Biology EOC Review and Study Guide

Name: Period: Date: Biology EOC Review and Study Guide What are the differences between living and non-living things? List the 8 characteristics of life: Living things can grow living things can feel living things can breathe living things need food living things can move/be mobile living things can reproduce Non-living things can never reproduce Non-living things have no response to change What are the ways that living things get energy to live? They either make the energy from resources available or consume others for energy What are some of the ways that living things use energy? What are some ways that cells maintain homeostasis? What are buffers? What element makes all things “organic”? Fill in the charts. Macromolecule Elements Carbohydrate C, H, O 1:2:1 Proteins C, H, O, N, S Lipids C, H, O No ratio Nucleic Acids C, H, O, N, P Specific Molecule Function Starch Helps the body digest starch to turn into glucose. It is also the main way plants store energy. Cellulose It helps plants stay upright and stiff. It can also connect cells to form tissues and signal cells to grow and divide. Insulin Allows glucose to enter the cells to be used as energy and maintains the glucose found in the bloodstream. Serves as a critical energy source by providing glucose to the body. Glycogen A source of energy in cell function. Glucose They help speed up the chemical process and reactions. Enzymes Keeps inner, soft tissue safe from injuries. Chitin Give the body energy, keeps internal organs safe, and help body absorb important nutrients Fats DNA the genetic makeup of a person and gives instructions needed for an organism to develop. It provides nutrients from translation. RNA Define membrane bound organelle. What cell type are they found in? A structure in which it is bounded by a single or doubl e lipid bilayer membrane. Present in eukaryotic cells. What are the three parts of cell theory? 1. DNA is passed through cell division, 2. cells passed within a species are mostly th e same, 3. That energy flow occurs within cells What is the function of the cell membrane? Provides pr otection for the cell and keeps unwanted substances. What are some of the functions of the proteins found in the cell membrane? Proteins aid in digestion, molecule functions, and other necessary life functions Put the following in order from smallest to largest: organs, cells, organ system, tissues Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems Fill in the chart. Use the letter or number from the diagrams for the last co lumn. Cell Part Structure Description Function Letter or Number Nucleus includes nuclear membrane, chromosomes, nucleoplasm, and nucleolus Plasma membrane phospholipid bilayer Cell wall not in animals, can be found around plant cell Mitochondria inner and outer membrane with intermembrane in between Vacuoles Thin layer that holds everything in. Looks kind of like a balloon Chloroplasts oval-shaped: outer and inner membrane ribosomes membrane bound cell that regulates and A, 6 controls the things that happen in the cell. provide for the transport of materials in and out of the cell. K, 4 provide structure for the plant cell. J create energy in the form of ATP. L, 1 Store water, holds waste and materials for G the cell. convert light into stable chemical energy I Site for the synthesis of proteins M, 13 cellular particle made of RNA Which cell is the plant cell (left or right)? Left Which structures are found only in the plant cell? cell wall, chloroplasts, plastids, and a central vacuole Use the following terms to label the cells below: red blood cell ( Top right ) , sperm cell ( The one with a flagella ) , white blood cell, Middle Bottom muscle cell( Right side ), nerve cell( Left Side ) Which cell is adapted for movement? Sperm Cell Which cells need lots of energy for movement? Muscle Cells Which organelle will be found in large number in cells that need a lot of energy? Mitochondria Why did the large dark molecules NOT move to the left? To large to pass through the semipermeable membrane How is the semi-permeable membrane like a cell membrane? Allows some things to pass through but not all. If the white molecule is water, where is the water concentration the greatest at first? On the left In osmosis, water moves from an area of higher concentration of substrate to an area of lower concentration. If the dark molecules could move, in what direction would they move? Why? To the left because of the lower concentration. In diffusion, molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Which way wate r will move in each of the following situations: Salt inside the cell 65% and outside the cell 40%. Inside Sugar inside the cell 27% and outside 80%. Outside What is homeostasis? Maintaining a balance of chemicals, fluids, etc inside of a living organism. How do cells maintain homeostasis? Cells maintain homeostasis through the process of os mosis. Trading water levels from the outside of the cell to the inside