol from the tissues and carry it to the liver where it is converted to bile salts and eliminated (good cholesterol)   Can a person live with no lipids? False What are the physical properties of biochemical compounds? Soluble in water If you have a lipid and carbohydrate molecule, which one would you expect to be bigger? Carbohydrates 33. What does saturated vs. unsaturated mean? saturated has single bonds, unsaturated has double bonds. 34 Lecture 5. 06.21 Amino Acids, Proteins, and Enzymes Continued Other Types of Protein Globular Protein compact, spherical shapes Functions as synthesis, transport, and metabolism. Ex: Myoglobin-stores oxygen in skeletal muscles Fibrous Protein consists of long, thin fiber-like shapes Ex: a keratins and B keratins a keratins: hair, wool, skin, and nails B keratins: feathers of birds Peptide bond H H + H₂O HN R Denaturation when there is a disruption of any of the bondsthat Stabilize the secondary, tertiary, and quaternaryStructure. The covalent amide bonds or the primary structure are not affected Denaturation is the loss of correct 3-dimensional Structures Only non-covalent bonds are broken during denaturation when proteins are denatured their enzyme activities no Denaturing agents Heat Agitation Metal ions: Ag+, Pb2+, Hg2+ Acids and Bases Unfolded Folded Lecture 5.11.21 Amino Acids, Proteins, and Enzymes Cont. Enzymes Lyases: catalyze removal of a group from or additional of a group to a double bond Isomerases: Catalyze intramolecular rearrangement Ligases: catalyze reactions in which two molecules are joined Enzymes act as catalysts Lock and key hypothesis Enzyme accommodates the specific substrate as a lock does with its specific keys E. Fischer in 1894 Enzymes act as catalysts Induced Fit hypothesis Both enzyme and substrate are distorted on binding. Certainly, here is the text transcribed from the image you sent: D. Koshland in 1958 Dominant model for enzyme catalysis Factors that affect enzyme activity pH: changes in pH can lead to enzyme deconstruction Very sensitive to temperature Temperature: Most active at optimum temperature (37 degrees or body temperature for most enzymes) Substrate concentration: Increasing the substrate concentration increases the rate of the catalyzed reaction Enzyme Inhibition: Competitive inhibition: The inhibitor that has a structure that is similar to the substrate Noncompetitive inhibition: The inhibitor binds to the surface of the enzyme, changing its shape in such a way that it cannot bind to substrate Vitamins Water-soluble vitamins have polar groups Excesses of the water-soluble vitamins are more likely to be excreted in the urine. Fat-Soluble vitamins are nonpolar compounds Vitamins A, D, E, and K are stored in the body's fat deposits Vitamin A is essential for night vision, healthy eyes Vitamin D, in the kidney, is converted to a hormone that regulates calcium absorption and bone formation Vitamin E like vitamin C, is an antioxidant Vitamin K is produced by intestinal bacteria