A Short Guide for Conducting Research Interviews

      A  Short  Guide  for  Conducting  Research  Interviews     An  interview  is  a  great  way  to  get  information  and  insight  into  a  research  topic,  and  it  can  be   fun  for  you  and  the  person  you  are  interviewing.  Most  people  enjoy  sharing  their  expertise,   experiences,  and  insights  if  they’ve  been  given  enough  time  to  do  so.  If  you  plan  to  interview  a   child,  a  patient,  or  another  vulnerable  individual  OR  will  ask  for  medical,  psychological,  or  legal   information,  ask  your  professor  about  the  ethical  standards  that  apply  to  your  discipline,   including  those  relating  to  confidentiality  and  obtaining  written  consent  to  use  the  material   gathered.    The  following  is  a  step-­‐by-­‐step  guide  to  conducting  a  productive  interview.         Before  the  Interview     • Ask  the  person  you  would  like  to  interview  for  an  appointment  as  quickly  as  you  can.    This   gives  you  the  best  chance  of  getting  a  “yes”  in  answer  to  your  request  because  the  window   of  opportunity  for  meeting  with  the  person  is  the  longest  possible.  Be  courteous  and  as   flexible  as  you  can  in  arranging  the  date  and  time  of  the  interview.  It  is  a  good  idea  to   confirm  the  date,  time,  and  place  of  the  interview  in  an  email.           • When  you  ask  for  the  interview,  be  clear  about  the  purpose  of  the  interview,  how  the   information  will  be  used,  and  how  long  the  interview  will  take  (30  minutes  or  an  hour  are   typical  timeframes).  Be  clear  about  whether  the  information  given  will  be  attributed  to  the   person  being  interviewed  or  will  be  anonymous.         • For  a  face-­‐to-­‐face  interview,  be  sure  to  arrange  a  meeting  place  where  you  and  the  person   being  interviewed  feel  safe  and  comfortable.  If  you  are  interviewing  a  professional,  his  or   her  office  during  regular  business  hours  might  be  a  good  arrangement,  but  other  public   places  may  also  be  appropriate.     • Try  to  arrange  for  a  face-­‐to-­‐face  interview,  but  phone  or  email  interviews  can  also  work.     Providing  written  questions  to  get  written  answers  is  not  ideal  because  it  is  hard  to  ask  for   clarification  or  to  ask  follow-­‐up  questions  about  answers  that  surprise  you,  but  email   interviews  can  be  effective  if  you  give  yourself  enough  time  to  follow  up  with  additional   questions  or  requests  for  clarification.         • Research  your  topic  and,  if  possible,  the  person  you  plan  to  interview  before  the  interview   occurs.  Then  you  can  focus  your  questions  and  your  limited  interview  time  on  getting   insights  and  information  not  available  through  other  types  of  research.           •     •             • Prepare  your  questions  in  advance:         o Be  sure  your  questions  are  clear.         o Unless  you  want  a  very  clear  or  precise  answer,  questions  that  can’t  be  answered   “yes”  or  “no”  may  be  the  best  for  encouraging  fuller  answers,  and  may  give  you  an   important  explanation  or  interesting  story.       o Try  to  create  questions  that  don’t  include  assumptions  or  bias.  For  example,  “What   do  you  think  about  this  issue?”  is  better  than  “Don’t  you  think  that  (inserting  your   own  view  on  the  issue)?”       The  particular  questions  you  ask  will  be,  of  course,  related  to  the  subject  of  your  research   and  should  be  tailored  carefully  to  get  you  the  information  you  need.  For  an  interview  of  an   expert,  some  typical  questions  might  include:     o Why  did  you  get  into  this  field?     o What  education,  training,  or  other  preparation  did  you  need  to  get  into  the  field?   o What  are  you  working  on  now  and  what  is  interesting  about  it?     o What  do  you  spend  the  most  time  doing?     o What  continues  to  inspire  you  or  hold  your  interest  in  this  field?   o Where  is  this  field  going  in  the  future?    What  will  you  be  working  on?   o Is  there  anything  else  you  think  I  should  know?   Consider  whether  you  want  to  record  the  interview.  Generally,  this  is  a  good  practice   because  it  will  give  you  an  exact  record  of  the  interview,  frees  you  up  to  think  about  the   responses  to  your  questions  rather  than  taking  careful  notes  (though  you  still  might  want  to   make  some  notes),  and  the  person  you  interview  will  be  reassured  that  you  will  quote   accurately.  However,  in  a  few  situations,  such  as  an  interview  on  a  sensitive  subject  or  if  you   are  interviewing  a  very  shy  person,  recording  may  make  the  person  interviewed  uneasy  and   they  may  be  more  guarded.  Generally,  however,  it  makes  good  sense  to  record  research   interviews.  Plan  to  take  a  your  own  recording  device.     During  the  Interview     • Arrive  on  time  and  be  friendly  and  courteous  in  greeting  the  person  you  are  interviewing.  It   may  be  helpful  to  remind  them  of  the  purpose  of  the  interview.       •   •   •   Make  a  note  of  (or  record)  the  full  name  of  the  person  you  are  interview,  along  with  the   date,  time,  and  place  of  the  interview,  so  that  you  can  create  proper  citations  for  the   interview  in  your  paper.       If  you  are  recording  the  interview,  you  must  ask  the  person  you  are  interviewing  for   permission  to  record  the  conversation,  preferably  with  their  agreement  recorded  on  your   recording  device  at  the  first  part  of  the  interview.  (In  some  states,  the  law  requires  you  to   get  the  consent  of  anyone  you  record.)  If  they  decline,  go  ahead  and  conduct  the  interview   without  recording  it,  keeping  as  careful  notes  as  you  can.       Relax  and  have  fun  at  your  interview.   o Having  prepared  your  questions  in  advance  and  researched  the  background  of  your   topic,  you  will  be  free  to  listen  to  the  responses  to  your  questions  with  greater   understanding  and  ask  important  follow-­‐up  questions.     o Respect  the  time  of  the  person  you  are  interviewing,  keeping  to  the  agreed  upon   timeframe  or  asking  if  he  or  she  can  continue  a  little  longer.     o Thank  the  person  for  the  interview.     After  the  Interview     • Immediately  after  the  interview,  consider  transcribing  the  recording  you’ve  made  because  it   will  help  you  to  understand  any  nuances  that  you  might  have  missed  during  the  interview.     If  you  don’t  transcribe  your  recording  or  didn’t  record  the  interview,  go  over  your  notes  to   make  sure  they  are  complete.     • Send  a  thank-­‐you  note  or  email  even  if  you  thanked  the  person  you  interviewed  in  person.         • Properly  cite  the  information  gained  in  the  interview  in  your  research  paper  according  to   your  documentation  style.         • Consider  sending  the  finished  research  paper  to  the  person  you  interviewed  with  a  final   note  of  thanks.  As  an  expert,  he  or  she  will  probably  be  interested  and  may  become  a   valuable  academic  or  professional  contact.