in order to maintain a level of balance. Low to High Diffusion Concentration Active Transport Passive Transport High to Low Concentration x x x With the ATP Osmosis Concentration Gradient Against the Concentration Gradient x x x x 35. The movement of water from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration across the cell membrane without energy being used from the cell? osmosis 36. Explain changes in osmotic pressure that occurs when cells are placed in solutions of differing concentrations. Can you describe what happens to cells in those different solutions: Isotonic Hypotonic Cells placed in this type of solution do not change size. x Cells placed in this type of solution shrink. x High osmotic pressure inside the cell. x Low osmotic pressure inside the cell. Little to no osmotic pressure builds up inside the cell. x x A red blood cell placed in salt water. x A red blood cell placed in distilled water. A red blood cell placed in solution that simulates the blood stream. Hypertonic x x Process Reactant Product Examples of what uses them Photosynthesis 6H2O + 6CO2 + sunlight C6H12O6 + 6O2 Trees and grass. C6H12O6 + 6O2 CO2 + 6O2 + ATP Foxes and Humans. C6H12O6+enzymes CO2+C2H5OH/lactic acid Muscle cells/yeast Cellular Respiration (Aerobic) Cellular Respiration (Anaerobic) 6H 2 O( water ) + 6CO 2 ( car bon dio xide ) + sunlight ? C 6 H 12 O 6 ( glucose )+ 6O 2 ( oxygen ) C 6 H 12 O 6 ( glucose )+ 6O 2 ( oxygen ) ? CO 2 ( carbon dioxide )+ 6O 2 ( oxygen )+ ATP Occurs in Releases Amount of ATP produced Alcoholic Fermentation Yeast Ethanol Two Lactic Acid Fermentation Muscle Cells Lactic Acid Two RNA DNA Sugars Single sugar Double sugar Ribose Single ribose. Di-Ribose Strands Single stranded Double stranded Where in the cell Nucleus and cytoplasm. Nucleus. Function Transfer information through the cell. Contain information for all of the cells. mRNAcarry the coding sequences for protein synthesis and are called transcripts tRNA - molecules form the core of a cell's ribosomes the structures in which protein synthesis takes place rRNA- function at specific sites in the ribosome during translation, which is a process that synthesizes a protein from an mRNA molecule Type of reproduction (asexual or sexual) Mitosis Meiosis Asexual (body or somatic cells) Sexual (gametes, sex cells, egg and sperm cell) Chromosome number of mother cell (1N=haploid or 2N=diploid) 2N 2N Chromosome number of daughter cell (1N=haploid 2N or 2N=diploid) 1N Number of cell divisions 1 2 Number of cells produced 2 4 When does replication happen? During the S phase. During the S phase. Crossing Over X / Random Assortment of chromosomes X / Gene mutations During translation or transcription. During translation or transcription. Nondisjunction x / Fertilization X / SOURCES OF VARIATION What does diploid mean? What does haploid mean? When does crossing over occur during Meiosis? To the left is an electrophoresis gel, showing evidence from a rape case. Anatomical Evidence Patterns in the biological features of an organism can help display evolution. Patterns in Fossils Can display the organisms of the past. Ideas about inheritance Can show how an organism gets the traits it does from its parents. Of acquired characteristics Biochemical comparisons Can show how close the organism is with another on the basis of DNA. (DNA and proteins) The role of sexual reproduction Provides the opportunity for genetic variations to occur. Importance of the environment The ecosystem that an organism grows up in can impact how it turns out. Check which of these are innate behaviors and which are learned behaviors: Innate Suckling Taxes/taxis Migration Estivation X X X X Hibernation X Learned Classical conditioning Trial and error learning Habituation Innate Learned X Imprinting (a mixture of both types of learning) X X X X ( b ) Suckling a. Instinctive seasonal movement of animals. ( c ) Taxes/taxis b. An instinct of mammals that helps with feeding. ( a ) Migration c. Insects moving toward light. ( h ) Estivation d. Reduced metabolism during cold months. ( d ) Hibernation e. An animal forms a social attachment to another object. ( g ) Habituation f. Birds learn that grass/twigs make better nests than empty cans. ( e ) Imprinting g. Learning by association. ( i ) Classical conditioning h. Reduced metabolism during intense heat. ( f ) Trial and error learning i. A learned behavior that occurs when an animal is repeatedly . given a stimulus not associated with any punishment or reward. Lungfish Prokaryote Eukaryote Membrane bound organelles Non-existent Chloroplasts, mitochondria. etc. Ribosomes Throughout the cytoplasm Throughout the cytoplasm and along the endoplasmic reticulum. Location of chromosomes Bunched in the center of the cell. In the nucleus. Size Rather small. Many times larger than prokaryotes. Definition Mutualism Example Symbiosis that is beneficial to both organisms involved. The oxpecker (a kind of bird) and the rhinoceros or zebra. Parasitism Commensalism The practice of living as a parasite in or on another organism. Lice on a human head An association between two organisms in which one benefits and the other derives neither benefit nor harm. An example is a golden jackal following a tiger to feed on leftovers from its kills 169. In the graph below, which organism is the prey? Hares Which is the predator? Foxes 170. Which population increases (or falls) first and why? hares, foxes hunt them 171. Which population increases (or falls) second and why? foxes, there are less hares 172. Why are predator/prey relationships important in an ecosystem? (Consider population dynamics in your answer.) The population of one species maintains the level of the other. 173. What is carrying capacity? Carrying capacity is the number of organisms an ecosystem can support. 174. What are density dependent limiting factors? What are density independent limiting factors? A density dependent limiting factor is one that is affected by the amount of organisms in an ecosystem. Density independent limiting factors are ones that are unaffected by the number of organisms. 175. List at least 3 biotic factors in an environment. Grass, animals. and bacteria. 176. List at least 3 abiotic factors in an environment. Water, sunlight, and wind. Graph 1: Rabbits Over Time 177. What kind of growth curve is shown by the graph to the right? increase 178. What is the carrying capacity for rabbits? 60 179. During what month were rabbits in exponential growth? June 1st Graph 2: Mexico and US 180. In Mexico, what percentage of the population is between 0-4 years of age? 8% 181. In the US? 4% 182. Which population is growing the fastest? Mexico 183. Which age group has the smallest number in both countries? 80+ 184. Which process(es) put carbon dioxide into the atmosphere? organisms decompose 185. Which process(es) take carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere? photosynthesis 186. How does photosynthesis and cell respiration relate to Carbon cycle? photosynthesis pulls carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere 187. Explain the Greenhouse Effect in relationship to carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. traps heat similar to the glass for a greenhouse 188. What effect might increased atmospheric carbon dioxide have on the environment? Earth's temperature Food Webs 189. What are the producers in this food web? blossoms, nuts, bark, leaves 190. What are the primary consumers (herbivores) in this food web? bees, mice, deer, rabbit, insects 191. What are the secondary consumers in this food web? bear, wolf, fox, toad, skunk, birds 192. What are the highest level consumers in this food web? bear 193. How does energy move through a food web? 10% moves through each level 194. How does matter move through a food web? same as 40 195. What is a food chain? Give an example of one from this food web. a series of steps in which organisms transfer, energy by eating or being eaten 196. Create an energy pyramid from the food chain: 197. Where is the most energy in this pyramid? bottom, plants 198. Where is the least energy in this pyramid? top, bear 199. What happens to energy as it moves through the food chain/web? 90% is lost, and 10% gets transferred 200. Assume there are 10,000 kcal of energy in the leaves? Estimate the amount of energy in each of the other levels of the energy pyramid. 10,000; 1,000; 100; 10; 1; .1 201. What percent of energy is lost? 90% 202. How much is passed on? 10% 203. What is the ultimate source of energy for this food web? leaves 204. What are the effects of bioaccumulation (biomagnification) of pesticides on a food web? it can spread to the whole ecosystem 205. Why do some species become resistant to pesticides? the insects that are not resistant die 206. What are some pros and the cons of biocontrols as alternatives to pesticides? Some pros and cons include; minimized safety concerns, increased selectivity, and cost considerations. 207. What is the role of carbon emissions and other emissions as causes of global warming? more water evaporates into the atmosphere 208. What are some possible effects of global warming? Hotter Temperatures, more severe storms, increased drought. 209. What are some ways that carbon production can be decreased? one way to decrease carbon production is to compost food waste if possible. 210. What effect do volcanoes have on the atmosphere? one way volcanoes affect the atmosphere is; volcanic ash and debris that reach the stratosphere can reflect incoming solar radiation and absorb outgoing land radiation, which can cool the earth's surface. 211. What are some examples of sustainable practices and stewardship that can protect the environment? Some examples are; recycle, buy local food, start composting. 212. What is an invasive or non-native species? How can they cause negative effects on an ecosystem? An invasive species is a group of organisms that is overpopulated, they affect the environment by altering the environment.